The Handbook of RAMS in Railway Systems: Theory and Practice addresses the complexity in today's railway systems, which use computers and electromechanical components to increase efficiency while ensuring a high level of safety. RAM (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability) addresses the specifications and standards that manufacturers and operators have to meet. Modeling, implementation, and assessment of RAM and safety requires the integration of railway engineering systems; mathematical and statistical methods; standards compliance; and financial/economic factors. This Handbook brings together a group of experts to present RAM and safety in a modern, comprehensive manner.

This second edition of a unique text/reference identifies the appearance attributes of objects and the methods available for measuring them, bringing together much material not previously organized for ready reference. The primary premise here is that ``object appearance'' involves not only color, but such attributes as gloss, luster, and translucency. The first part of the book, concerned with nature of appearance, draws from the fields of physiology and psychology and considers the eye-brain combination and the way it receives and interprets light signals. This is followed by a consideration of the optical properties of objects from the physical standpoint. The second part of the book deals with the numerical scales used to measure object appearance. The discussion here draws on psychophysics in describing the uses of physical techniques to give numbers having psychological significance. The third part of the book covers instruments for the measurement of the attributes of object appearance, their principles of design, and a survey of the major ones in use. The final chapter discusses specific applications of appearance measurement. Includes appendixes and a glossary.

This comprehensive and authoritative dictionary provides clear definitions of units, prefixes, and styles of weights and measures within the Système International (SI), as well as traditional, and industry-specific units. It also includes general historical and scientific background, covering the development of the sequential definitions and sizing of units. This new reference work will prove invaluable to professional scientists, engineers, technicians as well as to students and the general user.

Instrumentation (the choice and use of sensors and the processing of signals from them) is a subject of fundamental importance to engineering, science, and medicine. From the student undertaking a laboratory investigation to the operators of a nuclear power plant or medical equipment, accurate measurements are an essential pre-requisite to the understanding and control of all physical processes. This is a practical, concise, and up-to-date book covering data acquisition and analysis in an integrated fashion.

An essential guide for developing and interpreting piping and instrumentation drawings Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development is an important resource that offers the fundamental information needed for designers of process plants as well as a guide for other interested professionals. The author offers a proven, systemic approach to present the concepts of P&ID development which previously were deemed to be graspable only during practicing and not through training. This comprehensive text offers the information needed in order to create P&ID for a variety of chemical industries such as: oil and gas industries; water and wastewater treatment industries; and food industries. The author outlines the basic development rules of piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) and describes in detail the three main components of a process plant: equipment and other process items, control system, and utility system. Each step of the way, the text explores the skills needed to excel at P&ID, includes a wealth of illustrative examples, and describes the most effective practices. This vital resource: Offers a comprehensive resource that outlines a step-by-step guide for developing piping and instrumentation diagrams Includes helpful learning objectives and problem sets that are based on real-life examples Provides a wide range of original engineering flow drawing (P&ID) samples Includes PDF's that contain notes explaining the reason for each piece on a P&ID and additional samples to help the reader create their own P&IDs Written for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and other technical practitioners, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development reveals the fundamental steps needed for creating accurate blueprints that are the key elements for the design, operation, and maintenance of process industries.

In machine tools, the designed systems include many components, such as sensors, actuators, joints and motors. It is required that all these components work properly to ensure safety. This book examines fault monitoring and control schemes in machine systems, as well as detecting machines whenever a failure occurs and accommodating the failures as soon as possible. Also discussed are centre-less grinding machines; improving machine tool performance through structural and process dynamics modelling and exploring the strength of the Japanese machine tool industry.

Fundamental measurement problems in engineering, mechanics, manufacturing, and physics are now being solved by powerful optical methods. This book presents a lucid, up-to-date discussion of these optical methods. Beginning from a firm base in modern optics, the book proceeds through relevant theory of interference and diffraction and integrates this theory with descriptions of laboratory techniques and apparatus. Among the techniques discussed are classical interferometry, photoelasticity, geometric moire, spatial filtering, moire interferometry, holography, holographic interferometry, laser speckle interferometry, and video-based speckle methods. By providing a firm base in the physical principles and at the same time allowing the reader to perform meaningful experiments related to the topic being studied, the book offers a unique user-oriented approach that will appeal to students, researchers and practising engineers.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted strong interest from both academia and industry. Unfortunately, it has also attracted the attention of hackers. Security and Privacy in Internet of Things (IoTs): Models, Algorithms, and Implementations brings together some of the top IoT security experts from around the world who contribute their knowledge regarding different IoT security aspects. It answers the question "How do we use efficient algorithms, models, and implementations to cover the four important aspects of IoT security, i.e., confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and availability?" The book consists of five parts covering attacks and threats, privacy preservation, trust and authentication, IoT data security, and social awareness. The first part introduces all types of IoT attacks and threats and demonstrates the principle of countermeasures against those attacks. It provides detailed introductions to specific attacks such as malware propagation and Sybil attacks. The second part addresses privacy-preservation issues related to the collection and distribution of data, including medical records. The author uses smart buildings as an example to discuss privacy-protection solutions. The third part describes different types of trust models in the IoT infrastructure, discusses access control to IoT data, and provides a survey of IoT authentication issues. The fourth part emphasizes security issues during IoT data computation. It introduces computational security issues in IoT data processing, security design in time series data aggregation, key generation for data transmission, and concrete security protocols during data access. The fifth and final part considers policy and human behavioral features and covers social-context-based privacy and trust design in IoT platforms as well as policy-based informed consent in the IoT.

Fresh? Juice? Paste? Canned? Stewed? Diced? Pureed? Sun Dried? Salsa? Sauce? Ketchup? Rare is the cuisine that does not make use of the tomato in some way, shape, or form, and the resulting culinary popularity of the tomato has led to its proliferation in fields and farms around the world. While some may still argue whether the tomato is a fruit or a vegetable, few would argue that tomato crops are highly lucrative, attractive to farmers in both developing and developed countries and on large and small farms alike. In fact, for those crops with significant global volume and market share, tomatoes are the highest valued among those crops that lack an affiliation to mind-altering drugs. But, the tomato can be a persnickety critter. The tomato doesn't like it too hot, too chilly, too wet, too dry, or too fertile. Many don't ripen at the same time. Most are easily bruised. And, the selective breeding that has yielded a larger, more attractive, and deep red tomato has also mercilessly drained much of the taste and flavor from a once sweet and delectable fruit. Enter the world of sensors and modern sensing technology. The Internet of Things (IOT), when using well chosen, well networked, and well aggregated sensors, has shown tremendous potential to support precision agriculture, providing a more detailed picture of crops than was previously possible using conventional crop monitoring techniques. But, the stringent resources and tight profit margins that are a fact of life among many tomato growing operations, large and small, mean that sensor technologies must be chosen and used carefully. There is no doubt that each sensor must earn its keep in producing the perfect tomato. With that in mind, this book explores key opportunities to marry the potential of sensors that are networked within the IOT to the needs of tomato production in ways that are economically fruitful, technologically robust, and sustainable overall.

Dieses Buch vermittelt geballtes Wissen zur Halbleiter-SchaltungstechnikSeit nunmehr 50 Jahren ist dieses Buch uber die Schaltungstechnik auf dem Markt, doch in die Jahre gekommen ist es noch lange nicht. Auch die 16. Auflage wurde von den Verfassern intensiv uberarbeitet und erweitert und stellt dem Leser viele wichtige Themen der Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik vor, darunter eine Einfuhrung in die Digitaltechnik, Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten in Bauelementen und Schaltungen der Nachrichtentechnik. Inhalte richten sich Praktiker und Studierende Von den Inhalten dieses Buchs uber die Schaltungstechnik profitieren sowohl Studenten als auch Ingenieure. Samtliche Kapitel wurden entsprechend der neuesten technischen Entwicklungen uberarbeitet. Es vermittelt Grundlagenwissen aber auch tiefergehende Informationen.

Rotating Machinery Research and Development Test Rigs presents the purpose and development processes for test apparatuses built for Research & Development in machinery technology and product development. Each R & D apparatus is the focus of an entire chapter, with fifteen detailed case studies included from mechanical, aerospace, chemical and biomedical engineering. Specific machinery components covered include bearings, seals, power plant pumps, rotors, turbines and compressors. Machinery condition monitoring and product development processes have been integrated. The specific purpose and results for each test rig are comprehensively presented and explained.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the field of modern fiber optics, beginning with the basics of the field summarized in an introductory chapter. Expert contributors then topics such as polarization effects in optical fibers; photonic crystal fibers; highly-doped optical fibers; non-linear effects; amplification and lasing in optical fibers; supercontinuum generation, Rayleigh and inelastic scattering with applications to sensing; optical fiber point sensors, and polymer optical-fiber-based sensors.

Reiner Thiele zeigt mit den singularen Loesungen spezieller Riccati-Differenzialgleichungen (DGL) den Entwurf zugehoeriger Riccati-Messsysteme (RMS), appliziert in Faraday-Effekt-Stromsensoren. Diese Loesungen sind durch einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen Messgroesse und Messwert gekennzeichnet und deshalb sehr gut zur Anwendung in RMS geeignet. Wegen der Einfachheit der analogen Realisierungen mit Operationsverstarkern (OPV) gibt der Autor ihnen den Vorzug gegenuber aufwendigen digitalen Varianten.

The Second Edition of this best-selling academic guide to irrigation design has been completely rewritten so you can understand it easily. Created for the irrigation designer and installer, as well as students, Simplified Irrigation Design clearly explains irrigation design and related hydraulics, without the need for interpretation by teachers. Each chapter builds on the other, presenting all the fundamentals of irrigation design before getting into the more complicated aspects of irrigation, such as:

• basic hydraulics
• pipe sizing
• friction loss calculations
• determining water pressure.

• Methods of conserving water to help you anticipate your clients’ environmental concerns
• Computerized methods for managing labor and irrigation systems that will help you save money on labor and water costs
• Metric values for every Imperial (U.S.) measurement, enabling you to meet federal metric guidelines and better communicate with an international audience.

Luftschall uberstreicht nicht nur den Bereich menschlicher Sprachkommunikation, sondern belegt als Infraschall und Ultraschall Bereiche, die auch intensiv technisch oder medizinisch genutzt werden. Diese Nutzung setzt die Kenntnis seiner Eigenschaften voraus, die mit dem zeitlichen und raumlichenVerlauf der Druckanderungen im Schallfeld beschrieben werden koennen. Fur die Wandlung der Schallparameter in registrierbare Werte stehen verschiedene Moeglichkeiten zur Verfugung. Die Umsetzung in elektrische Spannungen mit Mikrofonen steht dabei weit an der Spitze. Je nach erforderlicher Genauigkeit werden hierbei Konstruktionen auf unterschiedlicher Basis verwendet. Dieser Band befasst sich mit den Eigenschaften und Moeglichkeiten der verschiedenen Loesungen, den damit verbundenen Grenzen der Schallgroessenerfassung sowie einem Ausblick auf zukunftige Entwicklungen.

In diesem Band der Reihe Fachwissen Technische Akustik werden passive und aktive hydroakustische Messsysteme und -verfahren vorgestellt, die fur Wasserschallmessungen im Meer verwendet werden. Auch wenn viele Verfahren aus dem Bereich des Luftschalls grundsatzlich auf Wasserschall ubertragbar sind, so ergeben sich aufgrund der akustischen Eigenschaften des Meeres und der begrenzenden Flachen (Meeresboden und -oberflache) sowie der spezifischen Eigenschaften der hydroakustischen Messtechnik doch signifikante Unterschiede. Nach einer Einfuhrung in die fur Wasserschallmessungen gebrauchlichen Mess- und (spektralen) Pegelgroessen und die Grundlagen der hydroakustischen Sensorik wird ein UEberblick uber die meeresakustischen Randbedingungen gegeben. Fur jede Wasserschallmessung ist die Kenntnis der Schallausbreitungsbedingungen und der Umgebungsgerausche im Meer von zentraler Bedeutung. Anhand von zwei typischen Messaufgaben, der Bestimmung des Quell- oder Zielpegels eines Schiffes und der von Rammschall bei der Errichtung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen, werden dann unterschiedliche stationare und driftende Sensorsysteme im Detail vorgestellt. Anschliessend wird auf die Vor- und Nachteile von geschleppten Sensorsystemen, wie der horizontalen Richtungsbildung und dem stroemungsinduzierten Eigenstoergerausch, naher eingegangen. Im letzten Abschnitt dieses Kapitels werden aktive Verfahren und Systeme behandelt, die bei Untersuchungen des Meeresbodens, der Schallausbreitung im Meer und der Ruckstreu- und Absorptionseigenschaften getauchter Objekte sowie bei der Kalibrierung von hydroakustischen Antennen Verwendung finden.

This book makes life easier for those developing a computerized experiment. It is full of information to enable scientists and engineers to find their way through the many computing and electronics topics associated with computerized measurement. It draws together the knowledge of several fields in an easy to understand manner, and comes complete with a disk containing all the many useful examples of software and other information listed in the text.

Die Forschung und Anwendungsentwicklung in dem Bereich chemischer und biochemischer Sensoren ist weiterhin in einem schnellen Wachstum begriffen. Die Erfahrungen des letzten Jahrzehnts haben jedoch gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Entwicklung solcher Sensoren, die auch den harten Routinebedingungen in den vielfaltigen Anwendungsgebieten widerstehen, nur dann moglich ist, wenn Chemiker und Ingenieure kooperieren. Daher ist es das Ziel dieses Lehrbuches, sowohl Chemikern als auch Ingenieuren, Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologenin einer streng systematischen aber sehr praxisorientierten Darstellung die Technologie und die Anwendung chemischer Sensoren nahezubringen.

Der interdisziplinare Ansatz uberbruckt die unterschiedlichen Denkweisen in Chemie, Physik und Ingenieurwissenschaften erfolgreich."

Questo libro, che nasce dall esperienza didattica accumulata dall autore nell insegnamento dei metodi sperimentali, si propone di fornire un introduzione al calcolo delle probabilita e alla teoria degli errori facendo uso di uno stile di presentazione volutamente informale e traendo spunto da concrete applicazioni sperimentali, spesso attraverso esempi di notevole importanza storica. Cosi, per esempio, argomenti quali il moto browniano, la diffusione di luce, il decadimento radioattivo, la fisiologia della visione, le statistiche quantistiche e di fotorivelazione, vengono utilizzati per delucidare concetti chiave dell analisi statistica e probabilistica.

Die FFT ist ein besonders leistungsfahiges mathematisches Instrument und sie hat eine sehr breite Palette von Anwendungen. Dazu zahlen: Radar-, Nachrichten- und Schalltechnik, Audio- und Bildverarbeitung, Biomedizin, Analyse nichtlinearer Systeme, Spektroskopie, Analyse sozio-okonomischer Zusammenhange und vieles mehr. Heute gibt es kaum eine wissenschaftliche Disziplin, in der die FFT nicht in der einen oder anderen Weise zur Anwendung kommt. Der vorliegende Band zeichnet sich auch durch die methodische Themenbehandlung aus. Jedes der Schwerpunktthemen ist in drei Schritten behandelt: 1. bildlich intuitiv, 2. theoretisch fundiert, mathematisch, 3. mit praktischen, einschlagigen Beispielen. Auch hier ist dem Autor ein zukunftsweisender Ansatz gelungen."

Industry wastewater is a major contributor to environmental pollution with chemicals such as dyes, acids, fungicides, and more creating a threat to the environment. Nanocomposites of heterogeneous photocatalysis can be used to cure such problems due to its efficiency and ease of use, as well as the fact that it turns toxic chemicals completely to carbon dioxide and inorganic acids. With toxic chemicals posing a tremendous threat to ecological wellbeing and human health, it is integral that a variety of nanocomposites are studied for their use in the degradation of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Innovative Nanocomposites for the Remediation and Decontamination of Wastewater describes the synthesis of nanomaterials and its application for the protection of the environment. It presents studies on the photodegradation of the various toxic and hazardous chemicals by different nanocomposites, as well as the decontamination of bodies of water through the use of various nanocomposites. Covering topics such as dye degradation, novel biomaterials, and structural modification, this premier reference source is a vital resource for environmental scientists, construction managers, compliance officers, biochemists, biophysicists, conservation scientists, hydrologists, microbiologists, libraries, students and educators of higher education, researchers, and academicians.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device applications are common in many areas. Micromirror arrays are used as video projectors; microsensors find their application for measuring acceleration, temperature, and pressure; and they can also be used in the medical field for measuring blood pressure. Microfluidics have also been widely employed in life sciences applications, such as drug development and administration, point-of-care devices, and more. To use these technologies to their fullest extent, further research is needed. Advances in MEMS and Microfluidic Systems explores the emerging research and advances in MEMS devices and microfluidic systems applications. It features in-depth chapters on microfluidic device design and fabrication as well as on the aspects of devices/systems, characterization, and comparative research findings. Covering topics such as biosensors, lab-on-a-chip, and microfluidic technology, this premier reference source is an indispensable resource for engineers, health professionals, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.