This new book updates and expands Harold Burton's classic book, UHT Processing of Milk and Milk Products, to provide comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of thermal processing of liquid and particulate foods. The food products covered now include soups, sauces, fruit juices, and other beverages, in addition to milk and milk products. Pasteurization, sterilization, and aseptic processing are all discussed, with emphasis on the underlying principles and problems of heat treatment of more viscous fluids, where streamline flow conditions are likely to prevail, and of products containing particles. Pasteurization and heat treatments designed to further extend the shelf life of pasteurized products are also discussed, and the pasteurization and sterilization processes are compared to highlight similarities and differences. Throughout, factors influencing the safety and quality of heated foods are emphasized. This book contains over 100 illustrations and 50 tables, as well as extensive cross-referencing and a comprehensive reference section.

Snack Foods: Processing and Technology presents the use of different raw materials, processing technologies, quality attributes of snacks, machinery requirements, and innovative thoughts for future product development. These items are discussed in 15 chapters, including recent technologies leading to the industrial production of popular snacks and healthy products. The discussion on artistic snacks and troubleshooting are the new addi>tions. This book will be of use to entrepreneurs, academic and research institutes, professionals in the field, and personnel from industries.

Probiotic microorganisms have a long history of use, and their health benefits for hosts are well documented. This Microbiology Monographs volume provides an overview of the current knowledge and applications of probiotics. Reviews cover the biology and probiotic potential of the thoroughly studied prokaryotic genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, several eukaryotic microorganisms, probiotic strain characterization, and the analytical methods (such as FISH, microarray, and high throughput sequencing) required for their study. Further chapters describe the positive effects of probiotics on malabsorption disorders such as diarrhea and lactose intolerance, and document the clinical evidence of benefits in treating allergies and lung emphysema, and in dermatological applications. Also addresses are topics such as genetically engineered strains, new carriers for probiotics, protection techniques, challenges of health claims, safety aspects, and future market trends.

This book on frozen food, as its title suggests, is written for the food technologist and food scientist in the frozen food industry, which includes both food and equipmentmanufacturers. The information will also be useful for otherdisciplines within the food industry as awhole, and for studentsoffood technology. The book, the aimofwhich is to provide an up-to-date reviewofthe technologyofthe frozen food industry, has been divided into two parts, dealing with generic industry issues and specific product areas, respectively. The first section opens with a chapter on the physics and chemistryoffreezing, including a review ofglassy states. The practical realisationoffreezing is covered in the next chapter, which also covers frozen distribution and storage. Chapter 3 deals with packaging and packaging machinery, a sector where there has recently of product safety is been considerable technological progress. The key area discussed in detail in chapter 4, and includes microbiology and hygienic factory design, as well as consumer reheating, particularly microwave reheating. Health and dietary considerations have become much more important to consumers, and chapter 5 reviews the current nutritional status of frozen foods and their role in a modem diet. The driving force for scientific and technological change in frozen foods is the massive market for its products and the consequent competitive pressures, and the first part ofthe book concludes with a chapter on development ofnew frozen products, and how to apply the technical knowledge, both generic and product specific, to innovate in a consumer-driven market.

The fish processing industry is still far from the levels of scientific and technological development that characterize other food processing oper ations. It has also been slow in finding uses for by-products and processing wastes, compared with the meat and poultry industries. The utilization of fisheries by-products or wastes constitutes an area in which the application of modern techniques could potentially improve profitability. At present, increased attention is being focused on the application of new biotechnological methods to operations related to the seafood industry, with the objective of increasing its general efficiency. Because fish processing operations are commonly carried out in the vicinity of the sea, most of the resulting fish wastes have been disposed of by returning them to it. Pollution control measures and a better understanding of the valuable composition of the products extracted from the sea are expected to encourage their recovery and the develop ment of new products from them. In the past, fisheries wastes and species not used for food have been generally utilized through techno logical processes with a low level of sophistication, such as those for the production of animal feed and fertilizer. Limited economic success has accompanied the application of physi cal and chemical processes for the recovery of non-utilized fisheries biomass and for the production of quality products from them."

Food and nutrition security - identified via availability, access, utilization, and stability - and transitions to sustainable food systems are major discourses in the agro-food arena, as many countries today experience different forms of malnutrition simultaneously, such as child undernutrition, anemia among women, and adult obesity. Meanwhile, the triple burden of malnutrition (undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiency) is still widespread. Food Security and Nutrition explores integrated, context-specific approaches to food security challenges, emphasizing nutrition security as an integral component and addressing the implications of food content to food and nutrition security policies. Providing insight into these challenges through agricultural, policy, nutritional, geographic and sustainability lenses, Food Security and Nutrition is a valuable reference for food scientists and nutrition researchers working in food supply, food security, and nutrition security, and policy makers, investors, and other decision-makers seeking to address food insecurity around the world.

Contents - 1. Bacteria - Form; Structure; Chemical composition; Physiology; Classification - 2. True fungi - Moulds; Yeasts; Morphology; Principal groups; Biological characteristics - 3. Control of spoilage micro-organisms - Refrigeration; Gas storage; Moisture limitation; Salt; Acid preservatives; Curing; Smoking; Spices; Antibiotics; Fermentation; Air filtration - 4. Containers - Three piece cans; Tinplate; Tin-free steel; Construction of cans; Non-soldered cans; Two piece cans; Easy-open ends; Semi-rigid and flexible packs; Glass containers and closures - 5. Outline of canning operations - Preparation of food; Washing; Peeling; Blanching; Filling; Exhausting; Sealing of containers; Processing; Types of retort; Non-rigid containers; Glass containers; Cooling; Coding - 6. Sources and control of contamination - Raw materials; Plant; Cleaning and disinfection; Containers; Cooling water - 7. Principal spoilage organisms in canned foods - Acidity classification of foods; Low and medium acid products; Acid products - 8. Effects of heat on micro-organisms - Cause of death; Mechanism of heat resistance; Order of destruction; Factors affecting heat resistance; Effect of environment during sporulation; Effect of environment during heating; Effect of recovery medium; Effect of sub-lethal heat treatment; Estimation of heat resistance; Treatment of thermal resistance data - 9. Principles of thermal processing - Thermal death-time data; Standards of processing; Heat penetration; Mechanism of heat transfer; Positioning of thermocouple; Factors affecting heat penetration; Process evaluation; Classical calculation methods; Integrated lethality methods; Microbiological methods - 10. Continuous flow sterilisation and aseptic processing - Nutritional and quality aspects; HTST and UHT processing; Process evaluation; Cooling; Container sterilisation; Filling; Enzyme inactivation and regeneration - 11. The use of radiations in food preservation - Ionising radiations; Factors affecting the radiation resistance of micro-organisms; Sterilisation doses for foods; Complementary effects of radiation and heat; Low dose procedures; Effects of ionising radiations on food; Ultraviolet irradiation - 12. Types of spoilage - Under-processing; Inadequate cooling; Leakage through seams; Pre-process spoilage; Hydrogen swells; Incorrect retort operation; Under-exhausting; Over-filling; Panelling; Rust; Damage - 13. Microbiology of sound canned foods - 'Commercial sterility'; Results of examinations; Theory of fat protection; Air-borne contamination; Canned cured meats; Proposed standards - 14. Bacterial food poisoning - Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens; Salmonella; Staphylococci-Bacillus cereus; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Relation of food-poisoning to canned foods; Food idiosyncrasy - 15. Laboratory examination of canned foods - Culture media for routine work; Additional media for routine and special purposes; Outline of examination procedure; Preliminary external examination; Preliminary incubation of samples; Sampling can contents; Technique for sampling swelled cans; Preparation of cultures; Examination of contents; Examination of glass packs; Incubation tests; Aseptic packaging; Examination of canned cured meats - 16. Examination of raw materials, plant and miscellaneous methods - Thermophilic contamination of sugar, starches, milk, powder, spices, etc.; Plant and equipment; Containers; Cooling water; Dilution cultures - 17. Examination of containers - Selection of cans; Preliminary examination; Examination of rolled seams; Defective soldering; Oval and rectangular cans; Flexible pouches - Appendix - Temperature of saturated steam; Sizes of some common round UK open-top cans; Example of calculation of process lethalities; Lethal rates; Summary of causes and control of microbial spoilage of canned food - Index -

This book offers a comprehensive review of the prospects for a wide range of food ingredients produced using biotechnology.

The aim of this book is to present the current state of the art of extracting natural products with near-critical solvents and to view the possibilities of further extensions of the technique. Relevant background theory is given but does not dominate the book. Carbon dioxide is the near-critical solvent used in most recent applications and inevitably receives prominence. In addition to general descriptions and reviews, the book contains three chapters by indus trial practitioners who describe in detail the operation of their processes and discuss the market for their products. Sections on the design of the pressure vessels and pumps required in these processes and on the acquisition of the data required for design are included. The costing of the processes is also discussed. There is good scope for combining a near-critical extraction step with other process steps in which the properties of near-critical solvents are utilised, for example as a reaction or crystallisation medium and a chapter is devoted to these important aspects. It is hoped that the work will be found to contain a great deal of specific information of use to those already familiar with this field. However the style of presentation and content is such that it will also be useful as an introduction. In particular it will be helpful to those wondering if this form of separation method has anything to offer for them, whether they are engineers, chemists or managers in industry, or in academic or research institutions."

Citrus juices are the most common among the fruit juices around the world and constitute a major portion of the food industry. Even though juice-processing technology has been around for many years, interest in historical and modem in novations and applications is widespread. New juice enterprises are springing up constantly all over the world. Old enterprises are constantly undergoing change, growth, and development. The Internet has expanded the reach of many, not only for information but for marketing and production alterations. The World Wide Web has made the wide world one. Computer technology alone is growing faster than the oranges on the trees. With these multifaceted changes, a need has emerged for an update to the first edition of Citrus Processing. The second edition of Citrus Processing has expanded its scope beyond the quality control theme of the first edition. I have used a more holistic approach to the subject of citrus processing. Those using this text in the classroom will find it more comprehensive in its treatment of the subject. The first edition targeted the industrial technologist. The second edition approaches citrus processing as a complete subject, assuming an audience interested in learning from the ground up. This new approach should be particularly appealing to those unfamiliar with the industry. Even so, experienced industrialists will find the information con tained here contemporary, futuristic, and fundamental.

This wide-ranging encyclopedia presents an international survey of fermented fresh milk and related products. 400 entries cover traditional and non-traditional fermented fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, and whey products. Many new or little-known products and by-products are included, providing R&D personnel with a wealth of new product ideas. The internationally recognized team of authors provide detailed information on the products' preparation and manufacture, uses, sensory characteristics, microbiology, chemical composition, nutritional value and significance for health. Special emphasis is given to products that have a "healthy" image including yoghurt, acidophilus and bifidus products. Also included are fermented baby foods, whey-drained fermented products, heat treatment of products after fermentation, "sweet" milk, acidified milk products, and pharmaceutical products. This book should be of interest to dairy and food research and development personnel/scientists, food engineers, dieticians, nutritionists, government regulators and students of food science.

This comprehensive, edited book explores carotenoids and their important functional roles in yeast, bacteria and plants and a profound exposition on the structures of carotenoid molecules, focusing in the first of three parts on the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in photosynthesis as well as in plant, fruits, storage roots and algae is central to the second part, and discoveries about the function of carotenoids in human health feature in the third and final part. Many helpful illustrations, explanations, overviews and examples help to bring readers up to date on relevant themes including carotenogenic genes, carotenoids in fruits and metabolic engineering. The book explores where carotenoids are synthesized in nature, including in carrots and algae. Contributing expert authors examine enzyme functions and plant models, and analyze the structure of carotenoid molecules. The function of carotenoids in photosynthesis and in photosynthetic organs as well as during fruit ripening are then explored. A whole chapter is dedicated to the latest research on apocarotenoids and further chapters cover interesting and novel themes on plastid development and the epigenetic regulation that affects carotenoid synthesis in plants. The metabolic engineering of carotenoids that has been done in fruits, plants, and seeds is another area that readers can explore, along with evidences on the function of carotenoids in human nutrition, as antioxidants, as in the control of lipid metabolism and in the absorption of carotenoids. This is a highly informative and wide-ranging work which will update researchers in the field, as well as supporting students of plant physiology and biotechnology, as supplementary reading.

These two exceptional volumes, both part of the second edition of a we ll established textbook, explore the biological, biochemical and chemi cal aspects of malting and brewing science. Focusing on the scientific principles behind the selection of raw materials and their processing, these two insightful text include brief descriptions of the equipmen t used.

The second edition of the book begins with the description of the diversity of wine-related microorganisms, followed by an outline of their primary and energy metabolism. Subsequently, important aspects of the secondary metabolism are dealt with, since these activities have an impact on wine quality and off-flavour formation. Then chapters about stimulating and inhibitory growth factors follow. This knowledge is helpful for the growth management of different microbial species. The next chapters focus on the application of the consolidated findings of molecular biology and regulation the functioning of regulatory cellular networks, leading to a better understanding of the phenotypic behaviour of the microbes in general and especially of the starter cultures as well as of stimulatory and inhibitory cell-cell interactions during wine making. In the last part of the book, a compilation of modern methods complete the understanding of microbial processes during the conversion of must to wine.This broad range of topics about the biology of the microbes involved in the vinification process could be provided in one book only because of the input of many experts from different wine-growing countries.

Contamination of food with extremely low levels of certain compounds can cause an unpleasant taste. This can result in the destruction of vast stocks of product, and very substantial financial losses to food companies. The concentration of the alien compound in the food can be so low that very sophisticated equipment is needed to identify the components and to determine its source. It is vital that every company involved in the production, distribution and sale of foodstuffs are fully aware of the ways in which contamination can accrue, how it can be avoided, and what steps need to be taken in the event that a problem does arise. This book provides the background information needed to recognize how food can become tainted, to draw up guidelines to prevent this contamination, and to plan the steps that should be taken in the event of an outbreak. The new edition has been extensively revised and updated and includes substantial new material on the formation of off flavors due to microbiological and enzymic action, and on sensory evaluation of taints and off flavors A new chapter on off flavors in alcoholic beverages has been added. Written primarily for industrial food technologists, this volume is also an essential reference source for workers in research and government institutions.

The series Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis launches the former 'Modern Methods' into the 'molecular' era with this volume on "Taste and Aroma". Analysis of the plant components interacting with these two senses, so important for the very survival of human beings and, in more recent times, the key to their enjoyment of life as well, is presented with examples of the use of molecular approaches. These include DNA microarrays, antisense technology and RNA gel blot analysis.Some recent advances in plant analysis technology embrace amongst others the use of electroantennography in the detection of physiologically important flower volatiles. An introductory chapter explains what we know about the molecular biology of human taste and aroma receptors, as this has implications for the analysis of plant components interacting with these receptors. As the first volume in the molecular series, this book lays the foundation for others to come.

As a key component of human survival, a safe and sufficient food supply is essential for a healthy and productive population throughout the world, so assurance that the food supply is clean and free of harmful substances is a global concern. In "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols," experts in the field provide context to the subject through reviews of regulations in various countries, the current state-of-the art, and specific, detailed scientific methods being employed today. The volume thoroughly covers the key areas in food safety, such as detection of low level chemical residues, pesticide analysis aided by chromatographic techniques, and the revealing of mycotoxins and chemical contaminants from packaging materials. Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology " series format, method chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Pertinent and cutting-edge, "Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols" serves researchers with both understanding and appreciation for the contribution of mass spectrometry and its vital application to food testing and food safety."

This book covers innovations in starter culture, production of health beneficial fermented food products, technological intervention in beer, wine and spirits production, marketing of alcoholic beverages, modernization of dairy plants for production of fermented dairy products, non-diary probiotics, development of automatic fermenters, and packaging technology. Furthermore, it includes genetic engineering for improved production and quality improvement of food and beverages, which allows forecasting of the quality of the final product. Specifically this includes applications of hybrid methods combining multivariate statistics and computational intelligence, the role of consumers in innovation of novel food and beverages, and IPRS in respect to food and beverages. Innovations in Technologies for Fermented Food and Beverage Industries is a resource for students, researchers, professionals in the industry, as well as governments in their efforts to adopt technologies of their interest.

This revised third edition of Rheology of Fluid, Semisolid, and Solid Foods includes the following important additions: * A section on microstructure * Discussion of the quantitative characterization of nanometer-scale milk protein fibrils in terms of persistence and contour length. * A phase diagram of a colloidal glass of hard spheres and its relationship to milk protein dispersions * Microrheology, including detailed descriptions of single particle and multi-particle microrheological measurements * Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy * Correlation of Bostwick consistometer data with property-based dimensionless groups * A section on the effect of calcium on the morphology and functionality of whey protein nanometer-scale fibrils * Discussion of how tribology and rheology can be used for the sensory perception of foods

In "Asian Noodles: Science, Technology and Processing, " international experts review the current knowledge and offer comprehensive cutting-edge coverage on Asian noodles unmatchable in any publication. The authors cover an array of topics including breeding for noodle wheat, noodle flour milling, noodle flour quality control and analysis, noodle processing, sensory and instrumental measurements of noodle quality, the effects of wheat factors on noodle quality, packaging and storage, nutritional fortification of noodle products, noodle flavor seasoning, and noodle plant setup and management.

The label on your product is the most important document you produce. Ask any customer; it is often the only communication they have with you. This book is about getting your labeling and product information right, and that is more important than getting customers to buy your products. It is about ensuring that they buy them again, and again. Written primarily for the fast moving consumer goods industries such as food, chemicals, cosmetics and health, this book is also essential reading for anyone involved in label writing and design, or product information in any context. Tony Holkham is a consultant providing expertise to a range of industries. He has written in-house labeling manuals, published articles and runs training courses on the subject.