Sensor technologies and applications are evolving rapidly driven by the demand for new sensors for monitoring and diagnostic purposes to enable improvements in human health and safety. Simultaneously, sensors are required to consume less power, be autonomous, cost less, and be connected by the Internet of Things. New sensor technologies are being developed to fulfill these needs. This book reviews the latest developments in sensor technology and gives the reader an overview of the state-of-the-art in key areas, such as sensors for diagnostics and monitoring. Features Provides an overview of sensor technologies for monitoring and diagnostics applications. Presents state-of-the-art developments in selected topics for sensors that can be used for monitoring and diagnostics in future healthcare, structural monitoring, and smart environment applications. Features contributions from leading international experts in both industry and academia. Explores application areas that include medical diagnostics and screening, health monitoring, smart textiles, and structural monitoring.

Although comprehensive knowledge of cyber-physical systems (CPS) is becoming a must for researchers, practitioners, system designers, policy makers, system managers, and administrators, there has been a need for a comprehensive and up-to-date source of research and information on cyber-physical systems. This book fills that need. Cyber-Physical Systems: From Theory to Practice provides state-of-the-art research results and reports on emerging trends related to the science, technology, and engineering of CPS, including system architecture, development, modeling, simulation, security, privacy, trust, and energy efficiency. It presents the research results of esteemed professionals on cutting-edge advances in cyber-physical systems that include communications, computing, and control. The book consists of eight sections, each containing chapters contributed by leading experts in the field. Each section covers a different area that impacts the design, modeling, and evaluation of CPS, including: Control systems Modeling and design Communications and signal processing Mobility issues Architecture Security issues Sensors and applications Computing issues The book's coverage includes cyber-physical system architecture, mobile cyber-physical systems, cyber-physical systems for intelligent (road/air) transportation, and cyber-physical system applications and standardization. With the CPS field advancing so rapidly, this book is an ideal reference to help researchers, system designers, and practitioners manufacture devices that are compatible with CPS standards. Presenting numerous examples that illustrate practical applications derived from theory, the book is also suitable for use as a textbook in upper undergraduate and graduate-level university courses.

Introduction to PCM Telemetering Systems, Third Edition summarizes the techniques and terminology used in sending data and control information between users and the instruments that collect and process the data. Fully revised, it gives an overall systems introduction to the relevant topics in three primary areas: system interfaces; data transport, timing, and synchronization; and data transmission techniques. Integrating relevant information about the process at all levels from the user interface down to the transmission channel, this will also include how designers apply relevant industry and government standards at each level in this process. Homework problems are included at the end of each chapter.

Fundamental to the control of mechatronic devices, the servomechanism applies feedback from the device in question to regulate its position, velocity, or some other physical attribute. Successful mastery of servo control requires an understanding of a wide range of engineering disciplines, making it difficult and time-consuming to master it all-and even harder to find an all-encompassing guide that shows you how. DC Servos: Application and Design with MATLAB (R) is designed and written with this problem in mind. It breaks down the practical knowledge required from the various branches of applied science-electrical and mechanical engineering, analog electronics, mechanics, control theory, digital electronics, embedded computing, and firmware design-into a cohesive and usable framework. Today, DC servos are working around the world in countless applications-CD players, ink-jet printers, robots, machining centers, vending machines, eyeglass manufacturing machines, home appliances, and automotive seat positioners, just to name a few. This book balances coverage of theoretical and practical aspects of application and design of DC servomechanisms. It also provides detailed coverage of feedback transducers, particularly the application of optical encoders to real systems. It covers how to use the MATLAB (R) Control System Toolbox specifically for servo design, to make the design process faster and more interactive. It also presents two complete, bench-tested reference designs that can be duplicated using readily available parts, so you can build your own servo and see it in action. Author Stephen M. Tobin is an expert in motion control and electro-optical instrumentation and a respected consultant in the medical device and manufacturing automation communities. In order to instill confidence in the engineers, scientists, students, and hobbyists designing the ever more complex machines of the 21st century, Tobin guides the reader on a short journey through "servo school," imparting his lifelong passion for motion control along the way.

Almost every industry that use liquids and gas in any form has a need to measure flow, temperature and pressure. This text is a practical guide on how to accurately use these measuring instruments to control processes in manufacturing industries for food, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, oil, water and waste water, power, etc. With higher prices of raw materials and more severe requirements for safety and environmental issues, there is a growing demand to measure with higher precision. The book includes a number of practical examples from various industries. It discusses how to comply with safety standards regarding measurements and explains how legal control systems apply to measurements. The aim is to help any process industry reduce the risk of high costs and damage to both people and equipment.

Integrating aspects of engineering, application physics, and medical science, Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications offers a comprehensive review of new and emerging solid-state materials-based technologies for radiation detection. Each chapter is structured to address the current advantages and challenges of each material and technology presented, as well as to discuss novel research and applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, this authoritative text: Covers modern semiconductors used for radiation monitoring Examines CdZnTe and CdTe technology for imaging applications including three-dimensional capability detectors Highlights interconnect technology for current pixel detectors Describes hybrid pixel detectors and their characterizations Tackles the integrated analog signal processing read-out front ends for particle detectors Considers new organic materials with direct bandgap for direct energy detection Summarizes recent developments involving lanthanum halide and cerium bromide scintillators Analyzes the potential of recent progress in the field of crystallogenesis, quantum dots, and photonics crystals toward a new concept of x- and gamma-ray detectors based on metamaterials Explores position-sensitivity photomultipliers and silicon photomultipliers for scintillation crystals Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications provides a valuable reference for engineers and scientists looking to enhance the performance of radiation detector technology for medical imaging and other applications.

Sensors and Their Applications XII discusses novel research in the areas of sensors and transducers and provides insight into new and topical applications of this technology. It covers the underlying physics, fabrication technologies, and commercial applications of sensors. Some of the topics discussed include optical sensing, sensing materials, nondestructive monitoring, imaging sensors, system networks, and water quality monitoring.

Due to the increased use of composite materials in aerospace, energy, automobile, and civil infrastructure applications, concern over composite material failures has grown, creating a need for smart composite structures that are able to self-diagnose and self-heal. Structural Health Monitoring Technologies and Next-Generation Smart Composite Structures provides valuable insight into cutting-edge advances in SHM, smart materials, and smart structures. Comprised of chapters authored by leading researchers in their respective fields, this edited book showcases exciting developments in general embedded sensor technologies, general sensor technologies, sensor response interrogation and data communication, damage matrix formulation, damage mechanics and analysis, smart materials and structures, and SHM in aerospace applications. Each chapter makes a significant contribution to the prevention of structural failures by describing methods that increase safety and reduce maintenance costs in a variety of SHM applications.

Microfabricated resonators play an essential role in a variety of applications, including mass sensing, timing reference applications, and filtering applications. Many transduction mechanisms including piezoelectric, piezoresistive, and capacitive mechanisms, have been studied to induce and detect the motion of resonators. This book is meant to introduce and suggest several technological approaches together with design considerations for performance enhancement of capacitive silicon resonators, and will be useful for those working in field of micro and nanotechnology. Features Introduces and suggests several technological approaches together with design considerations for performance enhancement of capacitive silicon resonators Provides information on the various fabrication technologies and design considerations that can be employed to improve the performance capacitive silicon resonator which is one of the promising options to replace the quartz crystal resonator. Discusses several technological approaches including hermetic packaging based on the LTCC substrate, deep reactive ion etching, neutral beam etching technology, and metal-assisted chemical etching, as well as design considerations for mechanically coupled, selective vibration of high-order mode, movable electrode structures, and piezoresistive heat engines were investigated to achieve small motional resistance, low insertion loss, and high quality factor. Focusses on a capacitive sensing method based on the measurement of the change in capacitance between a sensing electrode and the resonant body. Reviews recent progress in performance enhancement methods for capacitive silicon resonator, which are mainly based on the works of the authors.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the major aspects in designing, implementing, and deploying wireless sensor networks by discussing present research on WSNs and their applications in various disciplines. It familiarizes readers with the current state of WSNs and how such networks can be improved to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. It starts with a detailed introduction of wireless sensor networks and their applications and proceeds with layered architecture of WSNs. It also addresses prominent issues such as mobility, heterogeneity, fault-tolerance, intermittent connectivity, and cross layer optimization along with a number of existing solutions to stimulate future research.

With the advent of microprocessors and digital-processing technologies as catalyst, classical sensors capable of simple signal conditioning operations have evolved rapidly to take on higher and more specialized functions including validation, compensation, and classification. This new category of sensor expands the scope of incorporating intelligence into instrumentation systems, yet with such rapid changes, there has developed no universal standard for design, definition, or requirement with which to unify intelligent instrumentation. Explaining the underlying design methodologies of intelligent instrumentation, Intelligent Instrumentation: Principles and Applications provides a comprehensive and authoritative resource on the scientific foundations from which to coordinate and advance the field. Employing a textbook-like language, this book translates methodologies to more than 80 numerical examples, and provides applications in 14 case studies for a complete and working understanding of the material. Beginning with a brief introduction to the basic concepts of process, process parameters, sensors and transducers, and classification of transducers, the book describes the performance characteristics of instrumentation and measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic characteristics, various types of sensor signals, and the concepts of signal representations, various transforms, and their operations in both static and dynamic conditions. It describes smart sensors, cogent sensors, soft sensors, self-validating sensors, VLSI sensors, temperature-compensating sensors, microcontrollers and ANN-based sensors, and indirect measurement sensors. The author examines intelligent sensor signal conditioning such as calibration, linearization, and compensation, along with a wide variety of calibration and linearization techniques using circuits, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), microcontrollers, ANNs, and software. The final chapters highlight ANN techniques for pattern classification, recognition, prognostic diagnosis, fault detection, linearization, and calibration as well as important interfacing protocols in the wireless networking platform.

This monograph focuses on the design, implementation and characterization of a concurrent dual band RF sensor for non-invasive detection of human vital signs. Exclusive title on multiband short range sensors and their biomedical applications, offers detailed analysis of subsystems based on fabricated and measured prototypes and verifies and discusses the system in the real-time environment. Discusses the practical difficulties of the design process and offers case studies based on the design.

Sensors are all around us. They are in phones, cars, planes, trains, robots, mils, lathes, packaging lines, chemical plants, power plants, etc. Modern technology could not exist without sensors. The sensors measure what we need to know and the control system then performs the desired actions. When an engineer builds any machine he or she needs to have basic understanding about sensors. Correct sensors need to be selected for the design right from the start. The designer needs to think about the ranges, required accuracy, sensor cost, wiring, correct installation and placement etc. Without the basic knowledge of sensors fundamental no machine can be built successfully today. The objective of this book is to provide the basic knowledge to electrical and mechanical engineers, engineering students and hobbyist from the field of sensors to help them with the selection of "proper" sensors for their designs. No background knowledge in electrical engineering is required, all the necessary basics are provided. The book explains how a sensor works, in what ranges it can be used, with what accuracy etc. It also provides examples of industrial application for selected sensors. The book covers all the major variables in mechanical engineering such as temperature, force, torque, pressure, humidity, position, speed, acceleration etc. The approach is always as follows: - Explain how the sensor works, what is the principle - Explain in what ranges and with what accuracy it can work - Describe its properties with charts, eventually equations - Give examples of such sensors including application examples

The need for new types of sensors is more critical than ever. This is due to the emergence of increasingly complex technologies, health and security concerns of a burgeoning world population, and the emergence of terrorist activities, among other factors. Depending on their application, the design, fabrication, testing, and use of sensors, all require various kinds of both technical and nontechnical expertise.

With this in mind, Introduction to Sensors examines the theoretical foundations and practical applications of electrochemical, piezoelectric, fiber optic, thermal, and magnetic sensors and their use in the modern era. Incorporating information from sensor-based industries to review current developments in the field, this book:

• Presents a complete sensor system that includes the preparation phase, the sensing element and platform, and appropriate electronics resulting in a digital readout
• Discusses solid-state electronic sensors, such as the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, the micromachined capacitive polymer, and the Schottky diode sensors
• Uses the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice as an example to detail the basic theory associated with piezoelectricity
• Explores the fundamental relationship between stress, strain, electric field, and electric displacement

The magnetic sensors presented are used to determine measurands such as the magnetic field and semiconductor properties, including carrier concentration and mobility. Offering the human body and the automobile as examples of entities that rely on a multiplicity of sensors, the authors address the application of various types of sensors, as well as the theory and background information associated with their development and the materials used in their design. The coverage in this book reveals the underlying rationale for the application of different sensors while also defining the properties and characteristics of each.

An authoritative reference on all aspects of audio engineering and technology including basic mathematics and formulae, acoustics and psychoacoustics, microphones, loudspeakers and studio installations.
Compiled by an international team of experts, the second edition was updated to keep abreast of fast-moving areas such as digital audio and transmission technology. Much of the material has been revised, updated and expanded to cover the very latest techniques. This is a new paperback version.
Understand all aspects of audio engineering and technology through the extensive coverage and detail included
Keep up to date with modern theory and practice

Although comprehensive knowledge of cyber-physical systems (CPS) is becoming a must for researchers, practitioners, system designers, policy makers, system managers, and administrators, there has been a need for a comprehensive and up-to-date source of research and information on cyber-physical systems. This book fills that need. Cyber-Physical Systems: From Theory to Practice provides state-of-the-art research results and reports on emerging trends related to the science, technology, and engineering of CPS, including system architecture, development, modeling, simulation, security, privacy, trust, and energy efficiency. It presents the research results of esteemed professionals on cutting-edge advances in cyber-physical systems that include communications, computing, and control. The book consists of eight sections, each containing chapters contributed by leading experts in the field. Each section covers a different area that impacts the design, modeling, and evaluation of CPS, including: Control systems Modeling and design Communications and signal processing Mobility issues Architecture Security issues Sensors and applications Computing issues The book's coverage includes cyber-physical system architecture, mobile cyber-physical systems, cyber-physical systems for intelligent (road/air) transportation, and cyber-physical system applications and standardization. With the CPS field advancing so rapidly, this book is an ideal reference to help researchers, system designers, and practitioners manufacture devices that are compatible with CPS standards. Presenting numerous examples that illustrate practical applications derived from theory, the book is also suitable for use as a textbook in upper undergraduate and graduate-level university courses.

Choice Recommended Title, July 2020 Bringing together material scattered across many disciplines, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors provides readers with a consolidated source of information on the properties of a wide range of semiconductors; their growth, characterization and the fabrication of radiation sensors with emphasis on the X- and gamma-ray regimes. It explores the promise and limitations of both the traditional and new generation of semiconductors and discusses where the future in semiconductor development and radiation detection may lie. The purpose of this book is two-fold; firstly to serve as a text book for those new to the field of semiconductors and radiation detection and measurement, and secondly as a reference book for established researchers working in related disciplines within physics and engineering. Features: The only comprehensive book covering this topic Fully up-to-date with new developments in the field Provides a wide-ranging source of further reference material

This handbook is a guide for workers in analytical chemistry who need a starting place for information about a specific instrumental technique. It gives a basic introduction to the techniques and provides leading references on the theory and methodology for an instrumental technique. This edition thoroughly expands and updates the chapters to include concepts, applications, and key references from recent literature. It also contains a new chapter on process analytical technology.

An engineering system contains multiple components that interconnect to perform a specific task. Starting from basic fundamentals through to advanced applications, Sensors and Actuators: Engineering System Instrumentation, Second Edition thoroughly explains the inner workings of an engineering system. The text first provides introductory material-practical procedures and applications in the beginning-and then methodically integrates more advanced techniques, theory, and concepts throughout the book. Emphasizing sensors, transducers, and actuators, the author discusses important aspects of component matching and interconnection, interface between the connected components, signal modification, and signal conditioning/modification. He also addresses functions, physical principles, operation and interaction, and the proper selection and interfacing of these components for various engineering/control applications. This second edition provides a thorough revision of the first and includes new worked examples, new applications, and thoroughly updated as well as entirely new material. In addition, it provides increased coverage of sensor systems technologies and updated coverage of computer tools, including MATLAB (R), Simulink, and LabView. What's New in the Second Edition: A new chapter on estimation from measurements, which includes various practical procedures and applications of estimation through sensed data New material on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) New material on multisensor data fusion New material on networked sensing and localization Many new problems and worked examples Chapter highlights and summary sheets, for easy reference and recollection Sensors and Actuators: Engineering System Instrumentation, Second Edition provides users from a variety of engineering backgrounds with a complete overview of engineering system components for instrumentation. It presents current techniques, advanced theory and concepts, and addresses relevant design issues, component selection, and practical applications.

Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques includes twenty-three chapters providing processes, methods, and procedures of cutting-edge optics engineering design and instrumentation. Topics include biomedical instrumentation and basic and advanced interferometry. Optical metrology is discussed, including point and full-field methods. Active and adaptive optics, holography, radiometry, the human eye, and visible light are covered as well as materials, including photonics, nanophotonics, anisotropic materials, and metamaterials.

This handbook explains principles, processes, methods, and procedures of optical engineering in a concise and practical way. The second edition contains new chapters on paraxial ray tracing, aberrations and optical design, polarization and polarizing optical devices, microscopes, biomedical instrumentation, and optical methods in metrology. The new edition also includes chapters on active and adaptive optics, non-diffractive Bessel and airy beams, color and colorimetry, physiological optics and eye aberrations, and photonic materials, nanophotonics, and metamaterials.

Sales of U.S. chemical sensors represent the largest segment of the multi-billion-dollar global sensor market, which includes instruments for chemical detection in gases and liquids, biosensors, and medical sensors. Although silicon-based devices have dominated the field, they are limited by their general inability to operate in harsh environments faced with factors such as high temperature and pressure. Exploring how and why these instruments have become a major player, Semiconductor Device-Based Sensors for Gas, Chemical, and Biomedical Applications presents the latest research, including original theoretical and experimental work. It also explains how these investigations have translated into applications and products. Written by experts in the field, the chapters review cutting-edge progress on semiconductor and nanomaterial-based sensors. An excellent introduction to the subject, this book is also an outstanding reference for those working on different sensor applications. It addresses various subfields, including: GaN-based sensor arrays for quick and reliable medical testing Optical sensors Wireless remote hydrogen sensing systems MOS-based, thin-film, and nanowire-based sensors The wide-bandgap semiconductor sensors discussed in this book offer many advantages as replacements for silicon-based sensors, including their high chemical resistance, high-temperature operation, and blue and ultraviolet optoelectronic behaviors. Although assays exist for biomedical detection, they are limited by various factors. Nanomaterial devices, such as the sensors examined in this book, are currently the best option for moving toward fast, label-free, sensitive, and selective multiple-detection systems for biological and medical sensing applications. Providing sufficient background information and technical detail, this is an excellent resource for advanced level undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers in gas, chemical, biological, and medical sensors.

An increasing number of technologies are being used to detect minute quantities of biomolecules and cells. However, it can be difficult to determine which technologies show the most promise for high-sensitivity and low-limit detection in different applications. Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit details proven approaches for the detection of single cells and even single molecules-approaches employed by the world's foremost microfluidics and nanotechnology laboratories. While similar books concentrate only on microfluidics or nanotechnology, this book focuses on the combination of soft materials (elastomers and other polymers) with hard materials (semiconductors, metals, and glass) to form integrated detection systems for biological and chemical targets. It explores physical and chemical-as well as contact and noncontact-detection methods, using case studies to demonstrate system capabilities. Presenting a snapshot of the current state of the art, the text: Explains the theory behind different detection techniques, from mechanical resonators for detecting cell density to fiber-optic methods for detecting DNA hybridization, and beyond Examines microfluidic advances, including droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics for manipulating droplets on the microscale, and more Highlights an array of technologies to allow for a comparison of the fundamental advantages and challenges of each, as well as an appreciation of the power of leveraging scalability and integration to achieve sensitivity at low cost Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit not only serves as a quick reference for the latest achievements in biochemical detection at the single-cell and single-molecule levels, but also provides researchers with inspiration for further innovation and expansion of the field.

In the current push to convert to renewable sources of energy, many issues raised years ago on the economics and the difficulties of siting energy storage are once again being raised today. When large amounts of wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources are added to existing electrical grids, efficient and manageable energy storage becomes a crucial component to allowing a range of eco-friendly resources to play a significant role in our energy system. In order to fulfill our intended goal of diminishing dependence on non-renewable sources of energy and reducing our carbon footprint, we must find a way to store and convert these novel resources into practical solutions. Based on the efforts of a University of Colorado team devoted to increasing the use of renewable energy production within the current electrical power grid, Large Energy Storage Systems Handbook examines a number of ways that energy can be stored and converted back to electricity. Examining how to enhance renewable generation energy storage relative to economic and carbon impact, this book discusses issues of reliability, siting, economics, and efficiency. Chapters include the practicalities of energy storage, generation, and absorption of electrical power; the difficulties of intermittent generation; and the use of pumped and underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage. The book highlights the storage of compressed air, battery energy, solar thermal, and natural gas sources of energy. Heavily referenced and easily accessible to policy makers, developers, and students alike, this book provides contributions from those active in the field for coverage of many important topics. With this book as a foundation, these pioneers can develop the capacity of power grids to handle high renewable energy generation penetration and provide a brighter future for generations to come.