This book is an introduction to the world of aroma chemicals, essential oils, fragrances and flavour compositions for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Present technology, the future use of resources and biotechnological approaches for the production of the respective chemical compounds are described. The book has an integrated and interdisciplinary approach on future industrial production and the issues related to this topic.

This book presents the latest findings on amino acid fermentation and reviews the 50-year history of their development. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which presents a review of amino acid fermentation, past and present. The second part highlights selected examples of amino acid fermentation in more detail, while the third focuses on recent advanced technologies. The last part introduces readers to several topics for future research directions in amino acid production systems. A new field, "amino acid fermentation", was created by the progress of academic research and industrial development. In 1908, the Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda discovered glutamate as an Umami substance. Then a new seasoning, MSG (monosodium glutamate), was commercialized. Although glutamate was extracted from the hydro-lysate of wheat or soybean in the early days, a new production method was subsequently invented - "fermentation" - in which glutamate is produced from sugars such as glucose by a certain bacterium called Corynebacterium. The topic of this volume is particularly connected in a significant way with biochemical, biotechnological, and microbial fields. Both professionals in industry and an academic audience will understand the importance of this volume.

The user addressed in the person in the food processing industry who decides what to add to the product, not the person who will later eat the food. Presents technical information on the sources, characteristics, intended and unintended effects, and the regulation of a wide range of chemicals and co

The goal of this textbook is to provide first-year engineering students with a firm grounding in the fundamentals of chemical and bioprocess engineering. However, instead of being a general overview of the two topics, Fundamentals of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering will identify and focus on specific areas in which attaining a solid competency is desired. This strategy is the direct result of studies showing that broad-based courses at the freshman level often leave students grappling with a lot of material, which results in a low rate of retention. Specifically, strong emphasis will be placed on the topic of material balances, with the intent that students exiting a course based upon this textbook will be significantly higher on Bloom's Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis, evaluation, creation) relating to material balances. In addition, this book also provides students with a highly developed ability to analyze problems from the material balances perspective, which leaves them with important skills for the future. The textbook consists of numerous exercises and their solutions. Problems are classified by their level of difficulty. Each chapter has references and selected web pages to vividly illustrate each example. In addition, to engage students and increase their comprehension and rate of retention, many examples involve real-world situations.

A fresh view of the state-of-the-art, Advances in Food Extrusion Technology focuses on extruder selection, extrudate development, quality parameters, and troubleshooting in the 21st century extrusion process. In particular, the book:

• Introduces the history, nomenclature, and working principles of extrusion technology
• Presents an overview of various types of extruders as well as parts and components of an extruder for design considerations
• Discusses extruder selection and design, fluid flow problem with different types of raw materials, and heat transfer and viscous energy dissipation, with advantages and limitations for particular cases
• Emphasizes recent research while providing an overview of trends previously reported in the literature
• Covers the coinjection of food substances into an extruder die with the objective of creating defined colored patterns, adding internal flavors, and achieving other food injection applications into cereal-based extruded products
• Describes thermal and nonthermal extrusion of protein products

Discussing the influence of design and raw materials on extruder performance and nutritional value, this book covers current and developing products from cereal-based snacks to pet food. In addition to the usual benefits of heat processing, extrusion offers the possibility of modifying and expanding the functional properties of food ingredients. Designed for both the active and future food scientist, this book is an exciting addition to a creative and ever-evolving field.

The microbiology of drinking water remains an important worldwide concern despite modem progress in science and engineering. Countries that are more technologically advanced have experienced a significant reduction in water borne morbidity within the last 100 years: This reduction has been achieved through the application of effective technologies for the treatment, disinfec tion, and distribution of potable water. However, morbidity resulting from the ingestion of contaminated water persists globally, and the available ep idemiological evidence (Waterborne Diseases in the United States, G. F. Craun, ed. , 1986, CRC Press) demonstrates a dramatic increase in the number of waterborne outbreaks and individual cases within the United States since the mid-1960s. In addition, it should also be noted that the incidence of water borne outbreaks of unknown etiology and those caused by "new" pathogens, such as Campylobaeter sp. , is also increasing in the United States. Although it might be debated whether these increases are real or an artifact resulting from more efficient reporting, it is clear that waterborne morbidity cannot be ignored in the industrialized world. More significantly, it represents one of the most important causes of illness within developing countries. Approxi mately one-half the world's population experiences diseases that are the direct consequence of drinking polluted water. Such illnesses are the primary cause of infant mortality in many Third World countries.

The book is devoted to expanding current views on the phenomena of protein functionality in food systems. Protein functionalities in foods have been the object ofextensive research over the last thirty to forty years and significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanism and factors influencing the functionality of proteins. The functionality of proteins is one of the fastest developing fields in the studies of protein utilization in foods. Currently, a broad spectrum of data related to protein functionality in food systems has been collected, however, much more needs to be known. In this volume, the most important functional properties offood proteins are presented: Protein solubility, water holding capacity and fat binding, emulsifying, foaming, and gelling properties as affected by protein source, environmental factors (pH, temperature, ionic strength) and protein concentration; Relationships between protein conformation, physicochemical properties, and functional properties; Protein functional properties as influenced by various food processing conditions, particularly heat treatment, dehydration, freezing and storage when frozen, extraction and other processes; Effects ofprotein modification on the enhancementofprotein functionality; Utilization ofvarious proteins in improving functional properties in food systems. Those aspects of protein functionality are presented which the author believes to be interesting and most important for protein utilization in food systems. The book is recommended to students and food scientists engaged in food protein research and food industry research, and development scientists. Table ofContents Introduction 1 References 5 Chapter 1 Solubility ofProteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 1. 1 Factors Affecting Solubility ofProteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protein functionality is big business in the food industry, both academic and commercial. This reflects the fascination of protein chemistry and the commercial value of proteins in giving texture and substance to foods. My first encounter with the subject came about through an interest in assessing the extent of thermal damage in spray-dried proteins. A change in functional properties seemed a useful guide to the thermal damage. I found the literature replete with methods (and theory) and so did what everybody else seemed to do - I devised my own methods which were slight variations on the general theme. However, being an analyst at heart I thought there must be a systematic approach to the various tests available. This book is an attempt to assess the practice of protein functionality testing, keeping theory to a minimum, followed by a suggested 'standard' method or protocol to follow. Each chapter is devoted to a single functional property and the reader will see that attempts to 'standardise' them have had varied success, perhaps reflecting the complexity of the mechanisms at work. As mentioned above theory has been kept to a minimum but hopefully it supports the practical methodology described. I hope that the book stimulates debate on the subject; it is certainly not the last word! G. H. Contributors Dr G. E. Arteaga Centro de Investigacion en Alimentation y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Sonora AP 1735, Mexico Dr. S.

This is the first volume in a 2-volume compendium that is the go-to source for both research- and practice-oriented information on the importance of branched chain amino acids in maintaining the nutritional status and overall health of individuals, especially those with certain disease conditions. Over 150 well recognized and respected contributors have come together to compile these up-to-date and well-referenced works. The volumes will serve the reader as the benchmarks in this complex area of interrelationships between dietary protein intakes and individual amino acid supplementation, the unique role of the branched chain amino acids in the synthesis of brain neurotransmitters, collagen formation, insulin and glucose modulation and the functioning of all organ systems that are involved in the maintenance of the body's metabolic integrity. Moreover, the physiological, genetic and pathological interactions between plasma levels of branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids are clearly delineated so that students as well as practitioners can better understand the complexities of these interactions. Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition: Volume 1 covers basic processes at the cellular level, inherited defects in branched chain amino acid metabolism, and experimental models of growth and disease states.

This book surveys the functions and applications of additives used in baked foods at relatively low levels, details their reaction mechanisms and describes their technological effects, including how each additive helps to create high-quality baked products. Coverage includes oxidants, reductants and mix reducers, surfacants, emulsifiers and dough strengtheners, chemical leavenings, yeast, and gluten and gums. The author presents product applications and covers such important new areas as high fibre breads, enzymes in baking, the use of emulsifiers and vital wheat gluten manufacture.

This book creates a multidisciplinary forum of discussion on Ficus carica with particular emphasis on its horticulture, post-harvest, marketability, phytochemistry, extraction protocols, biochemistry, nutritional value, functionality, health-promoting properties, ethnomedicinal applications, technology and processing. The impact of traditional and innovative processing on the recovery of high-added value compounds from Ficus carica byproducts is extensively reported. Also, the text discusses the potential applications of Ficus carica in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Fig (Ficus carica): Production, Processing, and Properties illustrates a diversity of developments in food science and horticultural research including: Production, processing, chemistry, and functional properties of Ficus carica. Ficus carica phytochemicals and its health-promoting effects. Food, non-food and technological applications of Ficus carica. Recent research focuses on studying the bioactive compounds and therapeutic traits and investigating the mode of action and toxicological impacts of medical plant extracts and bioactive phytochemicals. Ficus carica is of significant importance due to its widespread food, industrial and medicinal applications. Although Ficus carica products are already commercially available in the international market, it is hard to find a reference work covering the production, processing, chemistry and properties of Ficus carica. This book will be the first publication focusing specifically on this important topic.

Covers the various pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of bioactive compounds. Analyses their methods of extraction, their phytochemistry, their pharmacological and biological activities, their medicinal properties, and their applications for disease management and prevention.

This collection of papers represents some of those given at the International Congress for Plant Pathology held in Turin in 2008 in the session with the title "The Role of Plant Pathology in Food Safety and Food Security". Although food safety in terms of "Is this food safe to eat?" did not receive much direct attention it is, never theless, an important topic. A crop may not be safe to eat because of its inh- ent qualities. Cassava, for example, is cyanogenic, and must be carefully prepared if toxicosis is to be avoided. Other crops may be safe to eat providing they are not infected or infested by microorganisms. Mycotoxins are notorious examples of compounds which may contaminate a crop either pre- or post-harvest owing to the growth of fungi. Two papers in this book deal with toxins, one by Barbara Howlett and co-workers and the other by Robert Proctor and co-workers. In the first of these, the role of sirodesmin PL, a compound produced by Leptosphaeria ma- lans, causal agent of blackleg disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), is discussed. The authors conclude that the toxin plays a role in virulence of the fungus and may also be beneficial in protecting the pathogen from other competing micro-organisms but there seem to be no reports of its mammalian toxicity.

Copper has long been known as essential to living systems, in part through its fundamental role in electron transport and respiration. Over the years into the present, its involvement in an ever increasing number of processes in all kinds of organisms has become apparent, and new and exciting vistas of its roles in such areas as the central nervous system, and in humoral functions, are appearing on the horizon. Although the biochemistry of this element has not been studied nearly as much as that of many others, a for midable amount of work has been carried out. It has thus been a challenge to produce a summary of what has been found that provides both breadth and depth. My goal has been to try to be as comprehensive as possible, within some limitations. I have tried to provide basic information and basic data that should continue to be useful for a long time. The goal has also been to interpret where we currently stand in our knowledge of the structure, function, regulation, and metabolism of Cu-dependent processes and sub stances, especially proteins. Thus, I have tried to make this a source book for historic as well as current information on all aspects of copper bio chemistry, and a summary of our current knowledge of copper-dependent proteins and processes. Most of the research on copper has been carried out on vertebrates, especially mammals. This has played a role in the organization of the book."

'There is no higher or lower knowledge, but only one, flowing out of experimen tation. ' (Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) Food materials are complex in terms of composition, structure and mechanical properties. In order to understand the relationship between these different kinds of complexity, the experimental food scientist has a wide range of physico-chemical techniques at his or her disposal. But, in practice, of course, there are often severe limitations on the techniques which are available for any particular investigation. Apart from obvious constraints associated with instrument cost and accessibility, one com mon problem is a lack of knowledge by the non-expert about the capabilities and limitations of every new advance in instrumentation. No individual worker in the field of food science can become expert in more than a very small number of experimental techniques. On the other hand, most of us wish to know enough about the major emerging experimental technologies to enable us to make a realistic assessment of what they may have to contribute towards any new problems that we may meet. This book collects together in a single volume an up-to-date set of introductory articles describing a range of new physico-chemical tech niques which can be used to probe food structure at the molecular, colloidal and microscopic levels. Each individual chapter is written by an acknowledged expert in his field.

This work comprehensively covers the production, processing and post harvest technology of Indian spices with an added focus on the history and uniqueness of this legendary regional product. Individual chapters describe the unique aspects of these spices and their production, post harvest technology and value addition, molecular breeding, organic farming aspects, climate change effects and bioactive compounds. Seasonal, preparatory, and storage conditions resulting in composition variations are explored. Indian Spices: The Legacy, Production and Processing of India's Treasured Export begins by outlining the historical legacy of Indian spices and describing the many aspects that make this product so unique and highly valued. The abundance and variety of these spices are also delineated. Further chapters focus on current research involving the production technology involved in production, management, harvesting and processing of Indian spices along with post harvest processes, storage and transportation. Important and effective trends such as molecular breeding for spice crop improvement, tissue culture, climate change impacts, organic spices, extension strategies and secondary metabolites receive dedicated chapters. A valuable aspect of this work is the presentation of value chains for these spices, with extensive research presented on the marketing and export of the product. With the shift from localized distribution networks to a fully globalized industry, this book comes at an important time of growth for Indian spices and will be of major value to any researcher with interest in the past, present and future of this product.

The structure of a food influences the way it is transformed during processing and digestion. This in turn has an impact on nutrient bioaccessibility (release) and digestibility, and subsequently on the physiological response and health of the individual who consumes that food. Although evidence exists on the health benefits associated with the inclusion of certain lipid-rich foods (e.g. nuts, dairy products and fish) in the diet, the mechanisms that explain the physiological effects and the long-term benefits are not well understood. Lipids in themselves have many beneficial health effects: they are a source of energy and essential fatty acids, they are structural components of cell membranes, they are required to solubilise fat soluble compounds, and they serve as precursors of hormones. In addition, the overall structure of the food containing the lipids plays a crucial role in determining health benefits, notably by influencing lipid bioaccessibility and digestibility. Bioaccessibility and digestibility of lipids from food uniquely focuses on the physico-chemical properties of lipids and lipid rich food, as well as the subsequent effects on human health. Chapters from experts in food digestion examine food structure at both the macro- and micro- levels, covering lipids from plant and animal food products. The editors have developed the book for dietitians, nutritionists, and food scientists. Clinicians and other health professionals, educators in nutrition, and others working in the food industry will also find the material relevant.

Frying of Food is the first reference to examine frying of food from the point of view of changes occurring to biologically-active constituents and the effects of such changes on the stability, performance and nutritive value of frying oil. It focuses on the nature of the frying media and discusses changes to non-glyceride components, especially nutritive and non-utritive antioxidants. This important resource concentrates mainly on two factors that influence the deterioration of a fat at elevated temperatures: the nature of the heated fat and the presence of oxidation retardants, especially those naturally occurring in oils or obtained from natural sources. Discussions include important biologically active ingredients present in oils and fats (such as antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids) and minor constituents (such as phytosterols, phospholipids and hydrocarbons), which appear to affect the performance of a heated oil and/or may also be categorized as functional. Frying of Food also discusses olar phenolic compounds, which have an impact on the stability of oils at high temperatures. Food and lipid chemists, food technologists and product developers involved in the processing of foods by frying, and to those involved in fat and oil research, in quality assessment of heated fats, and in improving dietary fat intake profiles will find this book valuable.

Food proteomics is one of the most dynamic and fast-developing areas in food science. The goal of this book is to be a reference guide on the principles and the current and future potential applications of proteomics in food science and technology. More specifically, the book will discuss recent developments and the expected trends of the near future in food proteomics. The book will be divided into two parts. The first part (7 chapters) will focus on the basic principles for proteomics, e.g., sample preparation, such as extraction and separation techniques, analytical instrumentation currently in use, and available databases for peptide and protein identification. The second part of the book (26 chapters) will focus on applications in foods. It will deal with quality issues related to post-mortem processes in animal foods and quality traits for all foods in general, as well as the identification of bioactive peptides and proteins, which are very important from the nutritional point of view. Furthermore, consumers are now extremely susceptible to food safety issues, and proteomics can provide reassurance with different safety aspects, such as food authenticity, detection of animal species in the food, and identification of food allergens. All of these issues will be covered in this book. It is also worth noting that both editors are internationally recognized experts in the field of food science, and both have edited numerous food science books and handbooks.

When it comes to food selection, consumers are very reliant on their senses. No matter the date on a carton of milk or the seal on the package of meat, how that milk smells and the color of that meat are just as critical as any official factors. And when it comes to meal time, all the senses must conspire to agree that taste, smell, color, and texture are appealing. Fidel Toldra was named 2010 American Meat Science Association Distinguished Research Award recipient Compiled by two of the most esteemed researchers in the food science industry, Leo M.L. Nollet and Fidel Toldra, Sensory Analysis of Foods of Animal Origin identifies and quantifies the quality attributes to help those in the industry understand the importance of perceived sensory quality. This book is divided into four parts: meat; processed meats and poultry; fish and seafood products; and milk and dairy products. In all four parts, the authors - Describe the analysis of color and texture of the different foods of animal origin, as well as recent advances in texture measurement Discuss techniques for sampling and identifying volatile compounds Detail and quantify a number of sensory aspects including descriptors, perception, and aroma Include subjective quality index methods that have recently been developed Each chapter starts with a discussion of the parameter in question, and as necessary, sample preparation methods are reviewed in depth. This is followed by a discussion and assessment of the sensory qualities, or a detailed overview of different detection methods. Finally, a brief summary covers the presence of these parameters in different end products, regions, and countries. With all the chapters written by experts in their fields, only the most recent techniques and related literature is included.