A predictive control algorithm uses a model of the controlled system to predict the system behavior for various input scenarios and determines the most appropriate inputs accordingly. Predictive controllers are suitable for a wide range of systems; therefore, their advantages are especially evident when dealing with relatively complex systems, such as nonlinear, constrained, hybrid, multivariate systems etc. However, designing a predictive control strategy for a complex system is generally a difficult task, because all relevant dynamical phenomena have to be considered. Establishing a suitable model of the system is an essential part of predictive control design. Classic modeling and identification approaches based on linear-systems theory are generally inappropriate for complex systems; hence, models that are able to appropriately consider complex dynamical properties have to be employed in a predictive control algorithm. This book first introduces some modeling frameworks, which can encompass the most frequently encountered complex dynamical phenomena and are practically applicable in the proposed predictive control approaches. Furthermore, unsupervised learning methods that can be used for complex-system identification are treated. Finally, several useful predictive control algorithms for complex systems are proposed and their particular advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The presented modeling, identification and control approaches are complemented by illustrative examples. The book is aimed towards researches and postgraduate students interested in modeling, identification and control, as well as towards control engineers needing practically usable advanced control methods for complex systems.

Appropriate for beginning graduate level courses on linear systems, graduate courses introducing linear control, and for self-study.

The basic theory of linear systems is developed in a unified, accessible, and careful manner, with parallel, independent treatment of continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems. Modest mathematical background is assumed, and the technical presentation is explicit and step-by-step. There are many examples to help the reader, and carefully chosen exercises. Includes extensive, annotated citations. The presentation has been repeatedly class tested and refined.

Within a conceptual framework that is developed in the two first chapters, the actual application of systems thinking is described across a broad field of cases representing research, teaching, decision support and construction. All cases are presented by experts who have actually been involved in the activities they describe. Thus, the broad selection of cases captures the great variation of systems thinking and how it is integrated into models and theories and solid knowledge pertaining to different substantive areas. At the same time all case study authors address the same set of questions that are developed in the conceptual chapters. This gives comparability across cases - chapters - and brings cohesion to the book. The focus on Sweden, an advanced country in systems thinking, reinforces the unitary context in which comparison can be made between a systems approach for better research (theory), better practice and better design and construction.

Most recent literature on systems thinking has a general (often philosophical) perspective, concerns computer systems or focuses on one highly specific problem. A special feature of this book is that, while it concerns a single nation, it simultaneously contains a broad overview of systems analysis in a number of important issue areas, for research as well as practice, against a penetrating background description of what systems analysis is, how it functions, what problems it represents and what results it may produce.

The book is intended for a broad readership and can be appreciated by experts on systems thinking and analysis as well as by students, teachers, researchers, planners and policy makers who want to learn more aboutthis topic. The book should be useful in university teaching in several disciplines.

The key attribute of a Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) system is its ability to maintain overall system stability and acceptable performance in the face of faults and failures within the feedback system. In this book Integral Sliding Mode (ISM) Control Allocation (CA) schemes for FTC are described, which have the potential to maintain close to nominal fault-free performance (for the entire system response), in the face of actuator faults and even complete failures of certain actuators. Broadly an ISM controller based around a model of the plant with the aim of creating a nonlinear fault tolerant feedback controller whose closed-loop performance is established during the design process. The second approach involves retro-fitting an ISM scheme to an existing feedback controller to introduce fault tolerance. This may be advantageous from an industrial perspective, because fault tolerance can be introduced without changing the existing control loops. A high fidelity benchmark model of a large transport aircraft is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the FTC schemes. In particular a scheme based on an LPV representation has been implemented and tested on a motion flight simulator.

This book shows how, by rather simple models, we can gain remarkable insights into the behavior of complex systems. It is devoted to the discussion of functional self-organization in large populations of interacting active elements. The possible forms of self-organization in such systems range from coherent collective motions in the physical coordinate space to the mutual synchronization of internal dynamics, the development of coherently operating groups, the rise of hierarchical structures, and the emergence of dynamical networks. Such processes play an important role in biological and social phenomena. The authors have chosen a series of models from physics, biochemistry, biology, sociology and economics, and will systematically discuss their general properties. The book addresses researchers and graduate students in a variety of disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology and the social sciences.

Ambient intelligence is the vision of a technology that will become invisibly embedded in our natural surroundings, present whenever we need it, enabled by simple and effortless interactions, attuned to all our senses, adaptive to users and context-sensitive, and autonomous. High-quality information access and personalized content must be available to everybody, anywhere, and at any time. This book addresses ambient intelligence used to support human contacts and accompany an individual's path through the complicated modern world. From the technical standpoint, distributed electronic intelligence is addressed as hardware vanishing into the background. Devices used for ambient intelligence are small, low-power, low weight, and (very importantly) low-cost; they collaborate or interact with each other; and they are redundant and error-tolerant. This means that the failure of one device will not cause failure of the whole system. Since wired connections often do not exist, radio methods will play an important role for data transfer. This book addresses various aspects of ambient intelligence, from applications that are imminent since they use essentially existing technologies, to ambitious ideas whose realization is still far away, due to major unsolved technical challenges.

Written by one of the founding fathers of Quantum Information, this book gives an accessible (albeit mathematically rigorous), self-contained introduction to quantum information theory. The central role is played by the concept of quantum channel and its entropic and information characteristics. In this revised edition, the main results have been updated to reflect the most recent developments in this very active field of research.

This book, written by an international team of experts, introduces the reader to various aspects of complexity theory and its applications. It illustrates the latest trends in science to go beyond the mechanistic Newtonian view of the world by shifting the focus to self-organization, adaptation, and emergent phenomena. The authors discuss these properties of complex systems in biology, ecology and chemistry along with the structure and interconnectedness of the "layers" of complexity. The qualitative description is complemented by a discussion of methods for complexity quantification. Networks are covered in detail as a universal language of the complex world.

General readers, as well as undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in life sciences, chemistry, and nanotechnology will find this book to be of great interest.

Precharge logic is used by a variety of industries in applications where processor speed is the primary goal, such as VLSI (very large systems integration) applications. Also called dynamic logic, this type of design uses a clock to synchronize instructions in circuits. This comprehensive book covers the challenges faced by designers when using this logic style, including logic basics, timing, noise considerations, alternative topologies and more. In addition advanced topics such as skew tolerant design are covered in some detail. Overall this is a comprehensive view of precharge logic, which should be useful to graduate students and designers in the field alike. It might also be considered as a supplemental title for courses covering VLSI.
Comprehensive guide to precharge logicExplains both the advantages and disadvantages to help engineers decide when to utilize precharge logicUseful for engineers in a variety of industries

Multilevel decision theory arises to resolve the contradiction between increasing requirements towards the process of design, synthesis, control and management of complex systems and the limitation of the power of technical, control, computer and other executive devices, which have to perform actions and to satisfy requirements in real time. This theory rises suggestions how to replace the centralised management of the system by hierarchical co-ordination of sub-processes. All sub-processes have lower dimensions, which support easier management and decision making. But the sub-processes are interconnected and they influence each other. Multilevel systems theory supports two main methodological tools: decomposition and co-ordination. Both have been developed, and implemented in practical applications concerning design, control and management of complex systems. In general, it is always beneficial to find the best or optimal solution in processes of system design, control and management. The real tendency towards the best (optimal) decision requires to present all activities in the form of a definition and then the solution of an appropriate optimization problem. Every optimization process needs the mathematical definition and solution of a well stated optimization problem. These problems belong to two classes: static optimization and dynamic optimization. Static optimization problems are solved applying methods of mathematical programming: conditional and unconditional optimization. Dynamic optimization problems are solved by methods of variation calculus: Euler Lagrange method; maximum principle; dynamical programming."

This book is devoted to a domain of highest industrial and scienti?c interest, the complexity. The complexity understanding and management will be a main source of e?ciency and prosperity for the next decades. Complex systems areassembliesof multiple subsystemsand arecharact- ized by emergent behavior that results by nonlinear interactions among the subsystems at multiple levels of organization. Evolvability that is the ability to evolve is the method to confront and surpass the successive boundaries of complexity. Evolvability is not biological but should be considered here in the sense that the corresponding systems have, at di?erent levels, charact- istics that are naturally associated to the living systems. The signi?cance of the complexity and the phenomena of emergence are highlighted in the ?rst chapterofthe book.Theimplicationofconcepts aslevelofreality, circularity and closure for evolvable systems is evaluated. The second chapter of the book exposes the methodology to analyze and manage complex systems. The polystochastic models, PSMs, are the cons- ered mathematical tools. PSMs characterize systems emerging when several stochastic processes occurring at di?erent conditioning levels, are capable to interact with each other, resulting in qualitatively new processes and s- tems. Innovative are the higher categories approach and the introduction of apartialdi?erentialmodelfor multiple levelsmodeling.This imposes making use of appropriate notions of time, space, probabilities and entropy. Categorytheoryistheformalismcapabletooutlinethegeneralframework, shared by the functional organization of biological organisms, of cognitive systems, by the operational structure of evolvable technologies and devices and after all by the scienti?c and engineering methods

This book is an intellectually stimulating excursion into mathematical machines and structures capable for a universal computation. World top experts in computer science and mathematics overview exciting and intriguing topics of logical theory of monoids, geometry of Gauss word, philosophy of mathematics in computer science, asynchronous and parallel P-systems, decidability in cellular automata, splicing systems, reversible Turing machines, information flows in two-way finite automata, prime generators in automaton arrays, Grossone and Turing machines, automaton models of atomic lattices. The book is full of visually attractive examples of mathematical machines, open problems and challenges for future research. Those interested in the advancement of a theory of computation, philosophy of mathematics, future and emergent computing paradigms, architectures and implementations will find the book vital for their research and development.

This book summarizes a network of interrelated ideas which I have developed, off and on, over the past eight or ten years. The underlying theme is the psychological interplay of order and chaos. Or, to put it another way, the interplay of deduction and induction. I will try to explain the relationship between logical, orderly, conscious, rule-following reason and fluid, self organizing, habit-governed, unconscious, chaos-infused intuition. My previous two books, The Structure of Intelligence and The Evolving Mind, briefly touched on this relationship. But these books were primarily concerned with other matters: SI with constructing a formal language for discussing mentality and its mechanization, and EM with exploring the role of evolution in thought. They danced around the edges of the order/chaos problem, without ever fully entering into it. My goal in writing this book was to go directly to the core of mental process, "where angels fear to tread" -- to tackle all the sticky issues which it is considered prudent to avoid: the nature of consciousness, the relation between mind and reality, the justification of belief systems, the connection between creativity and mental illness, .... All of these issues are dealt with here in a straightforward and unified way, using a combination of concepts from my previous work with ideas from chaos theory and complex systems science."

The book introduces novel algorithms for designing fault-tolerant control (FTC) systems using the behavioral system theoretic approach, and presents a demonstration of successful novel FTC mechanisms on several benchmark examples. The authors also discuss a new transient management scheme, which is an essential requirement for the implementation of active FTC systems, and two data-driven methodologies that are broadly classified as active FTC systems: the projection-based approach and the online-redesign approach. These algorithms do not require much a priori information about the plant in real-time, and in addition this novel implementation of active FTC systems circumvents various weaknesses induced by using a diagnostic module in real-time. The book provides graduate students taking masters and doctoral courses in mathematics, control, and electrical engineering an excellent stepping-stone for their research. It also appeals to practitioners interested to apply innovative fail-safe control techniques.

This book is a self-contained elementary study for nonsmooth analysis and optimization, and their use in solution of nonsmooth optimal control problems. The first part of the book is concerned with nonsmooth differential calculus containing necessary tools for nonsmooth optimization. The second part is devoted to the methods of nonsmooth optimization and their development. A proximal bundle method for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization subject to nonsmooth constraints is constructed. In the last part nonsmooth optimization is applied to problems arising from optimal control of systems covered by partial differential equations. Several practical problems, like process control and optimal shape design problems are considered.

This book is a self-contained elementary study for nonsmooth analysis and optimization, and their use in solution of nonsmooth optimal control problems. The first part of the book is concerned with nonsmooth differential calculus containing necessary tools for nonsmooth optimization. The second part is devoted to the methods of nonsmooth optimization and their development. A proximal bundle method for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization subject to nonsmooth constraints is constructed. In the last part nonsmooth optimization is applied to problems arising from optimal control of systems covered by partial differential equations. Several practical problems, like process control and optimal shape design problems are considered.

The notion of information is multifaceted. According to the case, it is a simple signal or already knowledge. lt responds to codes and is inscribed into a social relationship. There are clearly many perspectives which the social sciences can take to analyse the notion of information. The economy cannot account for the majority of situations where, in the activities of production, consumption or exchange, the notion of information finds itself implied, although each school of thought has its own understanding of the notion of information. This book takes this observation as a starting point and goes on to clarify a contemporary debate on the economy of information which remains quite vague, making use of the ways in which different theoretical approaches deal with information. To seize the nature and scope of the transformations in our societies, a consequence of our new ways of handling, stocking and circulating information in the workings of the markets like Organisations, such a theoretical exercise seems useful. The organisation of the book results from this choice. The contributions gathered in one part deal with the role of information in the functioning of the markets, those featuring in another are more interested in the organisations. To favour an enriching cross-reading of approaches developed in the two sections already referred to, we have preceded these with a section gathering approaches (which are more transversal) developing different theories of information (according to perspectives which are, respectively, systematic, statistical or strategic).

This qualitative multi-case study of academic literacy is the first research to assume the premises of the Multiliteracies Project of the New London Group of literacy researchers. It takes a multimodal view of literacy, not limited to reading and writing, and sets about to uncover the Design (the flexible structuring of rules and principles) that students and teachers both follow and create in college courses. This Design takes the form of a game in which students channel content from sources, such as texts and lectures, to assessments of various kinds. Students are then rewarded in the form of grades to the extent that the content they display matches the criteria the professor sets up.

The students in this study had to determine which content would or would not match these criteria, which of six "types of information" (facts, concepts, connections, processes, principles, or metainformation, e.g., rhetorical patterns) were desired and how best to supply them. To move content from source to target they used four "operations." These include exposure (making themselves conscious of the information), extraction (a process of selecting information), manipulation (changing or synthesizing information), and display (showing the information). Greater awareness of this Design led to greater success. Pedagogical implications of this model include establishing a more realistic curricula for academic literacy programs and educating professors to better match grading criteria with learning goals.

The optimal estimation problems for linear dynamic systems, and in particular for systems with aftereffect, reduce to different variational problems. The type and complexity of these variational problems depend on the process model, the model of uncertainties, and the estimation performance criterion. A solution of a variational problem determines an optimal estimator. In addition, frequently the optimal algorithm for one noise model must operate under another, more complex assumption about noise. Hence, simplified algorithms must be used. It is important to evaluate the level of nonoptimality for the simplified algorithms. Since the original variational problems can be very difficult, the estimate of nonoptimality must be obtained without solving the original variational problem. In this book, guaranteed levels of nonoptimality for simplified estimation and control algorithms are constructed. To obtain these levels the duality theory for convex extremal problems is used. Audience: This book will be of interest to applied mathematicians, researchers and engineers who deal with estimation and control systems. The material, which requires a good knowledge of calculus, is also suitable for a two-semester graduate or postgraduate course.

This monograph presents a tactical planning approach for service network design in metropolitan areas. Designing the service network requires the suitable aggregation of demand data as well as the anticipation of operational relocation decisions. To this end, an integrated approach of data analysis and mathematical optimization is introduced. The book also includes a case study based on real-world data to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed service network design approach. The target audience comprises primarily research experts in the field of traffic engineering, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.

Structurally Constrained Controllers: Analysis and Synthesis studies the control of interconnected systems with a particular application in network, power systems, flight formations, etc. It introduces four important problems regarding the control of such systems and then proposes proper techniques for solving them.

The emergence of flow control as an attractive new field is owed to breakthroughs in MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) and related technologies. The instrumentation of fluid flows on extremely short length and short time scales requires the practical tool of control algorithms with provable performance guarantees. Dedicated to this problem, Flow Control by Feedback, brings together controller design and fluid mechanics expertise in an exposition of the latest research results. Featuring: Exhaustive treatment of flow control core areas including stabilization and mixing control techniques; self-contained introductory sections on Navier-Stokes equations, linear and nonlinear control and sensors and MEMS to facilitate accessibility to this cross-disciplinary subject; a comprehensive survey of feedback algorithms for flow control that are currently available. In response to the intense interest in flow control, this volume will be an essential addition to the library of researchers and graduate students in control theory, fluid mechanics, mathematics and physics. Content structure is ideal for instruction on flow control modules or as supplementary reading on fluid dynamics and infinite dimensional systems courses.