The mission of the Engineering Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness through measurement science and standards for technology-intensive manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems in ways that enhance economic prosperity and improve the quality of life. To support this mission, the Engineering Laboratory has developed thrusts in smart manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems; in sustainable and energy-efficient manufacturing materials and infrastructure; and in disaster-resilient buildings, infrastructure, and communities. The technical work of the Engineering Laboratory is performed in five divisions: Intelligent Systems; Materials and Structural Systems; Energy and Environment; Systems Integration; and Fire Research; and two offices: Applied Economics Office and Smart Grid Program Office. An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory Fiscal Year 2014 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the NIST Engineering Laboratory. This report evaluates the organization's technical programs, portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization, adequacy of the organization's facilities, equipment, and human resources, and the effectiveness by which the organization disseminates its program outputs. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 The Charge to the Panel and the Assessment Process 2 Energy and Environment Division 3 Fire Research Division 4 Intelligent Systems Division 5 Materials and Structural Systems Division 6 Systems Integration Division 7 Key Findings and Recommendations Acronyms

The ability to arrange precisely designed patterns of nanoparticles into a desired spatial configuration is the key to creating novel nanoscale devices that take advantage of the unique properties of nanomaterials. While two-dimensional arrays of nanoparticles have been demonstrated successfully by various techniques, a controlled way of building ordered arrays of three-dimensional (3D) nanoparticle structures remains challenging. This book describes a new technique called the 'nanoscopic lens' which is able to produce a variety of 3D nano-structures in a controlled manner. This ebook describes the nanoscopic lens technique and how it can serve as the foundation for device development that is not limited to a variety of optical, magnetic and electronic devices, but can also create a wide range of bio-nanoelectronic devices.

With the emergence of nanoscience and technology in the 21st century, research has shifted its focus on the quantum and optical dynamical properties of matter such as atoms, molecules, and solids which are properly characterized in their dynamic state. Quantum and Optical Dynamics of Matter for Nanotechnology carefully addresses the general key concepts in this field and expands to more complex discussions on the most recent advancements and techniques related to quantum dynamics within the confines of physical chemistry. This book is an essential reference for academics, researchers, professionals, and advanced students interested in a modern discussion of the niche area of nanotechnology.

In the technical-scientific field, many decisions are supported by measurements. However, it is essential to assign to measurement results their actual meaning to achieve a correct decision. This aspect is particularly important and formally required when operating in Quality Systems. Therefore, measures management must be rigorous and it can find a concrete support in the topics discussed in this volume, because of the attention to metrological part and the removal of unnecessary restrictions. Giulio Barbato, Alessandro Germak and Gianfranco Genta are professors of "Experimental Statistics and Mechanical Measurements" at Politecnico di Torino. Prof. Barbato and Germak worked for over twenty years at the Italian National Metrology Institute on Primary Force and Hardness Standards and in the field of Accreditation for the Italian Calibration Service.

This book offers professionals and students a comprehensive overview of GPS signal acquisitions, measurements, and algorithms for estimation of dynamic programming, quality control, and filtering methods. This book discusses in-depth GPS signal transmissions, transmission procedures and calculation algorithms, using GPS positioning location data for empirical research to elucidate various dimensions of spatial phenomenon which is different from previously published books. This book also focuses on how to conduct empirical research with GPS collected data to contribute discipline theory and concepts in different domains. The book is divided into three parts. Part I introduces debates about measurements of GPS signal structure, including acquisition time, validity based on various tested GPS units, quality control of real-time positioning, data characteristics of probed density, average time, and signal disturbance of message distribution such as noise and inaccuracy positioning. Part II describes applications of GPS positioning data for monitoring analysis, movement analysis, spatial analysis and clustering analysis. Part III presents GPS sources of error and biases by discussing the technology of positioning location for underwater positioning, and clarifying the accuracy of digital maps to positioning systems for vehicle positioning. This book brings together a team of leading experts who perform a creative and empirical research of Global Positioning Systems. The book aims to share all the latest advances in systems, methods and application of GPS positioning with the readers. The topics in this book cover an integrated overview of GPS conceptions, an in-depth realisation of advanced application, and the emerging trends in GPS research.

In machine tools, the designed systems include many components, such as sensors, actuators, joints and motors. It is required that all these components work properly to ensure safety. This book examines fault monitoring and control schemes in machine systems, as well as detecting machines whenever a failure occurs and accommodating the failures as soon as possible. Also discussed are centre-less grinding machines; improving machine tool performance through structural and process dynamics modelling and exploring the strength of the Japanese machine tool industry.

The inclusion of an electrical measurement course in the undergraduate curriculum of electrical engineering is important in forming the technical and scientific knowledge of future electrical engineers. This book explains the basic measurement techniques, instruments, and methods used in everyday practice. It covers in detail both analogue and digital instruments, measurements errors and uncertainty, instrument transformers, bridges, amplifiers, oscilloscopes, data acquisition, sensors, instrument controls and measurement systems. The reader will learn how to apply the most appropriate measurement method and instrument for a particular application, and how to assemble the measurement system from physical quantity to the digital data in a computer. The book is primarily intended to cover all necessary topics of instrumentation and measurement for students of electrical engineering, but can also serve as a reference for engineers and practitioners to expand or refresh their knowledge in this field.

Do you want to dramatically lower total cost of ownership (TCO) for manufacturing IT architectures and manufacturing, as well as reduce supply chain operational costs? The methodologies and technical applications presented in this first annual ISA-95/MESA Best Practices electronic book will help get you started on the right track. The book's CD-ROM format lets you use bookmarked links to easily browse the various chapters, figures, and appendices.This handy electronic guide provides in-depth coverage on how you can apply ISA-95, Enterprise-Control Integration Standard, to help lower TCO of manufacturing operations management (MOM) systems and their enterprise and plant interfaces. It consists of a series of related ""how-to"" white papers described in the context of ISA-95 models, definitions, and data exchanges.To be competitive, actual manufacturing operations activities must be highly interactive in supply chain and enterprise processes for effective collaboration and competition. This is the domain of collaborative and flexible MOM system architectures. This electronic book explains the business cases for using evolving ISA-95 methods to effectively design, implement, change and optimize the MOM business processes and supporting MOM system architectures within the distributed pull supply chains.

This new enlarged and updated edition of ISA's best-selling maintenance handbook provides comprehensive coverage of maintenance requirements for pneumatic and electrical/electronic devices as well as expanded coverage of DCS systems, analytical instrumentation, fiber optics, and smart instruments. Coverage is organized by devices to make finding the information quick and easy, making this an excellent reference for both the novice and the experienced technician.Maintenance management and engineering as well as the personnel issues such as skill sets, training, and certification/credentialing are covered in detail. This book clarifies the scope, responsibilities and contributions of maintenance personnel.In this edition, special emphasis is given to documentation requirements and safety issues along with updated coverage of newly issued regulations and standards.

The Handbook of Ellipsometry is a critical foundation text on an increasingly critical subject. Ellipsometry, a measurement technique based on phase and amplitude changes in polarized light, is becoming popular in a widening array of applications because of increasing miniaturization of integrated circuits and breakthroughs in knowledge of biological macromolecules deriving from DNA and protein surface research. Ellipsometry does not contact or damage samples, and is an ideal measurement technique for determining optical and physical properties of materials at the nano scale. With the acceleration of new instruments and applications now occurring, this book provides an essential foundation for the current science and technology of ellipsometry for scientists and engineers in industry and academia at the forefront of nanotechnology developments in instrumentation, integrated circuits, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. Divided into four parts, this comprehensive handbook covers the theory of ellipsometry, instrumentation, applications, and emerging areas. Experts in the field contributed to its twelve chapters, covering various aspects of ellipsometry.

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This pocket guide provides a basic overview of PROFIBUS operations, installation and configuration, wiring schemes, troubleshooting, and tips and tricks. A simple and convenient reference to enable engineers and technicians to quickly retrieve the essentials for successful understanding and deployment of PROFIBUS. Also useful for engineering management seeking a summary understanding of Profibus. Illustrative figures and technical tips are provided for quick reference.

Drawing on over 20 years of experience as an instructor and developer of technical support and training materials for major drives manufacturers, the author of this practical reference introduces engineering concepts of motors and drives in a way that can be easily understood by both engineers unfamiliar with the technology, and technicians who are technically literate but not accustomed to complex theory and mathematics. It features simple explanations, summaries, review questions, glossaries, and reference tables for formulas and conversions. The text begins with an explanation of the principles of DC and variable frequency AC drive technology. It provides an overview of drive components and types of drives, with special emphasis given to common motion control applications for each. The text goes on to cover DC and AC motor and drive operation, step motors, AC vector motors, brushless servo motors, linear stepper and linear servo motors, drive innovations such as vector drives, PWM stepper, and servo drives. Feedback devices such as tachometers, resolvers, and encoders are also addressed as they relate to speed and torque control. Later chapters cover drive systems control methods and the maintenance and troubleshooting of drive systems. Design engineers, automation and control specialists, maintenance technicians, and students will find this to be an invaluable resource, both as a tutorial and a desk reference.

Interest in the applications of ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems is increasing rapidly all over the world. This is evident from the number of monographs recently published on the subject and from the many papers presented at international conferences on the general problems involved in UWB radar and on its promising new applications. Conventional (classical) methods seem to have exhausted their potential and studies in the field are undergoing a profound change. This book presents some of the novel approaches to radar system analysis now being investigated. A good source of information on UWB signals is their structural analysis in the time domain. This allows a greater understanding of the specific features of UWB radar systems, such as the properties of receiving and transmitting antennas, and various characteristics of near- and far-range target scattering fields. It is shown how the systematic application of numerical procedures can provide new results in the evaluation of UWB radar target responses. The authors do not try to cover all of the possible solutions to the problem of multidimensional representation of target responses; rather they aim to give a general understanding of the techniques of confluent analysis, computer holography and adaptive synthesis of antenna apertures. These methods have great potential for solving conventional radar problems in target detection and recognition, and they are sure to stimulate the use of UWB signals in many fields such as subsurface probing and ecological monitoring.

For thousands of years, people of all cultures have made and used clocks, from the city sundials of ancient Rome to the medieval water clocks of imperial China, hourglasses fomenting revolution in the Middle Ages, the Stock Exchange clock of Amsterdam in 1611, Enlightenment observatories in India, and the high-precision clocks circling the Earth on a fleet of GPS satellites that have been launched since 1978. Clocks have helped us navigate the world and build empires, and have even taken us to the brink of destruction. Elites have used them to wield power, make money, govern citizens, and control lives-and sometimes the people have used them to fight back. Through the stories of twelve clocks, About Time brings pivotal moments from the past vividly to life. Historian and lifelong clock enthusiast David Rooney takes us from the unveiling of al-Jazari's castle clock in 1206, in present-day Turkey; to the Cape of Good Hope observatory at the southern tip of Africa, where nineteenth-century British government astronomers moved the gears of empire with a time ball and a gun; to the burial of a plutonium clock now sealed beneath a public park in Osaka, where it will keep time for 5,000 years. Rooney shows, through these artifacts, how time has been imagined, politicized, and weaponized over the centuries-and how it might bring peace. Ultimately, he writes, the technical history of horology is only the start of the story. A history of clocks is a history of civilization.

Accuracy and consistency are essential to success in manufacturing, and the technology of precision measurement is fully explained and illustrated in this important book. Throughout, the author accompanies illustrations of the devices with descriptions of how they are used in industry. Both apprentice and practicing engineers will discover a vast amount of new material that can be applied to virtually any imaginable measurement or calibration task.

This book helps you understand the basic properties of semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices and describes how they can be utilized for long-wavelength infrared detectors and imaging arrays. Includes 111 illustrations and 237 equations.

This volume in the SPIE Tutorial Text series presents a practical approach to optical testing, with emphasis on techniques, procedures, and instrumentation rather than mathematical analysis. The author provides the reader with a basic understanding of the measurements made and the tools used to make those measurements. Detailed information is given on how to measure and characterize imaging systems, perform optical bench measurements to determine first- and third-order properties of optical systems, set up and operate a Fizeau interferometer and evaluate fringe data, conduct beam diagnostics (such as wavefront sensing), and perform radiometric calibrations.

This text, the first of its kind, delivers a systematically organized introduction to the theory and practice of yield prediction. The book addresses the economic need for accurate yield prediction, and clarifies the important role it plays in the semiconductor industry.

This reference is a guide to the concepts, technology, uses, costs and vocabulary of fractional T-1 services. The book illustrates fractional T-1 capabilities and limitations by explaining basic T-1 networking, common fractional T-1 access methods, equipment interfacing and troubleshooting. The text describes the advantages to be gained with these services, the various service alternatives and the cost/benefit considerations.

The most complete compilation of millimeter-wave theory and data available, this book addresses those phenomenological characteristics of radar clutter and propagation in the millimeter-wave region that are of particular importance in the design, test and permutation of millimeter-wave sensors. The text provides in-depth information on both electromagnetic propagation and clutter backscatter effects in the millimeter-wave region. Nicholas C. Currie is also the editor of "Radar Reflectivity Measurement: Techniques and Applications" and "Principles and Applications of Millimeter-Wave Radar".

RECENT CASTASTROPHIC STRUCTURAL FAILURES, OCCURING ACROSS MANY INDUSTRIES, HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR SOCIETY TO RELATE RISK MORE EXPLICITLY WITH INSPECTION PROGRAMS. THIS VOLUME DESCRIBES AND RECOMMENDS APPROPRIATE PROCESSES AND METHODS USING RISK-BASED INFORMATION TO ESTABLISH INSPECTION GUIDELINES FOR FACILITIES OR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS.

The need to measure electrical power is common to many branches of science and engineering. This book presents a wide-ranging survey of the many types of radio-frequency and microwave power meter and the techniques which are used for calibrating and intercomparing them. The frequency range is 1 MHz to 200 GHz. The first of the sixteen chapters considers the fundamentals. Four chapters are then devoted to the subject of calorimetry, which forms the basis of the majority of primary standards for power measurement. A further five chapters describe the various types of non-calorimetric power meter, which include not only the commonly used thermistor, thermoelectric and diode types, but also force-operated instruments and a considerable number of miscellaneous devices. Calibration and intercomparison methods are covered in three closely linked chapters which treat respectively the basic techniques, the use of reflectometers for power meter calibration, and the problems associated with connectors and adapters. In the last three chapters a mixture of topics is covered. First a concise survey of pulsed power measurements is presented. Attention is then given to the topics of voltage and current measurement, which are closely related to power measurement. Finally, the subject of the international intercomparison of standards is discussed and the results of some of the more important intercomparison exercises are summarised.