Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Theory and Applications offers the latest information on the techniques, advances and wide-ranging applications of hyperspectral remote sensing, such as forestry, agriculture, water resources, soil and geology, among others. The book also presents hyperspectral data integration with other sources, such as LiDAR, Multi-spectral data, and other remote sensing techniques. Researchers who use this resource will be able to understand and implement the technology and data in their respective fields. As such, it is a valuable reference for researchers and data analysts in remote sensing and Earth Observation fields and those in ecology, agriculture, hydrology and geology.

This volume is a major revision and expansion of Taylor's seminal book Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective. It covers the major advances and accomplishments of the 14C method in archaeology and analyzes factors that affect the accuracy and precision of 14C-based age estimates. In addition to reviewing the basic principles of the method, it examines 14C dating anomalies and means to resolve them, and considers the critical application of 14C data as a dating isotope with special emphasis on issues in Old and New World archaeology and late Quaternary paleoanthropology. This volume, again a benchmark for 14C dating, critically reflects on the method and data that underpins, in so many cases, the validity of the chronologies used to understand the prehistoric archaeological record.

Originally published in 1995, Monitoring Active Volcanoes is a comprehensive text which addresses the importance of volcano surveillance in the context of forecasting eruptive activity and mitigating its effects. The traditional core of seismic and ground deformation monitoring is discussed, along with more innovative techniques involving the recording of microgravity and micromagnetic variations, and the changing compositions of volcanic gases and liquids. The role of satellites is stressed, particularly with regard to the capabilities for measuring surface deformation, recognizing thermal anomalies and monitoring gas and ash plumes from space platforms. This book provides an invaluable insight into how and why volcanoes are monitored. It will be of interest to volcanologists, geophysicists and earth scientists.

The first "Big History" written from the perspective of a biologist Summarizes multiple perspectives of history Documents the unique conditions for the emergence of life Speculates on the future

Drawing on theory from anthropology, sociology, organisation studies and philosophy, this book addresses how the perception, communication and management of risk is shaped by culturally informed and socially embedded knowledge and experience. It provides an account of how interpretations of risk in society are conditioned by knowledge claims and cultural assumptions and by the orientationof actors based on roles, norms, expectations, identities, trust and practical rationality within a lived social world. By focusing on agency, social complexity and the production and interpretation of meaning, the book offers a comprehensive and holistic theoretical perspective on risk, based on empirical case studies and ethnographic enquiry. As a selection of Asa Boholm's publications throughout her career, along with a newly written introduction overviewing the field, this book provides a unified perspective on risk as a construct shaped by social and cultural contexts.This collection should be of interest to students and scholars of risk communication, risk management, environmental planning, environmental management and environmental and applied anthropology.

For many years, digital signal processing has been governed by the theory of Fourier transform and its numerical implementation. The main disadvantage of Fourier theory is the underlying assumption that the signals have time-wise or space-wise invariant statistical properties. In many applications the deviation from a stationary behavior is precisely the information to be extracted from the signals. Wavelets were developed to serve the purpose of analysing such instationary signals. The book gives an introduction to wavelet theory both in the continuous and the discrete case. After developing the theoretical fundament, typical examples of wavelet analysis in the Geosciences are presented. The book has developed from a graduate course held at The University of Calgary and is directed to graduate students who are interested in digital signal processing. The reader is assumed to have a mathematical background on the graduate level.

Seismic Wave Analysis for Near Surface Applications presents the foundational tools necessary to properly analyze surface waves acquired according to both active and passive techniques. Applications range from seismic hazard studies, geotechnical surveys and the exploration of extra-terrestrial bodies. Surface waves have become critical to near-surface geophysics both for geotechnical goals and seismic-hazard studies. Included in this book are the related theories, approaches and applications which the lead editor has assembled from a range of authored contributions carefully selected from the latest developments in research. A unique blend of theory and practice, the book's concepts are based on exhaustive field research conducted over the past decade from the world's leading seismologists and geophysicists.

This book provides a common theoretical and practical basis to the multifaceted nature of magma mixing. This process represents a fundamental phenomenon both in the evolution of igneous rocks and in triggering explosive volcanic eruptions. The topic is attacked surgically merging field evidence, numerical models, and experiments in order to draw the most complete picture about this natural process. Arguments are discussed in the light of Chaos Theory and Fractal Geometry as new tools to understand the role of magma mixing as a fundamental petrological and volcanological process. The book is intended to be a source of information and a stimulus for new ideas in students, young and possibly more experienced researches.

Environmental Pollution, Biodiversity, and Sustainable Development: Issues and Remediation provides an extensive summary of biodiversity. It is the result of the assistance of environmentalists, researchers, policy experts, and academicians from across the globe sharing their research and knowledge on biodiversity and ways to mitigate the threat from climate change, over-utilization of natural resources, pollution, and more. The volume considers that biodiversity encompasses a wide range of biological processes, ranging from genetic diversity, species, populations, communities and ecosystems to landscapes and regions. This book, written by a panel of international experts in biodiversity, conservation biology, and evolution from different countries, including Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Russia, and others, highlights the human impact on biodiversity hotspots on a global scale. The volume provides an abundance of valuable research for faculty, students, and researchers in environmental sciences, government agencies, and many others.

This volume proposes an integral approach to studying the geophysics of Earth. It is motivated by a variety of phenomena from nature with deep and direct impacts in our lives. Such events may evolve across a large range of spatial and time scales and may be observed in the ocean, the atmosphere, the volcanic surface as well as underground.The physical laws dictating the evolution of such phenomena lead to the unifying theme of this manuscript, that is, the mathematical and computational modeling of flows and waves. Consequently, the underlying models are given in terms of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) whose solutions are approximated using numerical methods, thus providing simulations of the aforementioned phenomena, as well as the appropriate geophysical validation and interpretation.

Inverse problems in wave propagation occur in geophysics, ocean acoustics, civil and environmental engineering, ultrasonic non-destructive testing, biomedical ultrasonics, radar, astrophysics, as well as other areas of science and technology. The papers in this volume cover these scientific and technical topics, together with fundamental mathematical investigations of the relation between waves and scatterers.

One of today's major geoscientific controversies centres on the origin of the Archean granite-greenstone terranes. Is the geology of these scattered remnants of our planet's early crust consistent with the theory that modern-style plate-tectonic processes operated from the early Archean, or does it indicate that tectonic and magmatic processes were different in the Archean? Earth has clearly evolved since its initial formation, so at what stage did its processes of crustal growth first resemble those of today? The logical place to seek answers to these intriguing and important questions is within the best-preserved early Archean crust. The Pilbara region of northwest Australia is internationally famous for its abundant and exceptionally well-preserved fossil evidence of early life. However, until recently the area has received much less recognition for the key evidence it provides on early Archean crustal evolution. This book presents and interprets this evidence through a new stage-by-stage account of the development of the Pilbara's geological record between 3.53 and 2.63 Ga. The Archean Pilbara crust represents one fragment of Earth's oldest known supercontinent Vaalbara, which also included the Kaapvaal Craton of southern Africa. Recognition of Vaalbara expands the background database for both these areas, allowing us to more fully understand each of them.

This book includes extended versions of original works on aerospace robotics presented at the Conference on Aerospace Robotics (CARO) in Warsaw. It presents recent advances in aerospace robotics, such as manipulators, which are widely used in space for orbital operations, for example, the Mobile Servicing System on the International Space Station and the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. Such manipulators are operated by astronauts and mounted on large platforms, making the influence of manipulator motion on the state of the platform insignificant. Application of manipulators for capture maneuvers in unmanned On-Orbit Servicing or Active Debris Removal missions requires reliable control algorithms that take into account the free-floating nature of the manipulator-equipped spacecraft. As such the book presents possibilities for using space manipulators for exploration and a variety of space operations. Further, it discusses new methods for the control of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) using vision systems and sensor fusion methodologies. Such autonomous flying vehicles could be used for materials deliveries and emergencies, as well as surveying and servicing.

"Principles of Electromagnetic Methods in Surface Geophysics" contains information about the theory of electromagnetic fields in a conducting media. It describes the theoretical and physical principles of the main geophysical methods using electromagnetic fields, including frequency and transient soundings, electromagnetic profiling, magnetotelluric soundings, high-frequency methods (such as ground-penetrating radar), induction logging in vertical and horizontal boreholes (including measurements while drilling). Special attention is paid to models and signal processing methods used in modern exploration geophysics for groundwater, mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
Offers an integrated approach to the description of electromagnetic geophysical fields used for both surface and borehole geophysical surveys.Provides a clear introduction to the physical background of electromagnetic methods and their application in surface and borehole investigation.Rounds off the treatment of the main geophysical methods: gravity, magnetic seismic, electric and electromagnetic methods

Numerical modelling of geodynamic processes was predominantly the domain of high-level mathematicians experienced in numerical and computational techniques. Now, for the first time, students and new researchers in the Earth Sciences can learn the basic theory and applications from a single, accessible reference text. Assuming only minimal prerequisite mathematical training (simple linear algebra and derivatives) the author provides a solid grounding in basic mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and partial differential equations, before introducing key numerical and modelling methods. 8 well-documented, state-of-the-art visco-elasto-plastic, 2-D models are then presented, which allow robust modelling of key dynamic processes such as subduction, lithospheric extension, collision, slab break-off, intrusion emplacement, mantle convection and planetary core formation. Incorporating 47 practical exercises and 67 MATLAB examples (for which codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/gerya), this textbook provides a user-friendly introduction for graduate courses or self-study, encouraging readers to experiment with geodynamic models.

The ability to effectively monitor the atmosphere on a continuous basis requires remote sensing in microwave. Written for physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing of the atmosphere, Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications is completely devoted to ground-based remote sensing. This text covers the fundamentals of microwave remote sensing, and examines microwave radiometric measurements and their applications.

The book discusses the atmospheric influences on the electromagnetic spectrum, addresses the measurement of incoherent electromagnetic radiation from an object obeying the laws of radiation fundamentals, and explores the height limits in both the water vapor band and the oxygen band. The author describes the measurement technique of water vapor in the polar region, details studies of the measurement of integrated water vapor content by deploying a microwave radiometer, and presents several real-time pictures of radiometric and disdrometer measurements.

• Includes integrated water vapor and cloud liquid water models
• Contains measurements in adverse weather conditions
• Illustrates measurement technique in the Antarctic and Arctic regions
• Describes rain models in different locations including tropical, temperate regions along with radiometric measurement techniques
• Presents a definite model for measurement of propagation path delay

The book summarizes the latest research results obtained in the area of measurements and modeling, describes the atmospheric influences on electromagnetic spectrum along with different gaseous and cloud models, and provides examples of radiometric retrievals from a variety of dynamic weather phenomena.

This book introduces an integrated conceptual framework of the China Seismic Experimental Site (CSES), describes its scientific challenges and research priorities, and reports preliminary results coming out of observational infrastructure in seismology, tectonophysics, geodesy, geophysics and geochemistry. Preliminary community fault model, community velocity model, and community strain rate model in the CSES are described in this book. A multidisciplinary test observation system includes GNSS, seismic array, and deep drilling system under construct around middle segment of the Xiansuihe-Xiaojiang fault and other seismogenic faults in the CSES which are also introduced. This book introduces multidisciplinary topics and a wide spectrum of solid earth system to describe various disciplines, methods, and techniques through the CSES. This book presents a vision of the CSES that is dedicated to deepen the scientific understanding of continental earthquake preparation and occurrence and enhance the disaster resilience of the society. It aims at establishing a field laboratory of earthquake science, in which international and interdisciplinary cooperation could be fostered and supported. Contents of this book include the following: * History of Seismic Experiment Sites in the World. * Launching of CSES Project: Seismicity, Existed Earthquake Monitoring Networks, and Historical Seismic Disasters. * Seismotectonics and Geodynamics of the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau with Implication for the CSES. * Theoretical Framework of CSES in View of Natural Science and in view of Social Science. * Updated Earthquake Monitoring Network in China. * CSES Community Models of Geology, Structure, and Deformation. * Earthquake Forecasting Models. * CSES Products: Massive Data Procession and Distribution. * A Review of the Field Expedition of the June 17, 2019, Changning, Sichuan, M6.0 Earthquake. * Rupture Structure and Earthquake Risk of the South Longmenshan Fault Viewed by Guided Waves. * Seismic Risk Assessment. * Model of a Seismic Experimental Site with Application to the Comparative Study between CSES and ASES.

This book presents an overview of volcanic debris avalanche deposits, which are produced by partial volcanic edifice collapse, a catastrophic natural phenomenon. It has been 40 years since the volcanic debris avalanche associated with the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, and our understanding of these events has grown considerably in the interim. Drawing on these advances, the book addresses all aspects of volcanic debris avalanches. Though previously overlooked in field-based geological and volcanological studies, these deposits are now known to be associated with most volcanoes and volcanic areas around the world. The book presents state-of-the-art ideas on the triggering and emplacement mechanisms of these events, supported by field and analogue studies, as well as new simulations tools and models used to determine their physical characteristic and hazards.

Published in two volumes, this new book, Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources: Economic Outlook and Opinions, addresses the varied aspect of natural resources and their management in conjunction with socioeconomic aspects. With chapters from authors from around the world, this volume features 24 chapters that cover many aspects of the sustainable utilization of management of natural resources and provides new insight into the nexus of ecology and economy and their application in various fields of science. The chapters include case studies and research from India, Africa, South America, and elsewhere. After first laying the foundation, the volume goes on to discuss sustainable development and natural resource management from an economics point of view. Chapters address myriad issues involved in natural resources and environmental management, including soil and water resources management in arid lands, resource management for agricultural purposes, contemporary global legal norms of environment and sustainable development, how emissions factor into regional economies, mitigation of the impact of climate change through sustainable practices, rainwater harvesting technology, and much more. The chapters include case studies that discuss soil, agroforestry, agriculture, wetlands, and floral diversity. The book provides a solid foundation for a realistic perspective of the role of sustainable development and management of natural resources while taking the socioeconomic impact into consideration as well. It will be a valuable resource and reference for the study of ecology, economics, sustainable development, natural resource management, and other allied fields.

This book is a guide to the use of inverse theory for estimation and conditional simulation of flow and transport parameters in porous media. It describes the theory and practice of estimating properties of underground petroleum reservoirs from measurements of flow in wells, and it explains how to characterize the uncertainty in such estimates. Early chapters present the reader with the necessary background in inverse theory, probability and spatial statistics. The book demonstrates how to calculate sensitivity coefficients and the linearized relationship between models and production data. It also shows how to develop iterative methods for generating estimates and conditional realizations. The text is written for researchers and graduates in petroleum engineering and groundwater hydrology and can be used as a textbook for advanced courses on inverse theory in petroleum engineering. It includes many worked examples to demonstrate the methodologies and a selection of exercises.

Because prevailing atmospheric/troposcopic conditions greatly influence radio wave propagation above 10 GHz, the unguided propagation of microwaves in the neutral atmosphere can directly impact many vital applications in science and engineering. These include transmission of intelligence, and radar and radiometric applications used to probe the atmosphere, among others.

Where most books address either one or the other, Microwave Propagation and Remote Sensing: Atmospheric Influences with Models and Applications melds coverage of these two subjects to help readers develop solutions to the problems they present. This reference offers a brief, elementary account of microwave propagation through the atmosphere and discusses radiometric applications in the microwave band used to characterize and model atmospheric constituents, which is also known as remote sensing.

Summarizing the latest research results in the field, as well as radiometric models and measurement methods, this book covers topics including:

• Free space propagation
• Reflection, interference, polarization, and other key aspects of electromagnetic wave propagation
• Radio refraction and its effects on propagation delay
• Methodology of estimating water vapor attenuation using radiosonde data
• Knowledge of rain structures and use of climatological patterns to estimate/measure attenuation of rain, snow, fog, and other prevalent atmospheric particles and human-made substances
• Dual/multifrequency methodology to deal with the influence of clouds on radiometric attenuation
• Deployment of microwaves to ascertain various tropospheric conditions
• Composition and characteristics of the troposphere, to help readers fully understand microwave propagation
• Derived parameters of water, free space propagation, and conditions and variable constituents such as water vapor and vapor pressure, density, and ray bending

This volume describes physical, formal mathematical and exterior (morpho-structural) manifestations of wave dynamics of the Earth, defining both its deep structural image, and the external shape of planet. In addition to the standard imagination about waves in the geological environment as short-term seismological and seismic effects, wave dynamics of the Earth are considered as long-time process, comparable to the geochronological scale. The book consists of a systematic description of the conformities discovered in the set of heterogeneous and different-order objects, which have space-related regularity and recurrence at the different levels of resolution of analysis of natural systems. For expert-geologist it includes the basis of the geodynamic wave-related concept which enables to add to the traditional concept of plate tectonics, as well as the methods of quantitative interpretation of measured geo-fields.

Modern petroleum and petrotechnical engineering is increasingly challenging due to the inherently scarce and decreasing number of global petroleum resources. Exploiting these resources efficiently will require researchers, scientists, engineers and other practitioners to develop innovative mathematical solutions to serve as basis for new asset development designs. Deploying these systems in numerical models is essential to the future success and efficiency of the petroleum industry.

Multiphysics modeling has been widely applied in the petroleum industry since the 1960s. The rapid development of computer technology has enabled the numerical applications of multiphysics modeling in the petroleum industry: its applications are particularly popular for the numerical simulation of drilling and completion processes. This book covers theory and numerical applications of multiphysical modeling presenting various author-developed subroutines, used to address complex pore pressure input, complex initial geo-stress field input, etc. Some innovative methods in drilling and completion developed by the authors, such as trajectory optimization and a 3-dimensional workflow for calculation of mud weight window etc, are also presented. Detailed explanations are provided for the modeling process of each application example included in the book. In addition, details of the completed numerical models data are presented as supporting material which can be downloaded from the website of the publisher. Readers can easily understand key modeling techniques with the theory of multiphysics embedded in examples of applications, and can use the data to reproduce the results presented.

While this book would be of interest to any student, academic or professional practitioner of engineering, mathematics and natural science, we believe those professionals and academics working in civil engineering, petroleum engineering and petroleum geomechanics would find the work especially relevant to their endeavors.

One of the priority areas of ICSU (The International Council for Science) is "Natural and Human-Induced Environmental Hazards and Disasters." The School held at the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Singapore from 20 April to 2 May 2009 on which this volume is based on was sponsored by ICSU and by its members from IUTAM (the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) and IUGG (the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics).

The book provides an indepth graduate-level introduction to the fluid dynamics and geophysics of hazards such as tropical cyclones, flooding, atmospheric pollution and tsunamis. It also includes discussion of the possible effects of climate change on these phenomena. Indeed, the current importance of this area is of great public concern.