As was the case with Charles Ross's Packaging of Pharmaceuticals published by the UK Institute of Packaging in 1975 it is assumed that the reader of this book already has a broad understanding of the basics of packaging. If not the Packaging Users Handbook and the Handbook of Food Packaging are recommended. The packaging needs of pharmaceuticals are different in degree only from those of other perishable products such as processed foods. Because the required action of a medication can be nullified by any deterioration in its active principles the protection required from its packaging is at least an order of magnitude greater than that needed by foods for example. Functional efficiency is therefore of prime importance. Conversely the need for the packaging to 'sell' the medication is much less, hence the graphics required need only provide the right 'image' for the product when presented for use in hospital or surgery. Even when on sale at the pharmacy the 'appeal' required is that of providing hygiene and confidence more than anything else. Thus, the textual requirements are paramount including traceability (batch numbers, date-coding etc) in case of recall; while striking appearance to attract customer attention is in lower key. And with the increase in malicious tampering nowadays recall is more frequent.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

This book on frozen food, as its title suggests, is written for the food technologist and food scientist in the frozen food industry, which includes both food and equipmentmanufacturers. The information will also be useful for otherdisciplines within the food industry as awhole, and for studentsoffood technology. The book, the aimofwhich is to provide an up-to-date reviewofthe technologyofthe frozen food industry, has been divided into two parts, dealing with generic industry issues and specific product areas, respectively. The first section opens with a chapter on the physics and chemistryoffreezing, including a review ofglassy states. The practical realisationoffreezing is covered in the next chapter, which also covers frozen distribution and storage. Chapter 3 deals with packaging and packaging machinery, a sector where there has recently of product safety is been considerable technological progress. The key area discussed in detail in chapter 4, and includes microbiology and hygienic factory design, as well as consumer reheating, particularly microwave reheating. Health and dietary considerations have become much more important to consumers, and chapter 5 reviews the current nutritional status of frozen foods and their role in a modem diet. The driving force for scientific and technological change in frozen foods is the massive market for its products and the consequent competitive pressures, and the first part ofthe book concludes with a chapter on development ofnew frozen products, and how to apply the technical knowledge, both generic and product specific, to innovate in a consumer-driven market.

The fish processing industry is still far from the levels of scientific and technological development that characterize other food processing oper ations. It has also been slow in finding uses for by-products and processing wastes, compared with the meat and poultry industries. The utilization of fisheries by-products or wastes constitutes an area in which the application of modern techniques could potentially improve profitability. At present, increased attention is being focused on the application of new biotechnological methods to operations related to the seafood industry, with the objective of increasing its general efficiency. Because fish processing operations are commonly carried out in the vicinity of the sea, most of the resulting fish wastes have been disposed of by returning them to it. Pollution control measures and a better understanding of the valuable composition of the products extracted from the sea are expected to encourage their recovery and the develop ment of new products from them. In the past, fisheries wastes and species not used for food have been generally utilized through techno logical processes with a low level of sophistication, such as those for the production of animal feed and fertilizer. Limited economic success has accompanied the application of physi cal and chemical processes for the recovery of non-utilized fisheries biomass and for the production of quality products from them."

This book offers a comprehensive review of the prospects for a wide range of food ingredients produced using biotechnology.

Probiotic microorganisms have a long history of use, and their health benefits for hosts are well documented. This Microbiology Monographs volume provides an overview of the current knowledge and applications of probiotics. Reviews cover the biology and probiotic potential of the thoroughly studied prokaryotic genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, several eukaryotic microorganisms, probiotic strain characterization, and the analytical methods (such as FISH, microarray, and high throughput sequencing) required for their study. Further chapters describe the positive effects of probiotics on malabsorption disorders such as diarrhea and lactose intolerance, and document the clinical evidence of benefits in treating allergies and lung emphysema, and in dermatological applications. Also addresses are topics such as genetically engineered strains, new carriers for probiotics, protection techniques, challenges of health claims, safety aspects, and future market trends.

Citrus juices are the most common among the fruit juices around the world and constitute a major portion of the food industry. Even though juice-processing technology has been around for many years, interest in historical and modem in novations and applications is widespread. New juice enterprises are springing up constantly all over the world. Old enterprises are constantly undergoing change, growth, and development. The Internet has expanded the reach of many, not only for information but for marketing and production alterations. The World Wide Web has made the wide world one. Computer technology alone is growing faster than the oranges on the trees. With these multifaceted changes, a need has emerged for an update to the first edition of Citrus Processing. The second edition of Citrus Processing has expanded its scope beyond the quality control theme of the first edition. I have used a more holistic approach to the subject of citrus processing. Those using this text in the classroom will find it more comprehensive in its treatment of the subject. The first edition targeted the industrial technologist. The second edition approaches citrus processing as a complete subject, assuming an audience interested in learning from the ground up. This new approach should be particularly appealing to those unfamiliar with the industry. Even so, experienced industrialists will find the information con tained here contemporary, futuristic, and fundamental.

The aim of this book is to present the current state of the art of extracting natural products with near-critical solvents and to view the possibilities of further extensions of the technique. Relevant background theory is given but does not dominate the book. Carbon dioxide is the near-critical solvent used in most recent applications and inevitably receives prominence. In addition to general descriptions and reviews, the book contains three chapters by indus trial practitioners who describe in detail the operation of their processes and discuss the market for their products. Sections on the design of the pressure vessels and pumps required in these processes and on the acquisition of the data required for design are included. The costing of the processes is also discussed. There is good scope for combining a near-critical extraction step with other process steps in which the properties of near-critical solvents are utilised, for example as a reaction or crystallisation medium and a chapter is devoted to these important aspects. It is hoped that the work will be found to contain a great deal of specific information of use to those already familiar with this field. However the style of presentation and content is such that it will also be useful as an introduction. In particular it will be helpful to those wondering if this form of separation method has anything to offer for them, whether they are engineers, chemists or managers in industry, or in academic or research institutions."

Contents - 1. Bacteria - Form; Structure; Chemical composition; Physiology; Classification - 2. True fungi - Moulds; Yeasts; Morphology; Principal groups; Biological characteristics - 3. Control of spoilage micro-organisms - Refrigeration; Gas storage; Moisture limitation; Salt; Acid preservatives; Curing; Smoking; Spices; Antibiotics; Fermentation; Air filtration - 4. Containers - Three piece cans; Tinplate; Tin-free steel; Construction of cans; Non-soldered cans; Two piece cans; Easy-open ends; Semi-rigid and flexible packs; Glass containers and closures - 5. Outline of canning operations - Preparation of food; Washing; Peeling; Blanching; Filling; Exhausting; Sealing of containers; Processing; Types of retort; Non-rigid containers; Glass containers; Cooling; Coding - 6. Sources and control of contamination - Raw materials; Plant; Cleaning and disinfection; Containers; Cooling water - 7. Principal spoilage organisms in canned foods - Acidity classification of foods; Low and medium acid products; Acid products - 8. Effects of heat on micro-organisms - Cause of death; Mechanism of heat resistance; Order of destruction; Factors affecting heat resistance; Effect of environment during sporulation; Effect of environment during heating; Effect of recovery medium; Effect of sub-lethal heat treatment; Estimation of heat resistance; Treatment of thermal resistance data - 9. Principles of thermal processing - Thermal death-time data; Standards of processing; Heat penetration; Mechanism of heat transfer; Positioning of thermocouple; Factors affecting heat penetration; Process evaluation; Classical calculation methods; Integrated lethality methods; Microbiological methods - 10. Continuous flow sterilisation and aseptic processing - Nutritional and quality aspects; HTST and UHT processing; Process evaluation; Cooling; Container sterilisation; Filling; Enzyme inactivation and regeneration - 11. The use of radiations in food preservation - Ionising radiations; Factors affecting the radiation resistance of micro-organisms; Sterilisation doses for foods; Complementary effects of radiation and heat; Low dose procedures; Effects of ionising radiations on food; Ultraviolet irradiation - 12. Types of spoilage - Under-processing; Inadequate cooling; Leakage through seams; Pre-process spoilage; Hydrogen swells; Incorrect retort operation; Under-exhausting; Over-filling; Panelling; Rust; Damage - 13. Microbiology of sound canned foods - 'Commercial sterility'; Results of examinations; Theory of fat protection; Air-borne contamination; Canned cured meats; Proposed standards - 14. Bacterial food poisoning - Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens; Salmonella; Staphylococci-Bacillus cereus; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Relation of food-poisoning to canned foods; Food idiosyncrasy - 15. Laboratory examination of canned foods - Culture media for routine work; Additional media for routine and special purposes; Outline of examination procedure; Preliminary external examination; Preliminary incubation of samples; Sampling can contents; Technique for sampling swelled cans; Preparation of cultures; Examination of contents; Examination of glass packs; Incubation tests; Aseptic packaging; Examination of canned cured meats - 16. Examination of raw materials, plant and miscellaneous methods - Thermophilic contamination of sugar, starches, milk, powder, spices, etc.; Plant and equipment; Containers; Cooling water; Dilution cultures - 17. Examination of containers - Selection of cans; Preliminary examination; Examination of rolled seams; Defective soldering; Oval and rectangular cans; Flexible pouches - Appendix - Temperature of saturated steam; Sizes of some common round UK open-top cans; Example of calculation of process lethalities; Lethal rates; Summary of causes and control of microbial spoilage of canned food - Index -

Distilled Spirits is the "go-to" guide for identifying the best practices and options available for distilled spirits product development. The book is a valuable reference for current and prospective distillers, including researchers in distilling and chemical engineering and students brewing and distilling programs. With an increase in the number of new start distilleries, the need for guidance on distilled spirits production has risen dramatically. This book examines the impact of raw materials and production processes on spirit quality, flavor and aroma compounds, and as indicators of poor quality. The book covers the entire production process, derivation of flavor and aroma compounds, definition of spirit quality, and identification of defects for Scotch whiskey, vodka, rum, and gin.

This wide-ranging encyclopedia presents an international survey of fermented fresh milk and related products. 400 entries cover traditional and non-traditional fermented fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, and whey products. Many new or little-known products and by-products are included, providing R&D personnel with a wealth of new product ideas. The internationally recognized team of authors provide detailed information on the products' preparation and manufacture, uses, sensory characteristics, microbiology, chemical composition, nutritional value and significance for health. Special emphasis is given to products that have a "healthy" image including yoghurt, acidophilus and bifidus products. Also included are fermented baby foods, whey-drained fermented products, heat treatment of products after fermentation, "sweet" milk, acidified milk products, and pharmaceutical products. This book should be of interest to dairy and food research and development personnel/scientists, food engineers, dieticians, nutritionists, government regulators and students of food science.

These two exceptional volumes, both part of the second edition of a we ll established textbook, explore the biological, biochemical and chemi cal aspects of malting and brewing science. Focusing on the scientific principles behind the selection of raw materials and their processing, these two insightful text include brief descriptions of the equipmen t used.

Food Structure Engineering and Design for Improved Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing presents new insights on the development of new healthy foods and the understanding of food structure effect on nutrition, health and wellbeing. Sections cover a) New ingredients, typicity and ethnicity of foods in different cultures and geographic regions; b) New and innovative strategies for food structure development; c) Strategies to address the challenges for healthier food products, such the reduction of sugar, salt and fats; d) Assessment of health effect of foods by in vitro and in vivo tests, and more. Edited by experts in the field, and contributed by scientists of different areas such as nutritionists and food engineers, this title offers a broad overview of the field to the readers, boosting their capability to integrate different aspects of product development.

As a key component of human survival, a safe and sufficient food supply is essential for a healthy and productive population throughout the world, so assurance that the food supply is clean and free of harmful substances is a global concern. In "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols," experts in the field provide context to the subject through reviews of regulations in various countries, the current state-of-the art, and specific, detailed scientific methods being employed today. The volume thoroughly covers the key areas in food safety, such as detection of low level chemical residues, pesticide analysis aided by chromatographic techniques, and the revealing of mycotoxins and chemical contaminants from packaging materials. Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology " series format, method chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Pertinent and cutting-edge, "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols" serves researchers with both understanding and appreciation for the contribution of mass spectrometry and its vital application to food testing and food safety."

Food Safety Management: A Practical Guide for the Food Industry, Second Edition continues to present a comprehensive, integrated and practical approach to the management of food safety throughout the production chain. While many books address specific aspects of food safety, no other book guides you through the various risks associated with each sector of the production process or alerts you to the measures needed to mitigate those risks. This new edition provides practical examples of incidents and their root causes, highlighting pitfalls in food safety management and providing key insights into different means for avoiding them. Each section addresses its subject in terms of relevance and application to food safety and, where applicable, spoilage. The book covers all types of risks (e.g., microbial, chemical, physical) associated with each step of the food chain, making it an ideal resource.

Contamination of food with extremely low levels of certain compounds can cause an unpleasant taste. This can result in the destruction of vast stocks of product, and very substantial financial losses to food companies. The concentration of the alien compound in the food can be so low that very sophisticated equipment is needed to identify the components and to determine its source. It is vital that every company involved in the production, distribution and sale of foodstuffs are fully aware of the ways in which contamination can accrue, how it can be avoided, and what steps need to be taken in the event that a problem does arise. This book provides the background information needed to recognize how food can become tainted, to draw up guidelines to prevent this contamination, and to plan the steps that should be taken in the event of an outbreak. The new edition has been extensively revised and updated and includes substantial new material on the formation of off flavors due to microbiological and enzymic action, and on sensory evaluation of taints and off flavors A new chapter on off flavors in alcoholic beverages has been added. Written primarily for industrial food technologists, this volume is also an essential reference source for workers in research and government institutions.

The label on your product is the most important document you produce. Ask any customer; it is often the only communication they have with you. This book is about getting your labeling and product information right, and that is more important than getting customers to buy your products. It is about ensuring that they buy them again, and again. Written primarily for the fast moving consumer goods industries such as food, chemicals, cosmetics and health, this book is also essential reading for anyone involved in label writing and design, or product information in any context. Tony Holkham is a consultant providing expertise to a range of industries. He has written in-house labeling manuals, published articles and runs training courses on the subject.

The series Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis launches the former 'Modern Methods' into the 'molecular' era with this volume on "Taste and Aroma". Analysis of the plant components interacting with these two senses, so important for the very survival of human beings and, in more recent times, the key to their enjoyment of life as well, is presented with examples of the use of molecular approaches. These include DNA microarrays, antisense technology and RNA gel blot analysis.Some recent advances in plant analysis technology embrace amongst others the use of electroantennography in the detection of physiologically important flower volatiles. An introductory chapter explains what we know about the molecular biology of human taste and aroma receptors, as this has implications for the analysis of plant components interacting with these receptors. As the first volume in the molecular series, this book lays the foundation for others to come.

Functional Foods and Their Implications for Health Promotion presents functional foods, from raw ingredients to the final product, providing a detailed explanation on how these foods work and an overview of their impact on health. The book presents the functions of food against disease and discusses how healthier foods can be produced. Broken into four parts, the book presents a deep dive into plant-derived functional foods, dairy foods, marine food and beverages. The book includes case studies, applications, literature reviews and coverage of recent developments. Intended for nutritionists, dieticians, food technologists, as well as students and researchers working in nutrition, dietetics, and food science, this book is sure to be a welcomed resource.