This edited book explores the rising interest in minimal languages - radically simplified languages using cross-translatable words and grammar, fulfilling the widely-recognised need to use language which is clear, accessible and easy to translate. The authors draw on case studies from around the world to demonstrate how early adopters have been putting Minimal English, Minimal Finnish, and other minimal languages into action: in language teaching and learning, 'easy language' projects, agricultural development training, language revitalisation, intercultural education, paediatric assessment, and health messaging. As well as reporting how minimal languages are being put into service, the contributors explore how minimal languages can be adapted, localised and implemented differently for different purposes. Like its predecessor Minimal English for a Global World: Improved Communication Using Fewer Words (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), the book will appeal to students and scholars of applied linguistics, language education and translation studies, as well as to professionals in any field where accessibility and translatability matter.

The dictionary expands on the original idea of Karttunen and Lockhart to map the usage of loans in Nahuatl, by using a much larger and diversified corpus of sources, and by including contextual use, missing in earlier studies. Most importantly, these sources enrich the colonial corpus with modern data - significantly expanding on our knowledge on language continuity and change.

The goal of this Nepali grammar is to provide a reference to the fundamental Nepali parts of speech, its word types, and its rules of word formation from the Nepali perspective. The book begins with a brief description of the Devanagari script and of common pronunciation rules. Then a brief history of the Nepali language is presented. The subsequent chapter on word types and origins is followed by a chapter on the parts of speech. The remainder of the text concerns Nepali word formation and its paradigms. Taken all together, the foundation in Nepali grammar is intended to be useful in conjunction with other learning materials, or literary works, in Nepali itself.

This book investigates the issue of cloze-validity as a measure of second language reading comprehension. It starts off by making a distinction between general reading ability and the more specific reading comprehension followed by a thorough review of the related research on L2 reading comprehension and sorting out the confusion in the literature in this categorization. A comprehensive account of cloze procedure is presented discussing its origin, different versions, its use for teaching and testing purposes, as well the latest research on cloze as measures of readability, language proficiency and second language reading. The book includes studies conducted at several stages on validating cloze as a measure of reading and interview and questionnaire techniques are applied to investigate the validity of eight cloze tests, criterion reading tests, and other cloze and reading tests in general. Two new cloze tests, i.e. reader-centered cloze test and phrase cloze test, are also introduced and researched as measures of reading ability. The book concludes with suggestions for developing tests that can better measure reading comprehension in light of recent research insights on the complex and dynamic nature of reading. This book will appeal to researchers, lecturers and graduate and post-graduate students taking a course in Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics, TESOL, Language Assessment, and Educational Measurement.

Students and travelers can instantly create hundreds of useful phrases for conversation in Italian with this 6 page laminated guide that provides example template sentences and a color coded bank of words that can be plugged into those sentences. Grammar rules are included for quick reference to support sentence building along with hundreds of vocabulary words with definitions. To change the meaning of a phrase, pick a different color-coded noun, verb or adjective for a wide range of communication. Categories follow those of an Italian language course which are the same categories helpful to a world traveler. So whether writing papers for an Italian class, or asking for help navigating the city of Venice, QuickStudy has you covered. 6 page laminated guide includes: Abbreviations Sentence Elements & Rules to Remember The Italian Alphabet & Pronunciation Chart Numbers Directions Measurements Greetings Useful Common Expressions Basic Statements Family Color Season Attributes & Description Personal Information Months of the Year Weather & Climate Habitat Entertainment Time Passivizing Si & Impersonal Si Days & Dates Food Money Travel & Navigation Errands & Shopping Work & University Technology & Communication Health

Recent years have witnessed a (re)surfacing of interest on the interaction of morphology and syntax. For many grammatical phenomena, it is not easy to draw a dividing line between syntactic and morphological structure. This has led to the assumption that syntax is the module responsible not only for deriving syntactically complex phrases but also for deriving morphologically complex items, both in inflection and word formation. There are however also good reasons to think that syntax is not involved in all morphological processes and that there are consistent areas of morphology that are independent from syntactic processes. This book presents a collection of papers where phenomena from Romance languages and varieties are analysed under contrasting views on how morphology and syntax interact. All the contributions follow the aim to investigate what the analysed phenomena tell us about their structural make-up and the grammatical processes involved.