Citrus juices are the most common among the fruit juices around the world and constitute a major portion of the food industry. Even though juice-processing technology has been around for many years, interest in historical and modem in novations and applications is widespread. New juice enterprises are springing up constantly all over the world. Old enterprises are constantly undergoing change, growth, and development. The Internet has expanded the reach of many, not only for information but for marketing and production alterations. The World Wide Web has made the wide world one. Computer technology alone is growing faster than the oranges on the trees. With these multifaceted changes, a need has emerged for an update to the first edition of Citrus Processing. The second edition of Citrus Processing has expanded its scope beyond the quality control theme of the first edition. I have used a more holistic approach to the subject of citrus processing. Those using this text in the classroom will find it more comprehensive in its treatment of the subject. The first edition targeted the industrial technologist. The second edition approaches citrus processing as a complete subject, assuming an audience interested in learning from the ground up. This new approach should be particularly appealing to those unfamiliar with the industry. Even so, experienced industrialists will find the information con tained here contemporary, futuristic, and fundamental.

The aim of this book is to present the current state of the art of extracting natural products with near-critical solvents and to view the possibilities of further extensions of the technique. Relevant background theory is given but does not dominate the book. Carbon dioxide is the near-critical solvent used in most recent applications and inevitably receives prominence. In addition to general descriptions and reviews, the book contains three chapters by indus trial practitioners who describe in detail the operation of their processes and discuss the market for their products. Sections on the design of the pressure vessels and pumps required in these processes and on the acquisition of the data required for design are included. The costing of the processes is also discussed. There is good scope for combining a near-critical extraction step with other process steps in which the properties of near-critical solvents are utilised, for example as a reaction or crystallisation medium and a chapter is devoted to these important aspects. It is hoped that the work will be found to contain a great deal of specific information of use to those already familiar with this field. However the style of presentation and content is such that it will also be useful as an introduction. In particular it will be helpful to those wondering if this form of separation method has anything to offer for them, whether they are engineers, chemists or managers in industry, or in academic or research institutions."

Contents - 1. Bacteria - Form; Structure; Chemical composition; Physiology; Classification - 2. True fungi - Moulds; Yeasts; Morphology; Principal groups; Biological characteristics - 3. Control of spoilage micro-organisms - Refrigeration; Gas storage; Moisture limitation; Salt; Acid preservatives; Curing; Smoking; Spices; Antibiotics; Fermentation; Air filtration - 4. Containers - Three piece cans; Tinplate; Tin-free steel; Construction of cans; Non-soldered cans; Two piece cans; Easy-open ends; Semi-rigid and flexible packs; Glass containers and closures - 5. Outline of canning operations - Preparation of food; Washing; Peeling; Blanching; Filling; Exhausting; Sealing of containers; Processing; Types of retort; Non-rigid containers; Glass containers; Cooling; Coding - 6. Sources and control of contamination - Raw materials; Plant; Cleaning and disinfection; Containers; Cooling water - 7. Principal spoilage organisms in canned foods - Acidity classification of foods; Low and medium acid products; Acid products - 8. Effects of heat on micro-organisms - Cause of death; Mechanism of heat resistance; Order of destruction; Factors affecting heat resistance; Effect of environment during sporulation; Effect of environment during heating; Effect of recovery medium; Effect of sub-lethal heat treatment; Estimation of heat resistance; Treatment of thermal resistance data - 9. Principles of thermal processing - Thermal death-time data; Standards of processing; Heat penetration; Mechanism of heat transfer; Positioning of thermocouple; Factors affecting heat penetration; Process evaluation; Classical calculation methods; Integrated lethality methods; Microbiological methods - 10. Continuous flow sterilisation and aseptic processing - Nutritional and quality aspects; HTST and UHT processing; Process evaluation; Cooling; Container sterilisation; Filling; Enzyme inactivation and regeneration - 11. The use of radiations in food preservation - Ionising radiations; Factors affecting the radiation resistance of micro-organisms; Sterilisation doses for foods; Complementary effects of radiation and heat; Low dose procedures; Effects of ionising radiations on food; Ultraviolet irradiation - 12. Types of spoilage - Under-processing; Inadequate cooling; Leakage through seams; Pre-process spoilage; Hydrogen swells; Incorrect retort operation; Under-exhausting; Over-filling; Panelling; Rust; Damage - 13. Microbiology of sound canned foods - 'Commercial sterility'; Results of examinations; Theory of fat protection; Air-borne contamination; Canned cured meats; Proposed standards - 14. Bacterial food poisoning - Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens; Salmonella; Staphylococci-Bacillus cereus; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Relation of food-poisoning to canned foods; Food idiosyncrasy - 15. Laboratory examination of canned foods - Culture media for routine work; Additional media for routine and special purposes; Outline of examination procedure; Preliminary external examination; Preliminary incubation of samples; Sampling can contents; Technique for sampling swelled cans; Preparation of cultures; Examination of contents; Examination of glass packs; Incubation tests; Aseptic packaging; Examination of canned cured meats - 16. Examination of raw materials, plant and miscellaneous methods - Thermophilic contamination of sugar, starches, milk, powder, spices, etc.; Plant and equipment; Containers; Cooling water; Dilution cultures - 17. Examination of containers - Selection of cans; Preliminary examination; Examination of rolled seams; Defective soldering; Oval and rectangular cans; Flexible pouches - Appendix - Temperature of saturated steam; Sizes of some common round UK open-top cans; Example of calculation of process lethalities; Lethal rates; Summary of causes and control of microbial spoilage of canned food - Index -

This wide-ranging encyclopedia presents an international survey of fermented fresh milk and related products. 400 entries cover traditional and non-traditional fermented fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, and whey products. Many new or little-known products and by-products are included, providing R&D personnel with a wealth of new product ideas. The internationally recognized team of authors provide detailed information on the products' preparation and manufacture, uses, sensory characteristics, microbiology, chemical composition, nutritional value and significance for health. Special emphasis is given to products that have a "healthy" image including yoghurt, acidophilus and bifidus products. Also included are fermented baby foods, whey-drained fermented products, heat treatment of products after fermentation, "sweet" milk, acidified milk products, and pharmaceutical products. This book should be of interest to dairy and food research and development personnel/scientists, food engineers, dieticians, nutritionists, government regulators and students of food science.

These two exceptional volumes, both part of the second edition of a we ll established textbook, explore the biological, biochemical and chemi cal aspects of malting and brewing science. Focusing on the scientific principles behind the selection of raw materials and their processing, these two insightful text include brief descriptions of the equipmen t used.

Food Structure Engineering and Design for Improved Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing presents new insights on the development of new healthy foods and the understanding of food structure effect on nutrition, health and wellbeing. Sections cover a) New ingredients, typicity and ethnicity of foods in different cultures and geographic regions; b) New and innovative strategies for food structure development; c) Strategies to address the challenges for healthier food products, such the reduction of sugar, salt and fats; d) Assessment of health effect of foods by in vitro and in vivo tests, and more. Edited by experts in the field, and contributed by scientists of different areas such as nutritionists and food engineers, this title offers a broad overview of the field to the readers, boosting their capability to integrate different aspects of product development.

Improve your product development success ratio

This IFT Basic Symposium is the collective work of a team of seasoned food industry consultants whose experiences and observations provide a "how to" guide of successful product and process development. Their information-packed presentations will deepen and broaden the food technologist's knowledge of food product development to the sphere beyond the laboratory.

Authors address the following key components of product development: Managing the Product Development Process, Consumer & Market Research, Making It Happen, Cost & Pricing

A case study and several short case history lessons illuminate product development from perspectives that include consumer and marketing needs, manufacturing ramifications, communication issues, food safety systems, shelf life techniques, and distribution elements.

As a key component of human survival, a safe and sufficient food supply is essential for a healthy and productive population throughout the world, so assurance that the food supply is clean and free of harmful substances is a global concern. In "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols," experts in the field provide context to the subject through reviews of regulations in various countries, the current state-of-the art, and specific, detailed scientific methods being employed today. The volume thoroughly covers the key areas in food safety, such as detection of low level chemical residues, pesticide analysis aided by chromatographic techniques, and the revealing of mycotoxins and chemical contaminants from packaging materials. Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology " series format, method chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Pertinent and cutting-edge, "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols" serves researchers with both understanding and appreciation for the contribution of mass spectrometry and its vital application to food testing and food safety."

Food Safety Management: A Practical Guide for the Food Industry, Second Edition continues to present a comprehensive, integrated and practical approach to the management of food safety throughout the production chain. While many books address specific aspects of food safety, no other book guides you through the various risks associated with each sector of the production process or alerts you to the measures needed to mitigate those risks. This new edition provides practical examples of incidents and their root causes, highlighting pitfalls in food safety management and providing key insights into different means for avoiding them. Each section addresses its subject in terms of relevance and application to food safety and, where applicable, spoilage. The book covers all types of risks (e.g., microbial, chemical, physical) associated with each step of the food chain, making it an ideal resource.

"Food Plant Safety: UV Applications for Food and Non-Food Surfaces" discusses the fundamental principles of ultraviolet (UV) light technology, and gives practical recommendations on UV processes and systems design for specific processing operations, as well as how microbial efficacy of UV light can improve the quality of existing product lines.

Innovative research of ultraviolet light for food applications has been growing worldwide. With increased consumer demand for fresher, minimally processed but safe foods, comes the need for novel technologies to meet that demand. Ultraviolet technology has been taking its niche in food production as a non-chemical treatment to control and enhance safety of processing plants and storage facilities.

This concise resource covers the fundamentals of this promising technology and its applications; it will benefit a broad audience of professionals in food engineering, processing, and product development, as well as graduate level students.

Focuses on plant processing operations in the food industry

Presents the benefits of UV light technology applications for air quality, and safety of non-food and food contact surfaces

Covers the cost benefits and energy and environmental advantages of using UV technologies

Contamination of food with extremely low levels of certain compounds can cause an unpleasant taste. This can result in the destruction of vast stocks of product, and very substantial financial losses to food companies. The concentration of the alien compound in the food can be so low that very sophisticated equipment is needed to identify the components and to determine its source. It is vital that every company involved in the production, distribution and sale of foodstuffs are fully aware of the ways in which contamination can accrue, how it can be avoided, and what steps need to be taken in the event that a problem does arise. This book provides the background information needed to recognize how food can become tainted, to draw up guidelines to prevent this contamination, and to plan the steps that should be taken in the event of an outbreak. The new edition has been extensively revised and updated and includes substantial new material on the formation of off flavors due to microbiological and enzymic action, and on sensory evaluation of taints and off flavors A new chapter on off flavors in alcoholic beverages has been added. Written primarily for industrial food technologists, this volume is also an essential reference source for workers in research and government institutions.

The label on your product is the most important document you produce. Ask any customer; it is often the only communication they have with you. This book is about getting your labeling and product information right, and that is more important than getting customers to buy your products. It is about ensuring that they buy them again, and again. Written primarily for the fast moving consumer goods industries such as food, chemicals, cosmetics and health, this book is also essential reading for anyone involved in label writing and design, or product information in any context. Tony Holkham is a consultant providing expertise to a range of industries. He has written in-house labeling manuals, published articles and runs training courses on the subject.

China is the world's top agricultural producer according to a World Trade Organization 2010 report, but a growing number of alarming safety issues has put the world's top manufacturer of food on the defensive. Food Safety in China: A Comprehensive Review chronicles China's current food safety problems from a professional perspective. This text describes key concepts, incorporates a research thread, considers various methods, provides context, and presents main conclusions. Containing investigative research and presenting an authoritative analysis of the subject, this text considers the complex issues that span the entire food supply chain system. It provides an overview of the current food safety situation, as well as its development and changes. It also details the structure of the food safety support system, and addresses growing concerns. Explores Involvement in Stages The book considers the interrelationship between the government, producers and traders, and consumers. It studies technical and management issues, and explains how that impacts businesses, the government regulatory system, and the end user. Factoring in the risks that can be caused by both natural and human influences, including the abuse of food additives, this book reviews the efforts put forth by China to prevent food safety issues. It examines the changing track of food safety (including imported and exported products) in key aspects such as production, circulation, and consumption from 2006 to 2011 based on empirical investigation and comprehensive use of various statistical data, and examines most specifically China's food safety situation in 2011. This book addresses: Food production and processing Food transportation Food consumption Environment and consumer awareness of food safety Efforts and techni

The series Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis launches the former 'Modern Methods' into the 'molecular' era with this volume on "Taste and Aroma". Analysis of the plant components interacting with these two senses, so important for the very survival of human beings and, in more recent times, the key to their enjoyment of life as well, is presented with examples of the use of molecular approaches. These include DNA microarrays, antisense technology and RNA gel blot analysis.Some recent advances in plant analysis technology embrace amongst others the use of electroantennography in the detection of physiologically important flower volatiles. An introductory chapter explains what we know about the molecular biology of human taste and aroma receptors, as this has implications for the analysis of plant components interacting with these receptors. As the first volume in the molecular series, this book lays the foundation for others to come.

Functional Foods and Their Implications for Health Promotion presents functional foods, from raw ingredients to the final product, providing a detailed explanation on how these foods work and an overview of their impact on health. The book presents the functions of food against disease and discusses how healthier foods can be produced. Broken into four parts, the book presents a deep dive into plant-derived functional foods, dairy foods, marine food and beverages. The book includes case studies, applications, literature reviews and coverage of recent developments. Intended for nutritionists, dieticians, food technologists, as well as students and researchers working in nutrition, dietetics, and food science, this book is sure to be a welcomed resource.

Distilled Spirits is the "go-to" guide for identifying the best practices and options available for distilled spirits product development. The book is a valuable reference for current and prospective distillers, including researchers in distilling and chemical engineering and students brewing and distilling programs. With an increase in the number of new start distilleries, the need for guidance on distilled spirits production has risen dramatically. This book examines the impact of raw materials and production processes on spirit quality, flavor and aroma compounds, and as indicators of poor quality. The book covers the entire production process, derivation of flavor and aroma compounds, definition of spirit quality, and identification of defects for Scotch whiskey, vodka, rum, and gin.

The evidence that omega-3 fatty acids are essential for human development and most helpful to achieve good health throughout life is clearly documented by Dr. Joyce Nettleton in her new book Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health. Omega 3 fatty acids are produced by the plants of the land and sea. The tissues of the body require the omega-3 fatty acids for their proper functioning just as they also need the omega-6 essential fatty acids. It is probable in man's evolutionary development that there has always been the proper balance between these two groups of essential fatty acids, but in the modern era with the provision of inexpensive vegetable oils it is possible that the pendulum for increased dietary omega-6 fatty acids in the form of linoleic acid has swung too far and the intake ofomega-3 fatty acids has actualIy declined. In particular, the 22 carbon omega 3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, which has six double bonds, is important in the membranes of brain cells, heart muscle cells, the rods and cones of the retina and spermatozoa. Docosahexaenoic acid is found only in foods such as fish and other sea life, having been synthesized by the phytoplankton of the waters. An outright deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids has led to a number of distur bances in animals and human infants such as impaired vision, abnormalities of the electroretinogram, of the eye and various behavioral aberrations."

In "Asian Noodles: Science, Technology and Processing, " international experts review the current knowledge and offer comprehensive cutting-edge coverage on Asian noodles unmatchable in any publication. The authors cover an array of topics including breeding for noodle wheat, noodle flour milling, noodle flour quality control and analysis, noodle processing, sensory and instrumental measurements of noodle quality, the effects of wheat factors on noodle quality, packaging and storage, nutritional fortification of noodle products, noodle flavor seasoning, and noodle plant setup and management.

This volume has been designed to offer a balanced account of the laboratory synthesis, industrial manufacture and biosynthesis of lipids. Authors describe the synthesis of all the major lipid classes, including new and revised procedures, and there are chapters devoted to the synthesis and manufacture of vitamin E, other natural antioxidants, sugar esters and ethers, and food surfactants. This authoritative work of reference has something for all lipid scientists and technologists. It is directed at chemists and technologists working in oils and fats processing, the food industry, the oleochemicals industry and the pharmaceutical industry; at analytical chemists and quality assurance personnel; and at lipid chemists in academic research laboratories.

These two exceptional volumes, both part of the second edition of a we ll established textbook, explore the biological, biochemical and chemi cal aspects of malting and brewing science. Focusing on the scientific principles behind the selection of raw materials and their processing, these two insightful text include brief descriptions of the equipmen t used.

Contents - Acknowledgements - Foreword - Illustrations - Chapter 1. About this book - Chapter 2. The handling of fish at sea - Chapter 3. The handling and distribution of fish on land - Chapter 4. The smoking of fish - Chapter 5. Salt curing - Chapter 6. Drying - Chapter 7. Freezing and cold storage - Chapter 8. Thawing - Chapter 9. Canning - Chapter 10. Fish meal and oil - Chapter 11. Retailing - Chapter 12. Fish as living animals - Chapter 13. What fish are made of - Chapter 14. Fish and physics - Chapter 15. Fish spoilage - Chapter 16. Instruments - Chapter 17. How to find out more - Index -