Offering new ways of understanding the nature of disease, and exploring the idea that health and illness have a special interdependence, The Meaning of Illness shows the positive side of illness and its value in human experience.

This volume offers a collection of writings on ethical issues regarding retarded persons. Because this important subject has been generally omitted from formal discussions of ethics, there is a great deal which needs to be addressed in a theoretical and critical way. Of course, many people have been very concerned with practical matters concerning the care of retarded persons such as what liberties, entitlements or advocacy they should have. Interestingly, because so much practical attention has been given to issues which are not discussed by ethical theorists, they offer a rare opportunity to evaluate ethical theories themselves. That is, certain theories which appear convincing on other subjects seem implausible when they are applied to reasoned and com pelling views we hold concerning retarded individuals. Our subject, then, has both practical and conceptual dimensions. More over, because it is one where pertinent information comes from many sources, contributors to this volume represent many fields, including philosophy, religion, history, law and medicine. We regret that it was not possible to include more points of view, like those of psychologists, sociologists, nurses and families. There is however, a good and longstanding literature on mental retardation from these perspectives."

The book contains more than 250 photographs which are representative of the thousands that were studied. Each photograph is evaluated and interpreted in terms of the intended meaning and purpose of the images. . . . This book is a pleasure to read and represents the distillation of many hundreds of hours reviewing photographic materials. . . . The basic information regarding the interpretation of photographic conventions should be of great interest to both photographers and those with an interest in the cultural histories of Britain and the US. Journal of Biological Photography With a perspective shaped by recent work in art history and the sociology of knowledge, the authors encourage the reader to analyze photographs as complicated historical documents. They argue that, while photographs may appear to be literal depictions of reality, they actually pose profound problems of historical interpretation. The authors take as their subject matter the representation of medicine in photographs taken in Britain and the United States from 1840 through the present day. They have studied thousands of photographs, more than 250 of which are reprinted in this volume, in conjunction with other primary sources and historical accounts. The text explores the representations of medicine made by photographers and their employers, and the ways that audiences through the years have interpreted their messages.

The editors have incurred many debts in preparing this book, and both etiquette and ethics would be contravened if they were not discharged here. Above all, we wish to thank the contributors for so cheerfully complying with our suggestions for preparing their papers for publication and efficiently meeting our schedules. It is thanks to their cooperation that this volume has appeared speedily and painlessly; their revisions have helped to give it internal coherence. This volume has emerged from papers delivered at a conference on the History of Medical Ethics, held at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, 1 December, 1989. We are most grateful to the Wellcome Trust for having underwritten the costs of the conference, and to Frieda Houser and Stephen Emberton whose organizational skills contributed so much to making it a smoothly-run and enjoyable day. In addition to the papers delivered at the conference, we are delighted to have secured further contributions from David Harley and Johanna Geyer-Kordesch. Our thanks to them for their eager help. From start to finish, we have received splendid encouragement from all those connected with the Philosophy and Medicine series, especially Professor Stuart Spicker, and Martin Scrivener at Kluwer Academic Publishers. Their enthusiasm has lightened our load, and expedited the editorial process.

The idea of reviewing the ethical concerns of ancient medicine with an eye as to how they might instruct us about the extremely lively disputes of our own contemporary medicine is such a natural one that it surprises us to real ize how very slow we have been to pursue it in a sustained way_ Ideologues have often seized on the very name of Hippocrates to close off debate about such matters as abortion and euthanasia - as if by appeal to a well-known and sacred authority that no informed person would care or dare to oppose_ And yet, beneath the polite fakery of such reference, we have deprived our selves of a familiarity with the genuinely 'unsimple' variety of Greek and Roman reflections on the great questions of medical ethics. The fascination of recovering those views surely depends on one stunning truism at least: humans sicken and die; they must be cared for by those who are socially endorsed to specialize in the task; and the changes in the rounds of human life are so much the same from ancient times to our own that the disputes and agreements of the past are remarkably similar to those of our own."

The concept 'health' is ambiguous [18,9, 11]. The concept 'mental health' is even more so. 'Health' compasses senses of well-being, wholeness, and sound ness that mean more than the simple freedom from illness - a fact appreci ated in the World Health Organization's definition of health as more than the absence of disease or infirmity [7]. The wide range of viewpoints of the con tributors to this volume attests to the scope of issues placed under the rubric 'mental health. ' These papers, presented at the Fourth Symposium on Philos ophy and Medicine, were written and discussed within a broad context of interests concerning mental health. Moreover, in their diversity these papers point to the many descriptive, evaluative, and, in fact, performative functions of statements concerning mental health. Before introducing the substance of these papers in any detail, I want to indicate the profound commerce between philosophical and psychological ideas in theories of mental health and disease. This will be done in part by a consideration of some conceptual developments in the history of psychiatry, as well as through an analysis of some of the functions of the notions of mental illness and health. 'Mental health' lays a special stress on the wholeness of human intuition, emotion, thought, and action.

The OSCE forms the practical part of educational and professional medical examinations and is often challenging and expensive. Deconstructing the OSCE takes a fresh approach to passing the OSCE, teaching readers how to tackle the examination in a new way. This book doesn't provide readers with checklists of information needed for specific OSCE stations; instead it will help you to develop key strategies and skills that will enable success in any OSCE regardless of specialty or level. Packed full of advice, practical tips, real-life examples, and exercises, this book will provide you with skills to prepare for effective OSCE study and strategies to overcome common hurdles and psychological baggage. It also explores how to overcome past failure in the OSCE by overhauling your previous study routines and suggesting new strategies for the road ahead. Ideal for trainee doctors sitting OSCEs at all levels, medical students, allied medical practitioners, nurses, and doctors from overseas; Deconstructing the OSCE is full of practical advice to increase candidates' confidence and improve the chance of success in any OSCE scenario.

The expense of critical care and emergency medicine, along with widespread expectations for good care when the need arises, pose hard moral and political problems. How should we spend our tax d'ollars, and who should get help? The purpose of this volume is to reflect upon our choices. The authors whose papers appear herein identify major difficulties and offer various solutions to them. Four topics are discussed throughout the volume: First, encounters between patients and health professionals in critical situations in general, and where scarcity makes rationing necessary; second, allocation and social policy, including how much to spend on preventive, chronic or critical care medicine, or for medicine in general compared to other important social projects; third, conflicts between or ranking of important goals and values; and fourth, conceptual issues affecting the choices we make. Since these topics are raised by the authors in almost every essay, we did not divide the papers into separate sections within the volume. Warren Reich begins the volume with a parable illustrating a key problem for contemporary medicine and two very different approaches to its solution. His story begins with the "delivery" of three indigent, critically ill, foreign patients to the emergency room of a large American private hospital. Although the hospital is legally bound to care for these patients, providing long term, high cost care for them and others soon becomes a major financial strain.

The Ecology of Wild Birds Diseases would present a new insight to infectious diseases from an ecological and epidemiological view. The book will help students, researchers, biologists, veterinarian and wildlife managers and conservationists to understand the complex epidemiological interactions among different factors, those that are important for occurrence and expansion of diseases; some which in turn can significantly impact other wild and domestic animal populations and human health. The purpose of the book is to serve as a reference text for understanding the complexity of diseases of wild birds bringing essential ecological and epidemiological information into one volume.

The new edition of Get ahead! Medicine: 150 EMQs for Finals has been completely updated by two junior doctors who have achieved recent success in their finals, overseen by the book's experienced author team. The 150 EMQ themes, each with five stems, are arranged as 10 practice papers, each containing 15 themes. All the main conditions are included as well as more detailed knowledge suitable for candidates aiming at the higher deciles. The questions are written to follow the house style of the Medical Schools Council Assessment Alliance EMQs and are therefore of a similar format to those you can expect in your exams. All the questions are accompanied by explanatory answers, including a succinct summary of the key features of each condition. Whether you work through the practice papers systematically or dip in and out by topic, this bestselling revision guide will offer a life rope for anyone preparing for undergraduate finals.

This volume is a contribution to the continuing interaction between law and medicine. Problems arising from this interaction have been addressed, in part, by previous volumes in this series. In fact, one such problem constitutes the central focus of Volume 5, Mental Illness: Law and Public Policy 1]. The present volume joins other volumes in this series in offering an exploration and critical analysis of concepts and values underlying health care. In this volume, however, we look as well at some of the general questions occasioned by the law's relation with medicine. We do so out of a conviction that medi cine and the law must be understood as the human creations they are, reflect ing important, wide-ranging, but often unaddressed aspects of the nature of the human condition. It is only by such philosophical analysis of the nature of the conceptual foundations of the health care professions and of the legal profession that we will be able to judge whether these professions do indeed serve our best interests. Such philosophical explorations are required for the public policy decisions that will be pressed upon us through the increasing complexity of health care and of the law's response to new and changing circumstances. As a consequence, this volume attends as much to issues in public policy as in the law. The law is, after all, the creature of human deci sions concerning prudent public policy and basic human rights and goods."

It may be unnecessary to some to publish a text on sexuality in 1986 since the popular press speaks of the sexual revolution as if it were over and was possibly a mistake. Some people characterize society as too sexually obsessed, and there is an undercurrent of desire for a return to a supposedly simpler and happier time when sex was not openly dis cussed, displayed, taught or even, presumedly, contemplated. Indeed, we are experiencing something of a backlash against open sexuality and sexual liberation. For example, during the '60s and '70s tolerance of homosexual persons and homosexuality increased. Of late there has been a conservative backlash against gay-rights laws. Sexual intercourse before marriage, which had been considered healthy and good, has been, of late, characterized as promiscuous. In fact, numer ous articles have appeared about the growing popularity of sexual abstinence. There is a renewed vigor in the fight against sex education in the schools, and an 'anti-pornography' battle being waged by those on the right and those on the left who organize under the guise of such worthy goals as deterring child abuse and rape, but who are basically uncomfortable with diverse expressions of sexuality. One would hope that such trends, and the ignorance about sex and sexuality that they reflect, would not touch medical professionals. That Dr."

This book concerns the use of the drug qat in North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic), a country lying on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula. However, because this substance is so interwoven into the fabric of society and culture, it is also necessarily about Yemen itself. The history and culture of South Arabia are still relatively unknown to the rest of the world, and the drug qat, so widely used there, is equally unknown. Thus, the material we present here should be of interest to all of those concerned with drug use, those who wish to understand more about Yemen and the Middle East, and to the Yemenis themselves. Another purpose is to develop some general understandings about sub stance uses and their effects which are less clouded by the mass hysteria and political considerations which often obscure drug issues in our own society. Examination of drug-use patterns in a country where millions of people are users on a regular basis, and where there has been familiarity with the drug for several hundred years, offers an opportunity to achieve perspectives not possible in countries with different attitudes and without such histories. I am not sanguine about the prospects of our abilities to learn from others or from the past, but I do not think we should abandon hope of doing so."

Speculations about new medical advances have been a crucial aspect of science fiction since its origins in the 19th century, when such novels as "Frankenstein" and "The Island of Dr. Moreau" provided powerful mythic images of doctors with godlike abilities to create and transform human life. This book is the first full-length study of the speculative literature of medicine, with contributions by two science fiction novelists and several noted scholars. Chapters examine how science fiction stories have commented on and influenced the medical establishments of the past and present. But the volume also considers the strangely marginalized status of medical science fiction, concluding that the doctor's traditional focus on maintaining the health of the human body conflicts at a fundamental level with the genre's desire to transcend the human body.

The first section provides broad surveys of the history of medical science fiction, ranging from 19th-century classics to major films of the 1990s. The second offers detailed examinations of important texts and series, including Guy de Maupassant's "Le Horla, " George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four, " James White's Sector General stories, the "Alien" films, and the "Terminator" films. A concluding bibliography lists more than 500 science fiction and fantasy novels, stories, films, and television programs involving disease and medicine as well as relevant nonfiction works and critical studies.

Love's Madness has made an important contribution to the interdisciplinary study of insanity. Focusing on the figure of the love-mad woman, it presents a significant reassessment of the ways in which British medical writers and novelists of the nineteenth century thought about madness, femininity, and narrative convention. At the centre of the book are studies of novels by Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, Charlotte Brönte, Wilkie Collins, and Charles Dickens, as well as of hitherto neglected writings by Charles Maturin, Lady Caroline Lamb, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and others.

Written and reviewed by students, residents, and experts, and led by bestselling review author Dr. Ted O'Connell, Crush Step 1, 3rd Edition, is the perfect review resource you need to pass this high-stakes exam. Now extensively revised and updated to support your coursework and exam preparation, this comprehensive, focused resource is the most effective review tool available for truly understanding the material on which you'll be tested. Up-to-date, easy-to-read, high-yield coverage of all the material tested on the exam-everything from biostatistics, microbiology, and pharmacology to immunology, oncology, psychiatry, and more. Numerous color images (many are new!), helpful lists, and quick-reference tables help you retain and recall information quickly. Review questions for each chapter test your mastery of core knowledge and aid retention of high-yield facts. Test prep strategies help you identify and understand question stems rather than simply memorizing buzz words. A new review board of current students and residents, as well as authors/reviewers who scored in the 99th percentile on the USMLE Step 1, ensures that content is current, relevant, and accurate from cover to cover. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the field of political economy. For this purpose, following a theoretical framework, basic information on political economy is presented, particularly by utilizing current international data. The relationships of political economy with processes ranging from regulatory actions of governments to international arbitration are also addressed. With a case study of US sugar markets, it is explained that it is not possible to understand economic problems and conduct realistic analyses without focusing on political policies. Another important feature of the book is that current topics are presented to the reader in a language that everyone can understand, with the inclusion of figurative representations and graphics. In this respect, the book stands out with its simple explanations and more innovative and original narration than that found in similar books.