"Provides both historical information and the latest toxicological data on various classes of food additives--examining the production, application, and safety of numerous compounds used to enhance and preserve the quality of foods."

Determining accurate shelf life data for foods is essential for assuring food quality and protecting consumers from the effects of degradation. With a proper balance of theory and practical examples, Shelf Life Assessment of Food presents the essential criteria and current methodologies for obtaining accurate and reliable shelf life dating. Defining the process through a series of sequential steps, the book assists and supports researchers and food industry operators in planning a shelf life study that best suits their needs. Offering an integrated view of the present status of shelf life assessment, the book covers: Definitions, basic concepts, and regulatory aspects of food shelf life The shelf life assessment process, including preliminary steps, testing, modeling, and monitoring Methods for determining acceptability limits Critical indicators in shelf life assessment Real-time and accelerated shelf life testing Microbial indicators for shelf life prediction and determination Survival analysis methodologies and their role in modeling shelf life The effect of packaging materials properties in food shelf life assessment The book concludes with a series of case studies involving fresh-cut apple slices, fruit juices, frozen pasta, cheese breadsticks, coffee, frozen shrimp, and fruit-based noncarbonated soft drinks. Each case study begins with a brief presentation of the product and the problem most relevant to the product's shelf life. The studies first define acceptability limits and identify the indicators of quality loss. Next, the book examines expiration time assessment by instrumental or sensory tools. Providing researchers and food industry operators with up-to-date data and procedures, this volume surveys the most critical factors and methods for obtaining accurate and reliable shelf life dating.

Biotechnology has immense potential for resolving environmental problems and augmenting food production. Particularly, it offers solutions for converting solid wastes into value-added items. In food processing industries that generate voluminous by-products and wastes, valorization can help offset growing environmental problems and facilitate the sustainable use of available natural resources. Valorization of Food Processing By-Products describes the potential of this relatively new concept in the field of industrial residues management. The debut book in CRC Press's new Fermented Foods and Beverages Series, this volume explores the current state of the art in food processing by-products with respect to their generation, methods of disposal, and problems faced in terms of waste and regulation. It reviews the basic fundamental principles of waste recycling, including process engineering economics and the microbiology and biochemical and nutritional aspects of food processing. It discusses fermentation techniques available for valorization of food processing by-products, enzyme technologies, and analytical techniques and instrumentation. Individual chapters examine the by-products of plant-based and animal-based food industries. The book also delves into socioeconomic considerations and environmental concerns related to food processing by-products. It surveys research gaps and areas ripe for further inquiry as well as future trends in the field. An essential reference for researchers and practitioners in the food science and food technology industry, this volume is also poised to inspire those who wish to take on valorization of food by-products as a professional endeavor. A contribution toward sustainability, valorization makes maximum use of agricultural produce while employing low-energy and cost-effective processes.

This second edition explains the fundamentals of enzymology and describes the role of enzymes in food, agricultural and health sciences. Among other topics, it provides new methods for protein determination and purification; examines the novel concept of hysteresis; and furnishes new information on proteases, oxidases, polyphenol oxidases, lipoxygenases and the enzymology of biotechnology.

The component parts of a manufacturing system are important. Without peripherals and services such as pumps, boilers, power transmission, water treatment, waste disposal, and efficient lighting, the system will collapse. Food Plant Engineering Systems, Second Edition fills the need for a reference dealing with the bits and pieces that keep systems running, and also with how the peripheral parts of a processing plant fit within the bigger picture. The author has gathered information from diverse sources to introduce readers to the ancillary equipment used in processing industries, including production line components and environmental control systems. He explores the buildings and facilities as well as the way various parts of a plant interact to increase plant production. This new edition covers the systems approach to Lean manufacturing, introducing Lean principles to the food industry. It also addresses sustainability and environmental issues, which were not covered in the first edition. Written so readers with only basic mathematical knowledge will benefit from the content, the text describes measurements and numbers as well as general calculations, including mass and energy balances. It addresses the properties of fluids, pumps, and piping, and provides a brief discussion of thermodynamics. In addition, it explores electrical system motors, starters, heating, and lights; heating systems and steam generation; cooling and refrigeration systems; and water, waste, and material handling systems. The text also deals with plant design, including location, foundations, floors, walls, roofs, drains, and insulation. The final chapter presents an overview of safety and OSHA regulations, and the appendices provide conversion tables and an introduction to mathematics.

One of the largest food commodities exported from the developing countries to the rest of the world, cocoa has gained increasing attention on the global market-raising many questions about its quality, sustainability and traceability. Cocoa Production and Processing Technology presents detailed explanations of the technologies that could be employed to assure sustainable production of high-quality and safe cocoa beans for the global confectionary industry. It provides overviews of up-to-date technologies and approaches to modern cocoa production practices, global production and consumption trends as well as principles of cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture. The book covers the origin, history and taxonomy of cocoa, and examines the fairtrade and organic cocoa industries and their influence on smallholder farmers. The chapters provide in-depth coverage of cocoa cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest treatments with a focus on cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations and their influence on quality, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation techniques, drying, storage and transportation. The author provides details on cocoa fermentation processes as well as the biochemical and microbiological changes involved and how they influence flavour. He also addresses cocoa trading systems, bean selection and quality criteria, as well as industrial processing of fermented and dried cocoa beans into liquor, cake, butter and powder. The book examines the general principles of chocolate manufacture, detailing the various stages of the processes involved, the factors that influence the quality characteristics and strategies to avoid post-processing quality defects. This volume presents innovative techniques for sustainability and traceability in high-quality cocoa production and explores new product development with potential for cost reduction as well as improved cocoa bean and chocolate product quality.

Cereal food engineering has become increasingly important in the food industry over the years, as it plays a key role in developing new food products and improved manufacturing processes. Engineering Aspects of Cereal and Cereal-Based Products focuses on the recent growth in cereal technology and baked foods science, reviewing the latest updates in technological developments in agricultural cultivation and processing for cereal scientists, food engineers, and students. Cereals include a vast number of biochemical entities, very diverse in composition and properties, as well as technological abilities. The text discusses cereal production, which varies according to cultural practices, type of cereal, cultivar, and region. It also addresses transportation, storage, and cereal quality-important at every phase from harvest to production. Chapters cover technological operations such as wet and dry milling and extrusion, and they address particular processing operations that are subject to improvements, including bread and confectionary baking. The text also examines malting, rice processing, breakfast cereals, and pasta. In addition, it explores new trends in cereal-based products and the effects of processing on nutritional and functional properties of cereal products. This book discusses the basic elements of cereal technology, from production to transformation, including the most important processing operations in cereal technology, with emphasis on the engineering aspects.

Focuses on developments in rice storage, quality, processing and utilization, emphasizing their importance to growers, technologists and consumers. This work also provides insight into future advances and examines starch gelatinization in rice during the cooking process.

Mechanisms of Taste Transduction introduces a number of topics essential to a complete understanding of taste. These topics range from the control of food intake to the biophysical mechanisms of transduction and the design of food flavors in the food industry. The responses and organization of special sensory pathways are described in regard to their development, morphology, composition, electrophysiological and biochemical responses. Details are presented at several levels to appeal to researchers in molecular biology, membrane biophysics, human psychophysics, neuroanatomy, and chemistry. Current research is described in the context of what preceding studies have revealed, and the chapter authors are among today's most active and highly respected researchers in the field of chemical senses.

Research and development on microorganisms in food has evolved from a luxury to a necessity for companies competing in the global marketplace. Whether research is conducted internally or externally through contract laboratories and universities, microbial research in foods is crucial to the safety and integrity of our food supply. Microbiological Research and Development for the Food Industry covers the technical and practical insights needed for developing and utilizing various capabilities to advance food microbiology research. Providing examples of how research data can be applied to consumer and brand protection efforts, this book: Describes the purposes and processes for conducting microbiological research and development for companies and organizations involved in food, beverage, and ingredient production and distribution Covers a broad range of topics of importance to food microbiologists in allied food industries and organizations, government, and academia Includes examples of successful research methods for food microbiology laboratories Written to walk the reader through the process of investigating microorganisms in food systems for consumer and brand protection, Microbiological Research and Development for the Food Industry provides practical understanding of the necessary mechanisms and research approaches used in the field. It fuses the business and scientific aspects of microbiological research to underscore the return on investment for beverage and food ingredient producers. This text goes beyond routine presence/absence testing of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in foods. It describes ways data can be collected to answer more complex questions and provides examples of how such data can be applied to consumer and brand protection efforts.

Food flavor, appearance, and texture are the sensory properties that influence food acceptance, and among these, flavor is usually the decisive factor for the choice of a particular product. Food Flavors: Chemical, Sensory, and Technological Properties explores the main aspects of food flavors and provides a starting point for further study in focused areas. Topics discussed include: The nature of food odorants and tastants and the way they are perceived by the human olfactory system Basic anatomy and physiology of sensory systems involved in flavor sensation, olfactory pathways, and interactions between olfactory and gustatory stimuli The fundamentals of flavor compounds formation based on their main precursors (lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates) Technological issues related to flavor compounds Physicochemical characteristics of aroma compounds and the main factors that influence aroma binding and release in foods Safety and regulatory aspects of flavorings used in foods Flavors of essential oils and spices, cheeses, red meat, wine, and bread and bakery products Food taints and off-flavors Analytical approaches to characterize food flavors The book also explores the latest technology in artificial olfaction systems with a chapter on the main physical and chemical features of these sensors. Bringing together the combined experience of a host of international experts, the book provides insight into the fundamentals of food flavors and explores the latest advances in flavor analysis.

There are many advantages to stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for isolating and concentrating flavor-active chemicals from foods, including its simplicity and wide application appeal. Written from a practical, problem-solving perspective, the second edition of Flavor, Fragrance, and Odor Analysis highlights this powerful technique and emphasizes the range of applications available. Topics discussed include Sequential SBSE, a novel extraction procedure A simplified method for switching from one-dimensional to two-dimensional GC-MS How analytical sensitivity and recovery of phenolic compounds can be improved using aqueous acylation prior to SBSE GC-MS Analyzing and combating off-flavors caused by metabolites from microorganisms A technique for measuring synergy effects between odorants The identification of the characterizing aroma-active compounds of tropical fruits with high economic potential The parameters utilized during the production of aqueous formulations rich in pyrazines How spectral deconvolution can be used to speciate the subtle differences in essential oil content and track key ingredients through the manufacturing process The final chapter summarizes chemical identities of characterizing aroma chemicals in fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs and spices, and savory and dairy flavors. It also provides a brief compendium of the characterization of off-flavors and taints that are reported in foods. With contributions from a distinguished panel of international experts, this volume provides chemists and researchers with the latest techniques for analyzing and enhancing food flavor and fragrance.

With the advent of modern tools of molecular biology and genetic engineering and new skills in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, fermentation technology for industrial applications has developed enormously in recent years. Reflecting these advances, Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry explores the state of the art of the engineering technology aspects of fermentation processes in diverse food sectors. The book describes the benefits of fermented foods in human health in both dairy and non-dairy products and beverages. It examines applications of microalgae in the food industry and explains the application of metabolic engineering in the production of fermented food ingredients. Exploring a host of important topics in engineering fermentation processes, the book covers topics such as: Methods and techniques for the isolation, improvement, and preservation of the microbial cultures used in the food fermentation industry The fundamentals of fermentation processes, modes of fermentation, and the principles of upstream operation Physical and chemicals factors that affect fermentation processes Different types of fermenters employed in submerged and solid-state fermentation Unitary operations for solid-liquid separation, concentration, and drying of fermented foods Instrumentation and control of industrial fermentation processes The final chapter discusses the potential application of a biorefinery concept to add value to food industry wastes and presents a case study describing an integrated project in which the concept was applied. An essential reference for all food sector professionals, this volume surveys critical trends in the food, beverage, and additive industry and explores the sustainability of these processes.

Since the completion of the Human Genome Project, food and nutrition sciences have undergone a fundamental molecular transformation. New discoveries in molecular biology, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry have led to the development of new tools that are likely to revolutionize the study of food. OMICS Technologies: Tools for Food Science explores how these tools reveal the fundamental pathways and biochemical processes that drive food and nutrition sciences. In this volume, an international panel of researchers examines the rise of these new technologies-including metabolomics, metagenomics, nutrigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics-and describes how they translate to food science research and productive technologies. The book explains how these methods can be used to assess the quality attributes of foods and food production systems. It explores the principles that regulate food production, analyzes processing and ethical issues, and documents the transformation from industrial to sustained foods production using the OMICS tools. Providing comprehensive information on OMICS and food and nutrition science, this volume is a reliable reference for food scientists, nutritionists, and food product developers looking to implement OMIC technologies in product development. It is also a critical resource for food industry personnel, regulators, and government researchers who need to understand the role of these emerging technologies in advancing food science and nutrition.

Controlling, measuring, and "designing" the color of food are critical concerns in the food industry, as the appeal of food is chiefly determined visually, with color the most salient visual aspect. In 2010 at the International Color Association Interim Meeting held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, a multidisciplinary panel of food experts gathered to discuss the importance of color in food from perspectives ranging from chemistry to psychology to engineering. Select individuals from this elite symposium were invited to expand upon their presentations for publication in Color in Food: Technological and Psychophysical Aspects. The thematic scope of this volume comprises issues related to color research and application in various stages of food production, processing, marketing, purchasing, and consumption. Some of the questions raised in this thought-provoking volume include: What is the color of a glass of wine? What colors work best for "light" or diet products? Is the color measured in food the color we actually see? How does blueberry color change during storage? How are consumers motivated to buy bottled water based on packaging? What are the psychological effects of tablecloths and tray color on diners? Examining the latest developments in color research and application in relation to food science and technology, the book's multidisciplinary approach makes it a critical resource for food technologists, color researchers, manufacturers of color measurement devices, and chemists and physicists working in the food industry.

This book offers a comprehensive survey on the possibilities, applications, and new developments of capillary gas chromatography for the complete range of examinations of food and raw material. It is intended for food scientists/chemists, food technologists, and nutritionists.

A multidisciplinary resource, Food Proteins and Peptides: Chemistry, Functionality, Interactions, and Commercialization enables researchers in biochemistry, biotechnology, food science and technology, nutrition, and medicine to understand the physicochemical and biochemical factors that govern the functionality of these food components. Following chapters on the structure and chemistry of amino acids, peptides, and proteins, the book describes modes of characterization and the functional relationships of food proteins. It examines protein solubility and insolubility and explores proteins and peptides as emulsifying and foaming agents. Specialized topics include: Factors affecting heat-induced casein-whey protein interactions in bovine milk systems The effects of protein-saccharide interactions on the properties of food components Ameliorative action of peptides on cholesterol and lipid metabolism Proteins and peptides with elements of sweetness, kokumi, umami, and bitterness A new approach for the large-scale fractionation of peptides based on their amphoteric nature The book examines the source of bioactive peptides and describes their bioavailability, including their absorption and occurrence in human blood. It also provides a database of biologically active proteins and peptides. Final chapters review current status, future industrial perspectives, and future trends of bioactive food proteins and peptides and explore the role of nanotechnology in protein research. With contributions from a panel of international scientists, this volume captures the state of the art in protein and peptide research, providing a launching pad for further inquiry and discovery.

A fresh view of the state-of-the-art, Advances in Food Extrusion Technology focuses on extruder selection, extrudate development, quality parameters, and troubleshooting in the 21st century extrusion process. In particular, the book: Introduces the history, nomenclature, and working principles of extrusion technology Presents an overview of various types of extruders as well as parts and components of an extruder for design considerations Discusses extruder selection and design, fluid flow problem with different types of raw materials, and heat transfer and viscous energy dissipation, with advantages and limitations for particular cases Emphasizes recent research while providing an overview of trends previously reported in the literature Covers the coinjection of food substances into an extruder die with the objective of creating defined colored patterns, adding internal flavors, and achieving other food injection applications into cereal-based extruded products Describes thermal and nonthermal extrusion of protein products Discussing the influence of design and raw materials on extruder performance and nutritional value, this book covers current and developing products from cereal-based snacks to pet food. In addition to the usual benefits of heat processing, extrusion offers the possibility of modifying and expanding the functional properties of food ingredients. Designed for both the active and future food scientist, this book is an exciting addition to a creative and ever-evolving field.

Salmonella is a major pathogen that can result in deadly foodborne illness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are 1.4 million cases of Salmonella poisoning each year in the United States from a variety of causes, with undercooked poultry and eggs being the prime culprits. Therefore, intervention strategies are vital to reducing its occurrence. Controlling Salmonella in Poultry Production and Processing provides a complete analysis of the challenges faced in controlling Salmonella in this industry and keeping the public safe from this threat. Author Scott M. Russell, Ph.D., works closely with the poultry industry throughout the United States and Canada and with companies in Central and South America, Europe, and China. In this volume, he explores: The origin of Salmonella in poultry Intervention strategies for controlling Salmonella during breeding, hatching, grow-out, transportation, and processing How to design a processing plant to eliminate Salmonella How to verify intervention strategies to ensure they are working Increasing yield during processing while controlling Salmonella New regulations being proposed by USDA-FSIS and their impact on poultry companies regarding competition and international exportation of products The differences between the EU and the U.S. with regard to Salmonella control Providing readers with numerous examples of real-world experiences, Dr. Russell offers knowledge gleaned from traveling to poultry plants throughout the world over an 18-year period, assisting processors with identifying the sources of Salmonella in their operations, and developing successful intervention strategies.

The industrial food system of the West is increasingly perceived as problematic. The physical, social and intellectual distance between consumers and their food stems from a food system that privileges quantity and efficiency over quality, with an underlying assumption that food is a commodity, rather than a source of nourishment and pleasure. In the wake of various food and health scares, there is a growing demand from consumers to change the food they eat, which in turn acts as a catalyst for the industry to adapt and for alternative systems to evolve. Drawing on a wealth of empirical research into mainstream and alternative North American food systems, this book discusses how sustainable, grass roots, local food systems offer a template for meaningful individual activism as a way to bring about change from the bottom up, while at the same time creating pressure for policy changes at all levels of government. This movement signals a shift away from market economy principles and reflects a desire to embody social and ecological values as the foundation for future growth.

In recent years, much attention has been focused on biodegradable polymers from renewable resources. Due to its availability and low cost, starch is a promising candidate among biopolymers for use in biodegradable packaging materials and for other purposes. Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites: Chemistry, Processing, and Applications presents the latest developments in starch chemistry, rheology, starch derivatives, starch-based nanocomposites, and their applications. Topics discussed include: The chemistry, microstructure, processing, and enzymatic degradation of starch The importance and role of starch as a gelling agent Plasticization and the role of plasticizers Various rheological techniques applied to starch-related products and the characteristics of starch dispersions Polymeric aspects of reactive extrusion (REX) and its use on starch and other biopolymers Cyclodextrins (CDs) and their industrial applications, and CD-based supramole and polymers The potential of starch in food packaging, edible packaging, feedstock for bioproducts, and industrial and consumer products The theoretical basis and derivation of the mathematical model for multicomponent systems and its solution algorithm The book also explores recent progress in biodegradable starch-based hybrids and nanomaterials and the incorporation of nanoparticles in starches to enhance their mechanical and thermal properties. The book concludes by discussing the use of biopolymeric nanoparticles (BNPs) in drug delivery and life cycle assessment (LCA) of starch-based polymeric materials for packaging and allied applications. With contributions from leading experts in academia and industry, this volume demonstrates the versatility of starch and its potential in a variety of applications.

This reference text describes the breadmaking process at the molecular level, based on surface and colloidal science and introducing colloidal science with a minimum of theory.;Reviewing the current molecular and colloidal knowledge of the chain from wheat grain to bread, the book: discusses the structure of the dough, how a foam is formed during fermentation and how starch gelatinization induces the formation of an open-pore network, such as the bread crumb; covers new results on the gluten structure in bulk and at interfaces, as well as on phase separation in the dough; presents a complete model of all structural transitions from dough mixing to the formation of a bread; details the physicochemical properties of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in wheat and other cereals, and considers their modes of interaction; and explores recent progress in the shape of biomolecular assemblies, derived from forces and curvature at interfaces.;The text provides nearly 850 citations from the reference literature.

International Hospitality Business: Management and Operations will introduce hospitality managers to the most up-to-date developments in hospitality to prepare you for the rapidly changing world of international hospitality. This book is a compilation of the most current research in global operations. It examines new developments, new management concepts, and new corporate mergers. International Hospitality Business analyzes and discusses the complexity of the political, economic, financial, commercial, and cultural environment within which international business takes place to help you become a productive global manager. Through International Hospitality Business, you will learn how an effective global hospitality manager must have a broad trans-disciplinary perspective that includes studies in politics, culture, and geography to better prepare for the complexity of international operations. Expand your knowledge of how to deal with the issues that confront hospitality firms and managers in international development and operations by: understanding the great demand for competent managers to oversee operations in foreign countries because of the explosive growth of the international hospitality industry exploring the complex issues faced by hospitality managers when they are assigned to work overseas gaining insight into international hospitality firms'policies regarding developmental strategy, organizational structure, marketing, finance, accounting, and human resource management recognizing the international hospitality industry as an integral part of the service import and export business to help students gain a better understanding of managerial rolesWith The International Hospitality Business, you will examine world travel patterns, major hotel chains, and foodservice companies in different regions of the world to expand your knowledge and help you face the dynamic changing world of international hospitality. While this volume provides you with important, comprehensive knowledge that will help you manage the your overseas hospitality operations in a way that keeps the most important person in any business--the customer--contented.

Polymer nanotechnology offers exciting benefits to the food industry, including better materials for food packaging and safer foods on supermarket shelves with lower incidences of contamination. Ecosustainable Polymer Nanomaterials for Food Packaging: Innovative Solutions, Characterization Needs, Safety and Environmental Issues examines the complete life cycle of packaging based on polymer nanomaterials. Focusing on current developments in nanomaterial packaging applications most likely to be accepted by consumers and attract regulatory attention in the immediate future, the book begins with a general introduction to current issues and future trends. The remaining chapters explore: The concept of "ethical design"-putting into practice key ideas such as the precautionary principle and presenting a model for accountability, responsibility, and ethical consideration The evolution of the rheology, structure, and morphology of nanomaterials with regard to processing conditions and constituents The application of plasma technologies for the production of barrier coatings on polymeric materials by nonequilibrium gas discharges Nanomaterials for food packaging developed from oil polymers (polyolefins) and from renewable resource polymers The use of cellulose nanowhiskers for food biopackaging and edible nano-laminate coatings The interactions of nanomaterials with food Examples of degradation under natural weathering, exposure, and recycling The book concludes with a discussion on the use of polymer nanocomposite materials for food packaging applications. From raw material selection to properties characterization to marketing and disposal, the expert contributors consider the balance between cost and performance, risk and benefit, and health and environmental issues. They also identify barriers to progress that prevent a complete successful development of the new technology and recommend strategies for further advancement.

An in-depth resource addressing the ecology of Clostridium botulinum which affects the degree of food contamination, and its control in various foods. The text summarizes worldwide data on this organism in food and the environment and the principles of its control in specific foods and products.