FROM THE PREFACE The purpose of this laboratory manual is to facilitate the understanding of the most relevant unit operations in food engineering. The first chapter presents information on how to approach laboratory experiments; topics covered include safety, preparing for a laboratory exercise, effectively performing an experiment, properly documenting data, and preparation of laboratory reports. The following eleven chapters cover unit operations centered on food applications: dehydration . . . . , thermal processing, friction losses in pipes, freezing, extrusion, evaporation, and physical separations. These chapters are systematically organized to include the most relevant theoretical background pertaining to each unit operation, the objectives of the laboratory exercise, materials and methods . . ., expected results, examples, questions, and references. The experiments presented have been designed for use with generic equipment to facilitate the adoption of this manual . . . .

This textbook is a comprehensive guide to analysis of carbohy-drates by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In addition to explaining the facets of carbohydrate analysis and their relation to each other, the text also contains in-depth reference in-formation useful to practitioners in the field. Improvements in car-bohydrate analyses methodology during the past six years are also highlighted. This extensively illustrated text provides excellent data for those in carbohydrate, agriculture, and food chemistry.

First published in 1983: This handbook provides an overview of different biological agents and important toxins that may cause diseases on ingestion with food or water.

An A to Z Catalog of Innovative Spices and Flavorings Designed to be a practical tool for the many diverse professionals who develop and market foods, the Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings combines technical information about spices-forms, varieties, properties, applications, and quality specifications - with information about trends, spice history, and the culture behind their cuisines. The book codifies the vast technical and culinary knowledge for the many professionals who develop and market foods. While many reference books on spices include alphabetized descriptions, the similarity between this book and others ends there. More than just a list of spices, this book covers each spice's varieties, forms, and the chemical components that typify its flavor and color. The author includes a description of spice properties, both chemical and sensory, and the culinary information that will aid in product development. She also explains how each spice is used around the world, lists the popular global spice blends that contain the spice, describes each spice's folklore and traditional medicine usage, and provides translations of each spice's name in global languages. New to this edition is coverage of spice labeling and a chapter on commercial seasoning formulas. Going beyond the scope of most spice books, this reference describes ingredients found among the world's cuisines that are essential in providing flavors, textures, colors, and nutritional value to foods. It explores how these ingredients are commonly used with spices to create authentic or new flavors. The author has created a complete reference book that includes traditionally popular spices and flavorings as well as those that are emerging in the US to create authentic or fusion products. Designed to help you meet the challenges and demands of today's dynamic marketplace, this book is a complete guide to developing and marketing successful products.

Covers a Host of Groundbreaking Techniques Thermal processing is known to effectively control microbial populations in food, but the procedure also has a downside it can break down the biochemical composition of foods, resulting in a marked loss of sensory and nutritional quality. Processing Effects on Safety and Quality of Foods delineates three decades of advances made in processing techniques that produce microbiologically safe foods, while maintaining their sensory and nutritive properties. Addresses the Entire Food Processing Industry With an international team of more than 35 renowned contributors, this book presents evaluation techniques that yield reliable estimations of microbiological, physicochemical, nutritive, and sensory characteristics. Each chapter discusses the processing effects of relevant technologies and includes the basics of microbial kinetics, sensory evaluation, and the perception of food quality. A sampling of the techniques covered: Hermetically sealed containers Acrylamide formation Dried foods Irradiated foods Pressure-assisted thermal processing Pulsed electric field processing Processing Effects on Safety and Quality of Foods addresses the entire food processing industry, including food modeling, optimization, and proper design of manufacturing plants. It is the first of its kind a single, sound reference that explores all of the different aspects involved in evaluating processing effects in food safety and quality.

This multidisciplinary resource details the challenges and analytical methodologies utilized to determine the effect of chemical composition, genetics, and human physiology on aroma and flavor perception. Identifying emerging analytical methods and future research paths, the Handbook of Flavor Characterization studies the interpretation and analysis of flavor and odor with in-depth research from renowned field professionals covering burgeoning areas of interest including genomics and in vivo mass spectrometer techniques. The book examines a wide range of sample preparation methods and conditions, and offers several comparisons of chemical detector sensitivities.

The processing of food is no longer simple or straightforward, but is now a highly inter-disciplinary science. A number of new techniques have developed to extend shelf-life, minimize risk, protect the environment, and improve functional, sensory, and nutritional properties. The ever-increasing number of food products and preservation techniques creates a great demand for an up to date handbook that will facilitate understanding of the methods, technology, and science involved in the manipulation of these conventional and sophisticated preservation methods. Extensively revised, reorganized, and expanded from 25 to 44 chapters, the Handbook of Food Preservation, Second Edition remains the definitive resource on food preservation. It emphasizes practical, cost-effective, and safe-strategies for implementing preservation techniques and dissects the exact mode or mechanism involved in each method by highlighting the effects on food properties. Divided into five sections the book begins with an overview of food preservation and handling including fresh fruits and vegetables, grains and pulses, fish, red meat, and milk. It presents comprehensive preservation methods based on chemical and microbiological additives, such as fermentation and pH lowering agents. The book details methods of physical manipulation involving modified-atmosphere packaging, membrane technology, surface treatment, and edible coating. There is also an extensive description of preservation methods using thermal and other energy such as irradiation, high-pressure, and pulsed electric or magnetic fields. Finally, the book presents a range of indirect approaches to improve quality and safety and good manufacturing practices. Containing fundamental and practical aspects of today's current and emerging preservation methods, the Handbook of Food Preservation, Second Edition helps practicing industrial and academic food scientists, technologists, and engineers develop high-quality, safe products through better understanding and control of the processes.

For millennia, the presence of fungi in food has been both boon and bane to food stores. Fungi can spoil large quantities of food and produce dangerous toxins that threaten human health; however, fungal spoilage in certain foods can produce a unique, highly prized food source and there are some very effective fungal derived medicines. A thorough understanding of the vast body of knowledge relating to food mycology requires an inclusive volume that covers both the beneficial and detrimental roles of fungi in our food supply. Richly illustrated with full-color images and edited by award winning scientists, Food Mycology: A Multifaceted Approach to Fungi and Food is a comprehensive overview of the many aspects of mycology research. Beginning with post-harvest problems that can include the fungal infection of living crops, the book discusses the high level of communication between plants and fungi and novel techniques currently used to detect a fungal invasion. The second part addresses the fungal spore as a distribution vehicle and the ability of certain spores to survive pasteurization. Certain fungi produce dangerous mycotoxins and part three explains this mechanism, its effects, and the precise identification of mycotoxin-producing fungi. The fourth part considers the parameters and limitations of fungal hyperproduction of enzymes and other metabolites. Devoting considerable space to fungal spoilage, part five explores fungal growth dynamics, molecular detection techniques, and the role of fungal volatiles highlighting wine, cheese, and sausages as exemplar products. The book concludes with edible fungi as tempe, mycoprotein, and the edible fungi hallmark, the fruit bodies. Bringing together many different areas in the study of fungi in food, Food Mycology: A Multifaceted Approach to Fungi and Food provides a rare single source reference to the still underestimated role of fungi in daily food.

Reviews the physiochemical properties of the main food proteins and explores the interdependency between the structure-function relationship of specific protein classes and the processing technologies applied to given foods. The book offers solutions to current problems related to the complexity of food composition, preparation and storage, and includes such topics as foams, emulsions, gelation by macromolecules, hydrolysis, microparticles/fat replacers, protein-based edible films, and extraction procedures.

"Furnishes exhaustive, single-source coverage of the production and postharvest technology of more than 70 major and minor vegetables grown in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions throughout the world. Provides comparative data for each vegetable presented. "

While conventional technologies such as chilling and freezing are used to avoid deteriorative processes like autolytic and microbial spoilage of seafood, innovative technologies have also been developed as a response to economic and environmental demands. Innovative Technologies in Seafood Processing gives information on advances in chilling, freezing, thawing, and packaging of seafood and also updates knowledge of novel process technologies (high-pressure processing, irradiation, ultrasound, pulsed electric field, microwave and radio frequency, sous vide technology, novel thermal sterilization technologies, ozone and nanotechnological applications, and other innovative technologies such as cold plasma, ohmic heating, infrared heating supercritical carbon dioxide, and high-intensity pulsed light) for the seafood industry. Features Reviews novel process technologies applied in the seafood industry Highlights processing effects on product quality and safety of treated seafood Focuses on the development of safe and effective natural antimicrobials and additives Assesses alternative techniques to utilize fish discards and waste as high value products Further it highlights aspects related to quality of seafood treated with these innovative technologies, effect on food constituents, possible risk, security/safety both of seafood and consumers, the environmental impact, and the legislative aspects. The book also addresses the growing international environmental concern for fish discards and fish waste generated in the seafood processing industries by including a chapter, Advances in Discard and By-Products Processing, which assesses alternative techniques to utilize fish discards and waste as high value products. This book will be of value to researchers and technicians in the food technology area, especially those dealing with seafood.

In the U.S. alone, severe food-related allergic reactions account for an estimated 30,000 emergency room visits and 150 deaths per year - unsettling statistics for food product developers and manufacturers who are charged with ensuring food safety and quality throughout the entire farm-to-table production chain. Providing the clear-cut information necessary to conduct an effective allergen risk analysis, Chemical and Biological Properties of Food Allergens comprehensively examines the chemical, analytical, technological, and medical aspects of food allergies and the growing problem of cross-contact contamination during product processing. With contributions from an international team of research specialists, the book explains the basic mechanisms of allergenic reactions in humans, the molecular background of these mechanisms, and the problems of food tolerance and intolerance. It also discusses the issues related to common treatments of food allergies and the narrow groups into which they are categorized. Covering the most important recognized allergens in the U.S. and the EU, this resource also explores cutting-edge technological and biotechnological ways to lower the immuno-reactive and allergenic properties of foods. Chemical and Biological Properties of Food Allergens evaluates the current research literature in a concise format - a must for food product developers and biochemists.

Fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables have an excellent safety record. However, surveillance data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and recent foodborne illness outbreaks have demonstrated that the incidence of foodborne illnesses linked to the consumption of contaminated fresh fruit and vegetable products may in fact be more prevalent than previously thought. U.S. FDA and USDA microbiological surveys of domestic and imported fresh fruits and vegetables demonstrate that human pathogens are sporadically found to be associated with fresh produce. In addition to increased safety concerns, microbial spoilage represents a significant source of waste for growers, packers, retailers, and consumers. Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables reviews the extensive research that has been conducted on microbiological problems relating to the safety and spoilage of fruits and vegetables in recent years. It considers incidences of human pathogen contamination, sources of microbial contamination, microbial attachment to produce surfaces, intractable spoilage problems, efficacy of sanitizing treatments for fresh produce, novel interventions for produce disinfection, and methodology for microbiological evaluation of fruits and vegetables. The text is divided into five sections: (I) contamination and state of microflora on fruits and vegetables (II) microbial spoilage of fruits and vegetables (III) food safety issues (IV) interventions to reduce spoilage and risk of foodborne illness (V) microbiological evaluation of fruits and vegetables. In Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables, the editors, three leaders in the field, have endeavored to present a comprehensive examination, focusing on issues needing coverage, rather than attempting an encyclopedic compilation. They have selected chapter authors who are active researchers in their respective fields and thus bring a working knowledge of current issues, industry practices, and advances in technology.

First Published in 1981, this two-volume set explores the extrusion of foods. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of medicine and other practitioners in their respective fields.

First Published in 1987, this book offers a full insight into the methods of evaluating the sensory capabilities in certain individuals. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of medicine and other practitioners in their respective fields.

Covers important methods and recent developments in food-aroma analysis. The text discusses the problem-solving capabilities of analytical methods for food flavours and aromas, showing how to select appropriate techniques for resolving the problems of major food trends. It includes a treatment of off-flavour and malodor analyses and new polymer sensor array instruments.

This new reference presents the most recent information on new and potential food hydrocolloids originated from agricultural products, including o yellow mustard gum o flaxseed gum o cereals (wheat, barley, oat, and corn)o psyllium fenugreek o soybean. Polysaccharide Gums from Agricultural Products: Processing, Structures and Functionality addresses the basic chemistry, extracting processes, molecular structure, and, most importantly, the functional properties and potential applications of new polysaccharide gums.

First Published in 1982, this three-volume set explores the value of hydrocolloids in food. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for dieticians and other practitioners in their respective fields.

"Asian Americans and the Shifting Politics of Race "examines the political and discursive struggles around the dismantling of race-based admissions policies in an elite public high school in San Francisco. The book analyzes the arguments put forth by plaintiffs in and the media's depiction of the case, "Brian Ho, Patrick Wong, & Hilary Chen v. SFUSD," The Ho lawsuit, filed by a group of Chinese Americans, challenged race-based admissions policies that were intended to ensure diversity by giving special consideration to African-American and Latino students. The author argues that the Ho plaintiffs exploited the dominant racial construction of Asian Americans as model minorities to portray themselves as victims of discrimination. Further, their discursive strategy relied on contrasting constructions of Black and Latino students as undeserving and unqualified beneficiaries of affirmative action. The decision in favor of the plaintiffs effectively ended school desegregation, racial balance, and affirmative action in San Francisco. Furthermore, in attempting to examine the consequences of the Ho decision on student attitudes, the author spent four year studying and observing the first cohort of students to enter the high school after race was eliminated from admissions considerations. This groundbreaking book documents the impact on white, Chinese, black and Latino students' attitudes toward views on affirmative action, racial diversity, and race relations.

Key features: The most comprehensive resource available on the biodiversity of algal species, their industrial production processes and their use for human consumption in food, health and varied applications. Emphasis on basic and applied research, addressing aspects of scale-up for commercial exploitation for the development of novel phytochemicals (phytochemicals from algae). Addresses the underexplored and underutilized potential of chemicals from marine sources for health benefits. Each chapter, written by expert contributors from around the world, includes Summary Points, Figures and Tables, as well as up-to-date references. The first book in this two-volume set explores the diversity of algal constituents for health and disease applications. The commercial value of chemicals of value to food and health is about $6 billion annually, of which 30 percent relates to micro and macro algal metabolites and products for health food applications. This comprenhensive volume looks in detail at algal genomics and metabolomics as well as mass production of microalgae. As a whole, the two-volume set covers all micro and macro algal forms and their traditional uses; their constituents which are of value for food, feed, specialty chemicals, bioactive compounds for novel applications, and bioenergy molecules. Bio-business and the market share of algae-based products are also dealt with, providing global perspectives.

This book analyzes the development of female prostitution in the Pacific port of Puntarenas, Costa Rica during the advanced stage of the coffee exporting economy (1880-1930), at the height of the consolidation of the liberal state. Hayes argues that prostitution in the port differed from that of the coffee producing highlands due to differential economic, social, and political development. In the periphery of Puntarenas, the development of prostitution reflected a less stigmatized view of sexual commerce than that of the highlands, where prostitution, although legal, threatened the tenets of liberal nationalism based on racial homogeneity and family values. Women of the highlands were encouraged to reproduce the nation's "more European" stock of workers and to ensure the legal transference of property through legal church marriages - both part of a design to stabilize the coffee exporting project. By contrast, prostitutes and other working women of Puntarenas, many immigrants from the "less European" populations of neighboring regions and most in concubinage, were freer to do what the law prescribed - register as prostitutes in legitimate trade. Such regional disparities reveal weaknesses in traditional explanations of Costa Rican exceptionalism, which have rested on the premise of cultural homogeneity and have reflected the realities of only one region of the country. The book advances an alternative explanation for the development of the nation's more democratic institutions, situating Costa Rican exceptionalism in the nation's free labor system, of which the labor prostitute in Puntarenas provides an example.

Provides comprehensive coverage of veg oil extraction technology, as applicable to major and minor oil-bearing materials Explains effects of each of the seed preparation steps on cell structure, and how it improves oil extraction Describes mechanical expression technology in detail, including design aspects of Presses and seed preparation equipment Discusses extraction plant safety, plant automation, and discussion of utilities Explores design of solvent extraction process equipment, including Extractor, Desolventiser, Distillation and support

While minimally processed foods satisfy the increasing market demands for foods with fewer preservatives, higher nutritive value, and fresh sensory attributes, there is a greater risk of diseases if they are improperly handled. Microbial Safety of Minimally Processed Foods explores innovative preventative solutions to food-borne diseases from the perspectives of the producer, the handler, the consumer, the food preparer, as well as the food inspector, and researcher. This book provides you with the latest research and insight into assuring the microbial safety of red meats, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruits, and bakery products that receive less than stringent sterilizing preparation. It explores and describes the methods used for pathogen detection along with strategies for preventing future pathogen occurrences in the minimally processed foods. The book also provides in-depth evaluations of HACCP regulations and risk assessments of those minimally processed foods. Designed to stimulate the development of increasingly safer foods, Microbial Safety of Minimally Processed Foods details state-of-the-art technologies that have the potential to enhance microbiological safety of minimally processed foods without sacrificing their natural, untreated visual appearance and sensory properties.

With tentacles that reach into several biological and medical sciences, including epidemiology, infectious diseases, community medicine, and public health, food science has become a truly interdisciplinary discipline. To compete successfully in this field, you must have a basic understanding of these related areas. Practical, portable, and easy to use, Pocket Dictionary of Food Safety provides a collection of terms and definitions as well as an extensive list of biological organisms. The book delivers a comprehensive list of definitions that are commonly used in the food industry and in the testing of food products as well as in food service facilities and restaurants. Classifying and organizing food safety terms from various sources into alphabetical listings, the dictionary covers: Food microbiology Food chemistry Food quality assurance Foodborne incidents Food regulations Standards Equipment Although the author draws information from numerous disciplines, the book keeps its focus tightly on food safety, making it an excellent resource for students, educators, and anyone involved in the growing, handling, preparation, packaging, or serving of any food product as well as for anyone in biochemistry or biology educational programs inside and beyond the food industry. It makes an ideal companion to other technical and industry materials.

The nutritional benefits of marine flora and fauna are well known. Fish and crustaceans provide high-quality sources of amino acids-nutritionally important proteins found in only small amounts in cereals and grains. Nutrients and minerals in seafood can improve brain development and reproduction and there are strong links between fish and heart health. Similarly, other organisms such as phytoplankton and invertebrates possess several nutrients of health importance. All of these benefits are critical to global nutrition and particularly important to food-deficient, low-income countries. The first book of its kind, Nutritional Marine Life explores the nutritional characteristics of the different species of the following groups of edible marine life: Phytoplankton Seaweeds and marsh plants Jellyfish Crustaceans Mollusks Echinoderms Prochordate Fish Turtles Mammals For each species, the book discusses its classification, common name, habitat, global distribution, biological features, and nutritional facts. The highly accessible style and high-quality photographs make it easy to identify nutritionally and commercially important marine species. The book is ideal for students and researchers in fisheries and aquaculture and in related marine biology and biotechnology disciplines. It is also suitable as a reference for practitioners in those fields as well as dieticians, food scientists, and physicians interested in knowing about the health benefits of seafood.