Planning, measuring, and paying attention to details form the basis for all successful engineering operations. Measurements pervade everything we do and must be viewed from a systems perspective. A comprehensive all-encompassing guide to measurements, Handbook of Measurements: Benchmarks for Systems Accuracy and Precision focuses on high-level engineering computations essential for benchmarks and technical innovation. The book uses a systems framework and a technically rigorous approach to systems linking of measurements-an approach that sets it apart from other handbooks. The popular saying "measure twice and cut once" bears out the importance of measurements in human endeavors. This handbook covers both qualitative and quantitative topics of measurement. It opens with a chapter on the fundamentals of measurement and includes coverage of human-centric measurements, such as measurement of personnel productivity and contractor performance. It concludes with three appendices on measurement, references, conversion factors, equations, formulas, and statistics for measurement. It is well understood that humans cannot manage anything that cannot be measured. All elements involved in our day-to-day decision making involve some form of measurement, whether in the kitchen, retail, sports, service operations, geographical exploration, health care delivery, worker productivity, clothing design, engineering product design, or space craft launching. Measuring an attribute of a system and then analyzing it against some standard, some specification, some best practice, or some benchmark empower a decision maker to take appropriate and timely actions. This book gives you a guide for sustainable practices to ensure accurate measurements, helping you make decisions backed by metrics.

This book details the latest developments in sensing technology and its application in food industry. It explores the opportunities created by the chemical and biosensing technology and improvements performed in recent years for better food quality, better food safety, better food processing and control, and better input for food industry. The chapters in this book have been divided into three sections: basic principles of chemical and biosensing technology, biosensors for food processing and control, and biosensors for food safety.

Integrating physical modeling, mathematical analysis, and computer simulation, Instrumentation Design Studies explores a wide variety of specific and practical instrumentation design situations. The author uses MATLAB (R) and SIMULINK (R) for dynamic system simulation, Minitab (R) for statistical applications, and Mathcad for general engineering computations. Rather than consult the extensive manuals of these software packages, readers can access handy, sharply focused material in the appendices to assist in comprehension. After introducing the techniques behind the design of experiments (DOE), the book discusses several technologies for implementing vibration isolation, the design of a high-accuracy pressure transducer, and the use of cold-wire thermometers for measuring rapidly fluctuating fluid temperatures. It then focuses on a basic piezoelectric actuator that provides translational motions up to about 1mm full scale with nanometer resolution, before covering instruments used to measure the viscosity of liquids as well as two special classes of microphones (infrasonic and ultrasonic) and their important specialized applications. The book also presents statistical tools, such as hypothesis testing and confidence intervals, for experiments; the design and applications of thrust stands for measuring vector forces and torques; and the analysis and simulation of a shock calibrator. It concludes with a discussion of how shock testing machines can help reduce or prevent mechanical failures. Spanning system dynamics, measurement, and control, this book addresses the needs of practicing engineers working in instrumentation fields. It focuses on instruments for various applications, from geophysics to mechanical and aerospace engineering.

Geotechnical instrumentation is used for installation, monitoring and assessment on any sizeable project, particularly in urban areas, and is used for recording, controlled remedial work, and safety. This unique and up-to-date book deals with the conceptual philosophy behind the use of instruments, and then systematically covers their practical use. It is divided into displacement dominated systems and stress recording systems. The limitations are discussed and the theoretical background for data assessment and presentation are covered in some detail, with some relevant background material in theoretical soil mechanics. Relevant advanced electronic techniques such as laser scanning in surveying and fibre-optics are also included and communication and data recovery systems are discussed. This book is written for senior designers, consulting engineers, and major contractors who need a major introduction to the general purpose, availability, and analysis of field instruments before details of their own project can be progressed, and it serves as a textbook to any specialist geotechnical MSc or professional seminar course in which instrumentation forms a major part.

"[Contains] more lengthy mathematical derivations than most {comparable books] ... for arrays, provides for a unique, stand-alone mathematical description that can be adopted by anyone trying to communicate the theoretical foundation for their array design...has insights from a practitioner that are unique. The MATLAB (R) scripts alone are worth the price." -Daniel C. Ross, Ph. D, Northrop Grumman Corporation Electronically Scanned Arrays: MATLAB (R) Modeling and Simulation is considered the first book to provide comprehensive modeling/simulation programs used to design and analyze Electronically Scanned Arrays (ESA), a key technology internationally in the scientific and engineering communities. Several books have been written about ESAs, but most cover only fundamental theory. Few, if any, provide the insightful, easy-to-use simulation tools found in this book. Obviously, MATLAB (R) is one of the greatest tools available for exploring and understanding science and engineering concepts, and we use MATLAB functions to easily and instantly calculate ESA patterns. However, to achieve a truly insightful and in-depth analysis of subarray architectures, conformal arrays, etc., it is imperative that users first develop a firm grasp of ESA fundamentals. Covers largely unexplored topics, such as reliability aspects and the application of ESAs in space This volume helps readers build that elemental understanding of how ESAs work. It also provides code to run as an aid, so that readers don't have to start from scratch. The book expands on ESA principles and provides a modeling framework, using MATLAB to model applications of ESAs (i.e. pattern optimization, space-based applications, and reliability analysis). Presented code serves as an excellent vehicle to help readers master the analysis and simulation of ESAs. Exploring how difficult problems can be simplified with short, elegant solutions, this is an invaluable resource for students and others new to ESAs, as well as experienced practicing engineers who model ESAs at the systems level.

With classical techniques for data transmission soon reaching their limitations, cognitive approaches may offer a solution to user requirements for better coverage, connectivity, security, and energy efficiency at lower cost. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cognitive Perspective presents a unified view of the state of the art of cognitive approaches in telecommunications. A benchmark in the field, it brings together research that has previously been scattered throughout conference and journal papers. Cutting-Edge Topics in Cognitive Communications After a review of the cognitive concept and approaches, the book outlines a generic architecture for cognition in wireless sensor networks. It then targets specific issues that need to be addressed through cognition, from cognitive radio and spectrum access to routing protocols. The book also explores how to use weighted cognitive maps to improve network lifetime through optimizing routing, medium access, and power control while fulfilling end-to-end goals. The final chapter discusses the implementation of hardware for GPS/INS-enabled wireless sensor networks. This addresses an important need for real-time node position information in many wireless sensor network applications and communication protocols. Real-World Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks using the Cognitive Concept Written in a tutorial style, the book supplies an in-depth survey of each topic, accompanied by detailed descriptions of the algorithms and protocols. It also provides a step-by-step analysis of the various communications systems through extensive computer simulations and illustrations. Examples cover environmental monitoring, vehicular communications, tracking, and more. A comprehensive overview of cognitive communications in wireless sensor networks, this work lays the foundations for readers to participate in a new era of research in this emerging field.

Providing a succinct introduction to the systemization, noise sources, and signal processes of image sensor technology, Essential Principles of Image Sensors discusses image information and its four factors: space, light intensity, wavelength, and time. Featuring clarifying and insightful illustrations, this must-have text: Explains how image sensors convert optical image information into image signals Treats space, wavelength, and time as digitized built-in coordinate points in image sensors and systems Details the operational principles, pixel technology, and evolution of CCD, MOS, and CMOS sensors with updated technology Describes sampling theory, presenting unique figures demonstrating the importance of phase Explores causes for the decline of image information quality In a straightforward manner suitable for beginners and experts alike, Essential Principles of Image Sensors covers key topics related to digital imaging including semiconductor physics, component elements necessary for image sensors, silicon as a sensitive material, noises in sensors, and more.

Light on physics and math, with a heavy focus on practical applications, Optical, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Mechanical Sensor Technologies discusses the developments necessary to realize the growth of truly integrated sensors for use in physical, biological, optical, and chemical sensing, as well as future micro- and nanotechnologies. Used to pick up sound, movement, and optical or magnetic signals, portable and lightweight sensors are perpetually in demand in consumer electronics, biomedical engineering, military applications, and a wide range of other sectors. However, despite extensive existing developments in computing and communications for integrated microsystems, we are only just now seeing real transformational changes in sensors, which are critical to conducting so many advanced, integrated tasks. This book is designed in two sections-Optical and Acoustic Sensors and Magnetic and Mechanical Sensors-that address the latest developments in sensors. The first part covers: Optical and acoustic sensors, particularly those based on polymer optical fibers Potential of integrated optical biosensors and silicon photonics Luminescent thermometry and solar cell analyses Description of research from United States Army Research Laboratory on sensing applications using photoacoustic spectroscopy Advances in the design of underwater acoustic modems The second discusses: Magnetic and mechanical sensors, starting with coverage of magnetic field scanning Some contributors' personal accomplishments in combining MEMS and CMOS technologies for artificial microsystems used to sense airflow, temperature, and humidity MEMS-based micro hot-plate devices Vibration energy harvesting with piezoelectric MEMS Self-powered wireless sensing As sensors inevitably become omnipresent elements in most aspects of everyday life, this book assesses their massive potential in the development of interfacing applications for various areas of product design and sciences-including electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology, to name just a few.

The first authoritative account of the industrial potential of tomographic imaging techniques, Imaging Industrial Flows: Applications of Electrical Process Tomography provides an overview of the instrumentation used in process tomography. Assuming only a basic knowledge of instrumentation, electronics, and computing systems, the authors concisely describe the principles behind the operation of image reconstruction techniques and the application of electrical tomography to measuring flows in pipelines and other industrial equipment. This reference will help you improve the efficiency of measurement and control equipment, monitor industrial effluents, and increase the efficiency and safety of process plant equipment, in particular, in the chemical engineering, oil technology, and flow measurement instrumentation industries.

Weighing in on the growth of innovative technologies, the adoption of new standards, and the lack of educational development as it relates to current and emerging applications, the third edition of Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements uses the authors' 40 years of teaching experience to expound on the theory, science, and art of modern instrumentation and measurements (I&M). What's New in This Edition: This edition includes material on modern integrated circuit (IC) and photonic sensors, micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) and nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) sensors, chemical and radiation sensors, signal conditioning, noise, data interfaces, and basic digital signal processing (DSP), and upgrades every chapter with the latest advancements. It contains new material on the designs of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors, adds two new chapters on wireless instrumentation and microsensors, and incorporates extensive biomedical examples and problems. Containing 13 chapters, this third edition: Describes sensor dynamics, signal conditioning, and data display and storage Focuses on means of conditioning the analog outputs of various sensors Considers noise and coherent interference in measurements in depth Covers the traditional topics of DC null methods of measurement and AC null measurements Examines Wheatstone and Kelvin bridges and potentiometers Explores the major AC bridges used to measure inductance, Q, capacitance, and D Presents a survey of sensor mechanisms Includes a description and analysis of sensors based on the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) and the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect Provides a detailed analysis of mechanical gyroscopes, clinometers, and accelerometers Contains the classic means of measuring electrical quantities Examines digital interfaces in measurement systems Defines digital signal conditioning in instrumentation Addresses solid-state chemical microsensors and wireless instrumentation Introduces mechanical microsensors (MEMS and NEMS) Details examples of the design of measurement systems Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements is written with practicing engineers and scientists in mind, and is intended to be used in a classroom course or as a reference. It is assumed that the reader has taken core EE curriculum courses or their equivalents.

Going beyond the traditional field of robotics to include other mobile vehicles, Mobile Intelligent Autonomous Systems describes important theoretical concepts, techniques, approaches, and applications that can be used to build truly mobile intelligent autonomous systems (MIAS). It offers a comprehensive treatment of robotics and MIAS, as well as related disciplines, helping readers understand the subject from a system-theoretic and practical point of view. Organized into three sections, the book progresses from conceptual foundations to MIAS and robotics systems and then examines allied technologies. With an emphasis on recent research and developments, experts from various fields cover key aspects of this rapidly emerging area, including: Path and motion planning Obstacle avoidance in a dynamic environment Direct biological-brain control of a mobile robot Sensor and image data fusion Autonomous decision making and behavior modeling in robots Hydro-MiNa robot technology Adaptive algorithms for smart antennas Control methods for autonomous micro-air vehicles Neuro-fuzzy fault-tolerant auto-landing for aircraft H-infinity filter based estimation for simultaneous localization and mapping Where relevant, concepts and theories are illustrated with block/flow diagrams and numerical simulations in MATLAB (R). An integrated exploration of the theory and practice of MIAS and robotics, this is a valuable reference and recipe book for research and industry.

Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition helps biomedical engineers understand the basic analog electronic circuits used for signal conditioning in biomedical instruments. It explains the function and design of signal conditioning systems using analog ICs-the circuits that enable ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, tomographic images, biochemical spectrograms, and other crucial medical applications. This book demonstrates how op amps are the keystone of modern analog signal conditioning system design and illustrates how they can be used to build instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, and many other biomedical instrumentation systems and subsystems. It introduces the mathematical tools used to describe noise and its propagation through linear systems, and it looks at how signal-to-noise ratios can be improved by signal averaging and linear filtering. Features Analyzes the properties of photonic sensors and emitters and the circuits that power them Details the design of instrumentation amplifiers and medical isolation amplifiers Considers the modulation and demodulation of biomedical signals Examines analog power amplifiers, including power op amps and class D (switched) PAs Describes wireless patient monitoring, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication protocols Explores RFID, GPS, and ultrasonic tags and the design of fractal antennas Addresses special analog electronic circuits and systems such as phase-sensitive rectifiers, phase detectors, and IC thermometers By explaining the "building blocks" of biomedical systems, the author illustrates the importance of signal conditioning systems in the devices that gather and monitor patients' critical medical information. Fully revised and updated, this second edition includes new chapters, a glossary, and end-of-chapter problems. What's New in This Edition Updated and revised material throughout the book A chapter on the applications, circuits, and characteristics of power amplifiers A chapter on wireless patient monitoring using UHF telemetry A chapter on RFID tags, GPS tags, and ultrasonic tags A glossary to help you decode the acronyms and terms used in biomedical electronics, physiology, and biochemistry New end-of-chapter problems and examples

With the recent proliferation of service-oriented architectures (SOA), cloud computing technologies, and distributed-interconnected systems, distributed fusion is taking on a larger role in a variety of applications-from environmental monitoring and crisis management to intelligent buildings and defense. Drawing on the work of leading experts around the world, Distributed Data Fusion for Network-Centric Operations examines the state of the art of data fusion in a distributed sensing, communications, and computing environment. Get Insight into Designing and Implementing Data Fusion in a Distributed Network Addressing the entirety of information fusion, the contributors cover everything from signal and image processing, through estimation, to situation awareness. In particular, the work offers a timely look at the issues and solutions involving fusion within a distributed network enterprise. These include critical design problems, such as how to maintain a pedigree of agents or nodes that receive information, provide their contribution to the dataset, and pass to other network components. The book also tackles dynamic data sharing within a network-centric enterprise, distributed fusion effects on state estimation, graph-theoretic methods to optimize fusion performance, human engineering factors, and computer ontologies for higher levels of situation assessment. A comprehensive introduction to this emerging field and its challenges, the book explores how data fusion can be used within grid, distributed, and cloud computing architectures. Bringing together both theoretical and applied research perspectives, this is a valuable reference for fusion researchers and practitioners. It offers guidance and insight for those working on the complex issues of designing and implementing distributed, decentralized information fusion.

Written by a leading scientist with over 35 years of experience working at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications brings together the most widely used, easily implemented concepts and models for estimating broadband and spectral solar radiation data. The author addresses various technical and practical questions about the accuracy of solar radiation measurements and modeling. While the focus is on engineering models and results, the book does review the fundamentals of solar radiation modeling and solar radiation measurements. It also examines the accuracy of solar radiation modeling and measurements. The majority of the book describes the most popular simple models for estimating broadband and spectral solar resources available to flat plate, concentrating, photovoltaic, solar thermal, and daylighting engineering designs. Sufficient detail is provided for readers to implement the models in assorted development environments. Covering the nuts and bolts of practical solar radiation modeling applications, this book helps readers translate solar radiation data into viable, real-world renewable energy applications. It answers many how-to questions relating to solar energy conversion systems, solar daylighting, energy efficiency of buildings, and other solar radiation applications.

Advanced concepts for wireless communications offer a vision of technology that is embedded in our surroundings and practically invisible, but present whenever required. Although the use of deep submicron CMOS processes allows for an unprecedented degree of scaling in digital circuitry, it complicates the implementation and integration of traditional RF circuits. The requirement for long operating life under limited energy supply also poses severe design constraints, particularly in critical applications in commerce, healthcare, and security. These challenges call for innovative design solutions at the circuit and system levels. Low Power Emerging Wireless Technologies addresses the crucial scientific and technological challenges for the realization of fully integrated, highly efficient, and cost-effective solutions for emerging wireless applications. Get Insights from the Experts on Wireless Circuit Design The book features contributions by top international experts in wireless circuit design representing both industry and academia. They explore the state of the art in wireless communication for 3G and 4G cellular networks, millimeter-wave applications, wireless sensor networks, and wireless medical technologies. The emphasis is on low-power wireless applications, RF building blocks for wireless applications, and short-distance and beam steering. Topics covered include new opportunities in body area networks, medical implants, satellite communications, automobile radar detection, and wearable electronics. Exploit the Potential behind Emerging Green Wireless Technologies A must for anyone serious about future wireless technologies, this multidisciplinary book discusses the challenges of emerging power-efficient applications. Written for practicing engineers in the wireless communication field who have some experience in integrated circuits, it is also a valuable resource for graduate students.

High-speed, power-efficient analog integrated circuits can be used as standalone devices or to interface modern digital signal processors and micro-controllers in various applications, including multimedia, communication, instrumentation, and control systems. New architectures and low device geometry of complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technologies have accelerated the movement toward system on a chip design, which merges analog circuits with digital, and radio-frequency components. CMOS: Analog Integrated Circuits: High-Speed and Power-Efficient Design describes the important trends in designing these analog circuits and provides a complete, in-depth examination of design techniques and circuit architectures, emphasizing practical aspects of integrated circuit implementation. Focusing on designing and verifying analog integrated circuits, the author reviews design techniques for more complex components such as amplifiers, comparators, and multipliers. The book details all aspects, from specification to the final chip, of the development and implementation process of filters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), phase-locked loops (PLLs), and delay-locked loops (DLLs). It also describes different equivalent transistor models, design and fabrication considerations for high-density integrated circuits in deep-submicrometer process, circuit structures for the design of current mirrors and voltage references, topologies of suitable amplifiers, continuous-time and switched-capacitor circuits, modulator architectures, and approaches to improve linearity of Nyquist converters. The text addresses the architectures and performance limitation issues affecting circuit operation and provides conceptual and practical solutions to problems that can arise in the design process. This reference provides balanced coverage of theoretical and practical issues that will allow the reader to design CMOS analog integrated circuits with improved electrical performance. The chapters contain easy-to-follow mathematical derivations of all equations and formulas, graphical plots, and open-ended design problems to help determine most suitable architecture for a given set of performance specifications. This comprehensive and illustrative text for the design and analysis of CMOS analog integrated circuits serves as a valuable resource for analog circuit designers and graduate students in electrical engineering.

Sensor technologies are a rapidly growing area of interest in science and product design, embracing developments in electronics, photonics, mechanics, chemistry, and biology. Their presence is widespread in everyday life, where they are used to sense sound, movement, and optical or magnetic signals. The demand for portable and lightweight sensors is relentless in several industries, from consumer electronics to biomedical engineering to the military. Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications brings together the latest research in smart sensors technology and exposes the reader to myriad applications that this technology has enabled. Organized into five parts, the book explores: Photonics and optoelectronics sensors, including developments in optical fibers, Brillouin detection, and Doppler effect analysis. Chapters also look at key applications such as oxygen detection, directional discrimination, and optical sensing. Infrared and thermal sensors, such as Bragg gratings, thin films, and microbolometers. Contributors also cover temperature measurements in industrial conditions, including sensing inside explosions. Magnetic and inductive sensors, including magnetometers, inductive coupling, and ferro-fluidics. The book also discusses magnetic field and inductive current measurements in various industrial conditions, such as on airplanes. Sound and ultrasound sensors, including underwater acoustic modem, vibrational spectroscopy, and photoacoustics. Piezoresistive, wireless, and electrical sensors, with applications in health monitoring, agrofood, and other industries. Featuring contributions by experts from around the world, this book offers a comprehensive review of the groundbreaking technologies and the latest applications and trends in the field of smart sensors.

Exciting new developments are enabling sensors to go beyond the realm of simple sensing of movement or capture of images to deliver information such as location in a built environment, the sense of touch, and the presence of chemicals. These sensors unlock the potential for smarter systems, allowing machines to interact with the world around them in more intelligent and sophisticated ways. Featuring contributions from authors working at the leading edge of sensor technology, Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion showcases the latest advancements in sensors with biotechnology, medical science, chemical detection, environmental monitoring, automotive, and industrial applications. This valuable reference describes the increasingly varied number of sensors that can be integrated into arrays, and examines the growing availability and computational power of communication devices that support the algorithms needed to reduce the raw sensor data from multiple sensors and convert it into the information needed by the sensor array to enable rapid transmission of the results to the required point. Using both SI and US units, the text: Provides a fundamental and analytical understanding of the underlying technology for smart sensors Discusses groundbreaking software and sensor systems as well as key issues surrounding sensor fusion Exemplifies the richness and diversity of development work in the world of smart sensors and sensor fusion Offering fresh insight into the sensors of the future, Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion not only exposes readers to trends but also inspires innovation in smart sensor and sensor system development.

Recent advances in technology and manufacturing have made it possible to create small, powerful, energy-efficient, cost-effective sensor nodes for specialized telecommunication applications-nodes "smart" enough to be capable of adaptation, self-awareness, and self-organization. Sensor Networks for Sustainable Development examines sensor network technologies that increase the quality of human life and encourage societal progress with minimal effect on the earth's natural resources and environment. Organized as a collection of articles authored by leading experts in the field, this valuable reference captures the current state of the art and explores applications where sensor networks are used for sustainable development in: Agriculture Environment Energy Healthcare Transportation Disaster management Beneficial to designers and planners of emerging telecommunication networks, researchers in related industries, and students and academia seeking to learn about the impact of sensor networks on sustainable development, Sensor Networks for Sustainable Development provides scientific tutorials and technical information about smart sensor networks and their use in everything from remote patient monitoring to improving safety on the roadways and beyond.

Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies presents contributions from top experts who explore the development and implementation of sensors for various applications used in medicine and biology. Edited by a pioneer in the area of advanced semiconductor materials, the book is divided into two sections. The first part covers sensors for biological applications. Topics include: Advanced sensing and communication in the biological world DNA-derivative architectures for long-wavelength bio-sensing Label-free silicon photonics Quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensors Lab-on-chip technologies for cell-sensing applications Enzyme biosensors Future directions for breath sensors Solid-state gas sensors for clinical diagnosis The second part of the book deals with sensors for medical applications. This section addresses: Bio-sensing and human behavior measurements Sweat rate wearable sensors Various aspects of medical imaging The future of medical imaging Spatial and spectral resolution aspects of semiconductor detectors in medical imaging CMOS SSPM detectors CdTe detectors and their applications to gamma-ray imaging Positron emission tomography (PET) Composed of contributions from some of the world's foremost experts in their respective fields, this book covers a wide range of subjects. It explores everything from sensors and communication systems found in nature to the latest advances in manmade sensors. The end result is a useful collection of stimulating insights into the many exciting applications of sensor technologies in everyday life.

Recently the world celebrated the 60th anniversary of the invention of the first transistor. The first integrated circuit (IC) was built a decade later, with the first microprocessor designed in the early 1970s. Today, ICs are a part of nearly every aspect of our daily lives. They help us live longer and more comfortably, and do more, faster. All this is possible because of the relentless search for new materials, circuit designs, and ideas happening on a daily basis at industrial and academic institutions around the globe. Showcasing the latest advances in very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, VLSI: Circuits for Emerging Applications provides a balanced view of industrial and academic developments beyond silicon and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. From quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) to chips for cochlear implants, this must-have resource: Investigates the trend of combining multiple cores in a single chip to boost performance of the overall system Describes a novel approach to enable physically unclonable functions (PUFs) using intrinsic features of a VLSI chip Examines the VLSI implementations of major symmetric and asymmetric key cryptographic algorithms, hash functions, and digital signatures Discusses nonvolatile memories such as resistive random-access memory (Re-RAM), magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM), and floating-body RAM (FB-RAM) Explores organic transistors, soft errors, photonics, nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays, reversible computation, bioinformatics, asynchronous logic, and more VLSI: Circuits for Emerging Applications presents cutting-edge research, design architectures, materials, and uses for VLSI circuits, offering valuable insight into the current state of the art of micro- and nanoelectronics.

Although governments worldwide have invested significantly in intelligent sensor network research and applications, few books cover intelligent sensor networks from a machine learning and signal processing perspective. Filling this void, Intelligent Sensor Networks: The Integration of Sensor Networks, Signal Processing and Machine Learning focuses on the close integration of sensing, networking, and smart signal processing via machine learning. Based on the world-class research of award-winning authors, the book provides a firm grounding in the fundamentals of intelligent sensor networks, including compressive sensing and sampling, distributed signal processing, and intelligent signal learning. Presenting recent research results of world-renowned sensing experts, the book is organized into three parts: Machine Learning-describes the application of machine learning and other AI principles in sensor network intelligence-covering smart sensor/transducer architecture and data representation for intelligent sensors Signal Processing-considers the optimization of sensor network performance based on digital signal processing techniques-including cross-layer integration of routing and application-specific signal processing as well as on-board image processing in wireless multimedia sensor networks for intelligent transportation systems Networking-focuses on network protocol design in order to achieve an intelligent sensor networking-covering energy-efficient opportunistic routing protocols for sensor networking and multi-agent-driven wireless sensor cooperation Maintaining a focus on "intelligent" designs, the book details signal processing principles in sensor networks. It elaborates on critical platforms for intelligent sensor networks and illustrates key applications-including target tracking, object identification, and structural health monitoring. It also includes a paradigm for validating the extent of spatiotemporal associations among data sources to enhance data cleaning in sensor networks, a sensor stream reduction application, and also considers the use of Kalman filters for attack detection in a water system sensor network that consists of water level sensors and velocity sensors.

Electrical Impedance: Principles, Measurement, and Applications provides a modern and much-needed overview of electrical impedance measurement science and its application in metrology, sensor reading, device and material characterizations. It presents up-to-date coverage of the theory, practical methods, and modeling. The author covers the main impedance measurement techniques, stressing their practical application. The book includes a large set of measurement setup schematics, and diagrams and photos of standards and devices. It also offers an extensive list of references to both historical and recent papers on devices, methods, and traceability issues. Reviews the main definitions of the quantities related to impedance, some theorems of particular interest, the issue of impedance representation, and introduces the problem of impedance definition Lists devices, appliances, circuits, and instruments employed as building blocks of impedance measurement setups Classifies the main impedance measurement methods, including details on their implementation when a specific impedance definition is chosen Discusses the increasing use of mixed-signal electronics in impedance measurement setups Covers applications including details on the measurement of electromagnetic properties of materials Introduces impedance metrology, including artifact impedance standards, and the realization and reproduction of SI impedance units

Most chemists today have either taken part in, or been affected by, the chemical revolution that has taken place over the course of the last century. Developments in instrumentation have changed not just what chemists do, but also how they think about chemistry. New and exciting areas of previously inaccessible research have been opened up as a direct result of this revolution. This is the first book to examine this instrumental revolution and goes on to assess the impact on chemical practice in areas ranging from organic chemistry and biochemistry to environmental analysis and process control, thus demonstrating how fundamental and extensive are the changes that have occurred. With contributions from internationally recognised specialists, this lavishly illustrated book provides a focal point for any historian of chemistry or chemist with an interest in this fascinating topic. This book is published in association with the Science Museum, London, UK and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia.

Although elemental semiconductors such as silicon and germanium are standard for energy dispersive spectroscopy in the laboratory, their use for an increasing range of applications is becoming marginalized by their physical limitations, namely the need for ancillary cooling, their modest stopping powers, and radiation intolerance. Compound semiconductors, on the other hand, encompass such a wide range of physical and electronic properties that they have become viable competitors in a number of applications. Compound Semiconductor Radiation Detectors is a consolidated source of information on all aspects of the use of compound semiconductors for radiation detection and measurement. Serious Competitors to Germanium and Silicon Radiation Detectors Wide-gap compound semiconductors offer the ability to operate in a range of hostile thermal and radiation environments while still maintaining sub-keV spectral resolution at X-ray wavelengths. Narrow-gap materials offer the potential of exceeding the spectral resolution of germanium by a factor of three. However, while compound semiconductors are routinely used at infrared and optical wavelengths, their development in other wavebands has been plagued by material and fabrication problems. So far, only a few have evolved sufficiently to produce commercial detection systems. From Crystal Growth to Spectroscopic Performance Bringing together information scattered across many disciplines, this book summarizes the current status of research in compound semiconductor radiation detectors. It examines the properties, growth, and characterization of compound semiconductors as well as the fabrication of radiation sensors, with particular emphasis on the X- and gamma-ray regimes. It explores the limitations of compound semiconductors and discusses current efforts to improve spectral performances, pointing to where future discoveries may lie. A timely resource for the established researcher, this book serves as a comprehensive and illustrated reference on material science, crystal growth, metrology, detector physics, and spectroscopy. It can also be used as a textbook for those new to the field of compound semiconductors and their application to radiation detection and measurement.