Dans l'antiquite, la grammaire etait l'art de bien ecrire, et elle n'a pas perdu ce lien etroit a l'ecrit. La critique de la grammaire interroge ces liens par rapport a la realite langagiere. En effet, l'ecrit n'est pas une simple representation de l'oral, mais il ordonne, rationalise la pratique orale. Baser la grammaire sur l'ecrit, revient a decrire une forme deja rationalisee de la langue. Et ces descriptions ne refletent que partiellement la realite orale. Contribution a une grammaire critique, ce livre propose des alternatives aux descriptions grammaticales en dehors des rationalisations de l'ecrit. Elle ouvre ainsi les pistes pour une conceptualisation nouvelle de la langue.

Cet ouvrage decrit et analyse l'evolution des constructions de 82 verbes communs a 6 textes representatifs de l'histoire de l'allemand, a savoir le Livre des Evangiles d'Otfrid, les Psaumes de Notker, les Sermons de Berthold von Regensburg et de Maitre Eckhart, la traduction des Evangiles et les Sermons de Luther de 1545. La theorie utilisee est la grammaire de construction (Goldberg 1995). Le caractere anime/non anime des groupes nominaux, herite de l'indo-europeen, joue un role important dans l'evolution des constructions dans le constructicon, passant d'une certaine complexite morpho-syntaxique a une simplification, accom-pagnee de l'emergence des fonctions syntaxiques sujet et objet et parfois de modifications semantiques.

El volumen reune 14 trabajos cuyo objetivo es reflexionar sobre la problematica de la traduccion e interpretacion de lenguas ibericas. Se hace especial hincapie en los aspectos normativos, el papel de las interferencias linguisticas y de los conocimientos extralinguisticos en la traduccion e interpretacion, ademas de los metodos y estrategias traslativas utilizadas en la determinacion de equivalentes. Los estudios que integran este ejemplar se apoyan en los metodos de investigacion tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos. Sus resultados se articulan conforme a tres categorias tematicas: (1) normatividad, (2) equivalencia y (3) calidad. El libro nos ofrece una serie de claves para producir traducciones e interpretaciones de calidad y agilizar el proceso de toma de decisiones translatorias. The volume brings together 14 works which aim to reflect on the problems of translation and interpretation from and into Iberian languages. It puts emphasis on normative aspects, translational strategies used in the determination of equivalents, the role of linguistic interferences and extralinguistic knowledge in translation and interpretation. The studies included in the monograph are based on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Their results presented are divided into three thematic categories: (1) normativity, (2) equivalence, (3) quality. The book offers us a series of pointers to produce quality translations and interpretations and to improve the translational decision-making process.

Dieses Buch untersucht die Integration der vorangestellten Adverbialsatze im Neuhochdeutschen anhand eines Korpus, das die Nahe-Distanz-Dimension systematisch berucksichtigt. Die Analyse liefert Ergebnisse zum - in der Forschung bislang weitgehend vernachlassigten - Bereich der konzeptionellen Mundlichkeit: Im Hinblick auf die Anbindung vorangestellter Adverbialsatze bestehen relevante Unterschiede zwischen konzeptionell mundlichen und konzeptionell schriftlichen Texten. Es wird zudem aufgezeigt, dass die integrative Stellung im Korpus in der Gesamtschau nicht den frequentesten Stellungstyp darstellt. Eine zentrale Bedeutung kommt dem Parameter der Inhaltsrelation bei der Frage nach der historischen Entwicklung der Verteilung der einzelnen Varianten zu.

La frase pseudoscissa non e stata finora oggetto di uno studio contrastivo italiano-tedesco. La presente ricerca getta luce sui molto discussi confini della struttura, amplia le conoscenze sulla sua natura sintattica, semantica e pragmatica, e propone una definizione accompagnata da una tipologia che raccoglie tutte le sue possibili manifestazioni. L'analisi corpus-based di un campione di testi tratti da giornali online (creato per il progetto ICOCP, Italian Constituent Order in a Contrastive Perspective all'Universita di Basilea) ci aiuta a capirne meglio la forma, la distribuzione e le funzioni discorsive. Oltre ad apportare nuovi dati sul linguaggio dei giornali online, i risultati dello studio si rivelano utili e applicabili anche nel campo della traduzione e dell'insegnamento delle lingue.

Die Studie zeigt die Existenz verschiedener Ausdrucksmoeglichkeiten des Erfolgs und der Erfolgsrelationen in den aspektualen Systemen der tschechischen und der deutschen Sprache. Sie beschreibt diese Mittel detailliert anhand kontrastiver Analysen von tschechischen und deutschen Verben und Verbpaaren, damit die Sprachbenutzer und -benutzerinnen vor allem bei der UEbersetzung dieser semantischen Nuancen im Tschechischen die jeweilige Nuance identifizieren und aquivalent im Deutschen darstellen koennen. Der Autor stellt Loesungsvorschlage in Woerterbuchern und UEbersetzungen dar und fuhrt eine UEbersicht der Moeglichkeiten an, die zum Ausdruck der semantischen Relation im Deutschen gebraucht werden koennen.

This book examines the pronunciation goals of teachers, course leaders, and learners on a ten-week UK pre-sessional access course, particularly with regard to suprasegmental instruction and target of instruction on how these goals are reflected in pronunciation assessment, and how teacher goals are informed by their attitudes and beliefs. A mixed methods approach, including direct observation and semi-structured interviews, is employed to address the area of enquiry. Results show a lack of clarity of course goals. Although there is a firm emphasis on suprasegmental instruction, in semi-structured interviews, teachers report a lack of clear course goals and guidance. Assessment and practice do not always adhere to a goal of intelligibility, and support for teachers, in terms of the materials and how they might be exploited seems limited. The book concludes with tentative recommendations on how suprasegmental instruction might be facilitated on EAP and other courses

"Schreibwissenschaft methodisch" beleuchtet die Methodenvielfalt der Schreibwissenschaft und zeigt bestehende Forschungslucken auf. Im Zentrum stehen die Verfahren, mit denen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen und aus verschiedenen Perspektiven systematisch Erkenntnisse uber den Gegenstand "Schreiben" gewonnen werden koennen. Hierzu gehoeren unter anderem Key-Stroke-Logging, korpuslinguistische Analyse, Lautes Denken, Screen-Capturing und Videographie. Die Anforderungen von Forschungen im Bereich des Real-Life-Writing werden ebenso diskutiert wie die Notwendigkeit der Datentriangulation und der Nachnutzung von Daten. Hinzu kommt der Bereich der Textfeedback-Forschung, in dem nach Moeglichkeiten des strukturierten Gebens von Feedback und den Effekten von Feedback gefragt wird.

'There is nothing mysterious about voice work. We all breathe and use our voices daily and mostly do so without thinking about it. If we want to become skilled voice users, we need to start by learning how the voice works - and how we can work in tandem with that function.' Developing Your Voice bridges the gap between voice science and practical voice use where detailed and tangible exercises receive thoughtful scientific explanations. Developing Your Voice allows you, from any starting point, to systematically work with your own voice. The exercises have their basis in the foundation for all voice use - body awareness and breathing. This training will help you access a free, smooth and sustainable voice with the flexibility to express yourself, be it in your personal or professional life. Developing Your Voice concludes with a chapter showing how the vocal technique meets practical uses in text and acting. Harald Emgard started as an actor and later took an interest in teaching. He is a registered speech-language pathologist with a wealth of experience of teaching actors, musical actors and opera singers. Harald has held the position of Senior Lecturer in voice and speech at some of the most prestigious theatre academies in Sweden. You can see his former students on stage and screen in Sweden, Berlin, London's West End and Hollywood.

'The thrill is that you're actually figuring it out on your own. You're engaging with another language, not just parroting it... It's an excellent way to start, and leaves the listener thinking, Hey, Ich kann do dis.' - New Yorker, David Sedaris, humorist and author, on learning German with the Michel Thomas Method Looking for a convenient language course that fits your lifestyle and gets you speaking a new language in a matter of weeks, not years? The original no-books, no-homework, no-memorizing method is in tune with the way the brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. You'll stick with it because you'll love it. * Pick up Russian naturally and unforgettably without strain or stress * Learn from listening and speaking, without the pressure of writing or memorizing * Build up your Russian in manageable steps by thinking out answers for yourself WHY IS THE METHOD SO SUCCESSFUL? 'What you understand, you know; and what you know, you don't forget.' - Michel Thomas Before there was machine learning, there was Michel Thomas. For over 50 years he worked on decoding languages by breaking them down into their most essential component parts. These 'building blocks' are introduced to the learner sequentially in such a way that you reconstruct the language for yourself - to form your own sentences, to say what you want, when you want. This unique method draws on the principles of instructional psychology and works with the way your brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. Knowledge is structured and organized so that you absorb the language easily and don't forget it. The method is designed to eliminate the stress which prevents you from relaxing and allowing the brain to work in the way which accepts learning in a seemingly painless, very exciting and highly motivating way. HOW DO THE COURSES WORK? 'All stress inhibits true and effective learning' - Michel Thomas During the course, you will join Michel Thomas Method teacher Hara Garoufalia-Middle and two students in a live lesson, learning from both their successes and their mistakes to keep you motivated and involved throughout the course. You, as the learner, become the third student and participate actively in the class. Within the very first hour you will be able to construct simple phrases by listening and thinking out answers for yourself without the pressure of writing or stress of having to memorize. You will learn at your own pace, pausing and repeating where necessary, and complete the course in about 20-30 hours. By the end of the course, you will understand and have the confidence to speak basic Russian. WHAT WILL I ACTUALLY ACHIEVE? 'I am the architect who builds the house. It's up to you to decorate it.' - Michel Thomas The Michel Thomas Method will help you kick-start, continue, and flourish in your Russian language learning journey. It is not intended to get you perfectly fluent, but it will get you speaking and using Russian, with proper pronunciation, faster than most any other method. It is designed to give you a strong foundation and good working knowledge of a language from which you can expand and later 'add decoration' to. It is a rapid method for learning, but still requires effort and concentration on the part of the learner. WHAT'S NEW IN THIS NEW EDITION? This new edition includes an audio review course to let you quickly revise and consolidate your learning once you've completed the full course. WHAT'S INCLUDED IN THE COURSE?* Foundation Russian includes 8 audio Course CDs and 2 audio Review CDs to continue and consolidate your knowledge. The booklet is available to download from www.michelthomas.com. *Note that the course content is the same as the previously entitled Total Russian course, but the CD-ROM has been replaced with audio review CDs. LEARN ANYWHERE! Reclaim your pockets of free time to learn a new language! Don't be tied to chunky books or your computer, Michel Thomas Method audio courses let you learn whenever and wherever you want, in as little or as much time as you have. WHERE DO I GO NEXT? Intermediate Russian follows on from the Foundation course.

Speak a new language with confidence with this accessible guide to correct pronunciation! Fear of mispronunciation prevents many people from daring to speak a new language. Don't let that fear hold you back! The Say It Right series makes mastering correct pronunciation easy. This accessible series uses easy-to-read vowel symbols that, when combined with consonants, make pronunciation simple-even if you have no previous experience with the language. Say It Right in Spanish, Third Edition features clear pronunciations for 500 key words and phrases in Spanish. Thematic sections cover all essential travel situations, while a handy dictionary and verb index allow for quick reference. This updated edition also includes a new chapter filled with words and expressions related to social media and the latest digital trends, ideal for making connections with new Spanish-speaking friends. Say It Right in Spanish, Third Edition features: * More than 500 essential Spanish words and phrases * A field-tested, easy-to-use pronunciation system* Words and expressions to spark up conversations, make friends, stay in touch through social media, and more The EPLS (Easily Pronounced Language Systems) approach is based on an intuitive, sound-based pronunciation system and has been extensively field-tested with native-speaking teachers and certified language consultants. Go to iSayItRight.com to learn more.

Wirtschaftlicher Erfolg hangt nicht zuletzt von der Fahigkeit ab, den Geschaftspartner zu uberzeugen und zu einer erwunschten Handlung zu animieren. Die Autorin analysiert deutsche und polnische Geschaftsbriefe im Hinblick auf den Ausdruck von Intentionen der Verfasser. Eine breite Palette unterschiedlicher Originalbriefe wird textsortenlinguistisch beschrieben und mit Methoden der Illokutionsstrukturanalyse empirisch vergleichend untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden im Lichte aktueller textanalytischer Ansatze diskutiert. Zudem werden sprachliche Mechanismen des Argumentierens und Motivierens des Partners in der polnischen und deutschen Geschaftspraxis aufgezeigt und miteinander kontrastiert. Daraus ergeben sich relevante Einsichten fur die interkulturelle Unternehmenskommunikation.

Fur viele Sprachwissenschaftler ebenso wie fur Sprachbenutzer ist Nicht-Verstehen eine unabsichtlich entstehende Randerscheinung in der Kommunikation, die es zu vermeiden gilt. Die Beitrage in diesem Band rucken das negative Image des Nicht-Verstehens ein wenig zurecht. Sie analysieren und kategorisieren die Formen des Nicht-Verstehens aus unterschiedlichen ingenieurs- wie geisteswissenschaftlichen Blickwinkeln heraus fur verschiedene Sprachen und Medien. Nicht-Verstehen ist - mal mehr, mal weniger ausgepragt - in geschriebener wie gesprochener Sprache allgegenwartig und wird von Sprachbenutzern auch gezielt instrumentalisiert. Zudem werden einige Formen des Nicht-Verstehens uberschatzt - oder durch die Forschung selbst erst geschaffen, die das (Nicht-)Verstehen noch nicht verstanden hat.

It's amazing how 100 keywords and phrases provide instant communication! Do you want to speak simple Tagalog but are too busy to study it? Are you visiting the Philippines for a short time and want a Tagalog phrasebook to help you communicate? If so, this is the book for you--it's the quickest and easiest way to learn the most common Filipino language. Its tiny 0.4 x 4.1 x 5.9 inches size makes it incredibly convenient to travel with but without losing any essential content. The idea of Instant Tagalog is simple--learn 100 words and phrases and say 1,000 things. The trick is knowing which 100 words to learn, but the authors Jan Gaspi and Sining Marfori have solved the problem, choosing only those words you'll hear again and again. Even with a vocabulary this small, you'll be surprised how quickly and fluently you too can communicate in the Tagalog language. Added features include an easy-to-use pronunciation guide and Tagalog dictionary for quick reference. Here's a sample of what you'll be able to do: Meet people. Go shopping. Ask directions. Ride the subway. Order food and drinks. And much more.

Este trabajo constituye una descripcion funcional de una variedad poco estudiada del guarani paraguayo: el guarani "correntino", modalidad tradicional del guarani del nordeste argentino. El estudio presenta las caracteristicas fonologicas y gramaticales de esta variedad en vistas a comprender el grado de su diferenciacion dialectal asi como su posicion dentro de los dialectos del guarani meridional - criollo e indigena - hablado en las tierras bajas sudamericanas. Con una vision comparativa, entablando una discusion permanente con destacados autores de esta larga tradicion de estudios (Emma Gregores y Jorge Suarez, Wolf Dietrich, Aryon Rodrigues, entre otros) este trabajo constituye no solo una aproximacion critica a los estudios de lenguas tupi-guaranies actuales, sino tambien una tesis novedosa e insoslayable en torno a la caracterizacion tipologica del guarani. La rica introduccion historica y sociolinguistica que precede la descripcion linguistica, por otra parte, hace de esta obra un estudio de gran interes no solo para la linguistica funcional, sino tambien para disciplinas afines como la dialectologia, el contacto linguistico, la creolistica y los estudios de lenguas minoritarias.

Die interdisziplinar angelegte Studie verbindet ein sprachwissenschaftliches mit einem strafrechtlichen Erkenntnisinteresse: So werden aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive Entschuldigungs- und Entschuldigungsannahmehandlungen als spezifische Rituale in einem strafrechtlich relevanten Kontext, namlich dem Tater-Opfer-Ausgleich untersucht. Die Autorin spurt dabei theoretisch wie empirisch der sprachlichen Form dieses Rituals, seiner gesprachsorganisatorischen Lokalisierung sowie seiner pragmatischen Organisation als Sprechaktsequenz nach. Die entsprechenden Befunde werden strafrechtlich gerahmt: So zeigt die Autorin, in welche diskursiven Prozesse Entschuldigung und Entschuldigungsannahme im Rahmen des Tater-Opfer-Ausgleichs eingebettet sind, d.h. ob die Durchfuhrung dieses Rituals von den Mediatoren der Ausgleichsgesprache als Erfolgskriterium betrachtet wird und inwiefern sein Gelingen von der Sprachkompetenz aller Beteiligten abhangt.

Diese Arbeit analysiert den Einfluss von verschiedenen Faktoren auf die Grussformelwahl der Deutschen und der Russen und ermittelt via Fragebogenerhebung und mithilfe von kontrastiv-pragmatischen und deskriptiv-inferenzstatistischen Methoden - t-Test und Binomialtest - die kritischen Situationen mit einem hohen interkulturellen Konfliktpotential. Die Faktoren Distanz und Hierarchie scheinen den groessten Einfluss auf das deutsche und russische Grussverhalten zu haben. Situationen mit einem konvergierenden Bekanntheitsgrad- und Hierarchieverhaltnis zwischen den Interaktanten stellen sich als kritisch heraus: Es kann eine Nicht-Adaquatheit zwischen den deutschen Grussformeln 'Hallo' und 'Tschuss' und den russischen 'Privet' und 'Poka' trotz ihrer AEquivalenz festgestellt werden.