The development of dynamics theory began with the work of Isaac Newton. In his theory the most basic law of classical mechanics is f = ma, which describes the motion n in IR. of a point of mass m under the action of a force f by giving the acceleration a. If n the position of the point is taken to be a point x E IR. , and if the force f is supposed to be a function of x only, Newton's Law is a description in terms of a second-order ordinary differential equation: J2x m dt = f(x). 2 It makes sense to reduce the equations to first order by defining the velo city as an extra n independent variable by v = :i; = ~~ E IR. . Then x = v, mv = f(x). L. Euler, J. L. Lagrange and others studied mechanics by means of an analytical method called analytical dynamics. Whenever the force f is represented by a gradient vector field f = - \lU of the potential energy U, and denotes the difference of the kinetic energy and the potential energy by 1 L(x,v) = 2'm(v,v) - U(x), the Newton equation of motion is reduced to the Euler-Lagrange equation ~~ are used as the variables, the Euler-Lagrange equation can be If the momenta y written as . 8L y= 8x' Further, W. R.

We begin our applications of fixed point methods with existence of solutions to certain first order initial initial value problems. This problem is relatively easy to treat, illustrates important methods, and in the end will carry us a good deal further than may first meet the eye. Thus, we seek solutions to Y'. = I(t, y) (1. 1 ) { yeO) = r n where I: I X R n ---+ R and I = 0, b]. We shall seek solutions that are de fined either locally or globally on I, according to the assumptions imposed on I. Notice that (1. 1) is a system of first order equations because I takes its values in Rn. In section 3. 2 we will first establish some basic existence theorems which guarantee that a solution to (1. 1) exists for t > 0 and near zero. Familiar examples show that the interval of existence can be arbi trarily short, depending on the initial value r and the nonlinear behaviour of I. As a result we will also examine in section 3. 2 the dependence of the interval of existence on I and r. We mention in passing that, in the results which follow, the interval I can be replaced by any bounded interval and the initial value can be specified at any point in I. The reasoning needed to cover this slightly more general situation requires minor modifications on the arguments given here."

One service mathematics has rendered the 'Et moi, ..., si j'avait Sil comment en revenir, je n'y serais point aIle.' human race. It has put common sense back Jules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shelf next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded non- The series is divergent; therefore we may be sense'. able to do something with it. Eric T. Bell O. Heaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non- linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences_ Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics ...'; 'One service logic has rendered com- puter science .. :; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics ...'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'etre of this series.

The notion of a dominated or rnajorized operator rests on a simple idea that goes as far back as the Cauchy method of majorants. Loosely speaking, the idea can be expressed as follows. If an operator (equation) under study is dominated by another operator (equation), called a dominant or majorant, then the properties of the latter have a substantial influence on the properties of the former . Thus, operators or equations that have "nice" dominants must possess "nice" properties. In other words, an operator with a somehow qualified dominant must be qualified itself. Mathematical tools, putting the idea of domination into a natural and complete form, were suggested by L. V. Kantorovich in 1935-36. He introduced the funda mental notion of a vector space normed by elements of a vector lattice and that of a linear operator between such spaces which is dominated by a positive linear or monotone sublinear operator. He also applied these notions to solving functional equations. In the succeedingyears many authors studied various particular cases of lattice normed spaces and different classes of dominated operators. However, research was performed within and in the spirit of the theory of vector and normed lattices. So, it is not an exaggeration to say that dominated operators, as independent objects of investigation, were beyond the reach of specialists for half a century. As a consequence, the most important structural properties and some interesting applications of dominated operators have become available since recently."

This book is concerned with the numerical solution of crack problems. The techniques to be developed are particularly appropriate when cracks are relatively short, and are growing in the neighbourhood of some stress raising feature, causing a relatively steep stress gradient. It is therefore practicable to represent the geometry in an idealised way, so that a precise solution may be obtained. This contrasts with, say, the finite element method in which the geometry is modelled exactly, but the subsequent solution is approximate, and computationally more taxing. The family of techniques presented in this book, based loosely on the pioneering work of Eshelby in the late 1950's, and developed by Erdogan, Keer, Mura and many others cited in the text, present an attractive alternative. The basic idea is to use the superposition of the stress field present in the unfiawed body, together with an unknown distribution of 'strain nuclei' (in this book, the strain nucleus employed is the dislocation), chosen so that the crack faces become traction-free. The solution used for the stress field for the nucleus is chosen so that other boundary conditions are satisfied. The technique is therefore efficient, and may be used to model the evolution of a developing crack in two or three dimensions. Solution techniques are described in some detail, and the book should be readily accessible to most engineers, whilst preserving the rigour demanded by the researcher who wishes to develop the method itself.

One service mathematics has rendered the 'Et moi .... si favait su comment en revenir, je human race. It has put common sense back n'y serais point a1l6.' lules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shelf next to the dusty eanister labelled 'discarded nonsense' . Erie T. Bell The series is divergent; therefore we may be able to do something with it O. Heaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and nonlineari ties abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sci ences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One ser vice topology has rendered mathematical physics .. .'; 'One service logic has rendered computer science .. .'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics .. .'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'etre of this series. This series, Mathematics and Its Applications, started in 1977. Now that over one hundred volumes have appeared it seems opportune to reexamine its scope. At the time I wrote "Growing specia1ization and diversification have brought a host of monographs and textbooks on increasingly specialized topics. However, the 'tree' of knowledge of mathematics and It also happens, quite often in related fields does not grow only by putting forth new branches."

It is well known that contemporary mathematics includes many disci plines. Among them the most important are: set theory, algebra, topology, geometry, functional analysis, probability theory, the theory of differential equations and some others. Furthermore, every mathematical discipline consists of several large sections in which specific problems are investigated and the corresponding technique is developed. For example, in general topology we have the following extensive chap ters: the theory of compact extensions of topological spaces, the theory of continuous mappings, cardinal-valued characteristics of topological spaces, the theory of set-valued (multi-valued) mappings, etc. Modern algebra is featured by the following domains: linear algebra, group theory, the theory of rings, universal algebras, lattice theory, category theory, and so on. Concerning modern probability theory, we can easily see that the clas sification of its domains is much more extensive: measure theory on ab stract spaces, Borel and cylindrical measures in infinite-dimensional vector spaces, classical limit theorems, ergodic theory, general stochastic processes, Markov processes, stochastical equations, mathematical statistics, informa tion theory and many others."

A collection of articles on various aspects of q-series and special functions dedicated to Mizan Rahman. It also includes an article by Askey, Ismail, and Koelink on Rahman 's mathematical contributions and how they influenced the recent upsurge in the subject.

Decomposable sets since T. R. Rockafellar in 1968 are one of basic notions in nonlinear analysis, especially in the theory of multifunctions. A subset K of measurable functions is called decomposable if

(Q) for all and measurable A.

This book attempts to show the present stage of "decomposable analysis" from the point of view of fixed point theory. The book is split into three parts, beginning with the background of functional analysis, proceeding to the theory of multifunctions and lastly, the decomposability property.

Mathematicians and students working in functional, convex and nonlinear analysis, differential inclusions and optimal control should find this book of interest. A good background in fixed point theory is assumed as is a background in topology.

There are many problems in nonlinear partial differential equations with delay which arise from, for example, physical models, biochemical models, and social models. Some of them can be formulated as nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional abstract spaces. Since Webb (1976) considered autonomous nonlinear functional evo lutions in infinite-dimensional real Hilbert spaces, many nonlinear an alysts have studied for the last nearly three decades autonomous non linear functional evolutions, non-autonomous nonlinear functional evo lutions and quasi-nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. The techniques developed for nonlinear evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces are applied. This book gives a detailed account of the recent state of theory of nonlinear functional evolutions associated with accretive operators in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Existence, uniqueness, and stability for 'solutions' of nonlinear func tional evolutions are considered. Solutions are presented by nonlinear semigroups, or evolution operators, or methods of lines, or inequalities by Benilan. This book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 contains some basic concepts and results in the theory of nonlinear operators and nonlinear evolutions in real Banach spaces, that play very important roles in the following three chapters. Chapter 2 deals with autonomous nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Chapter 3 is devoted to non-autonomous nonlinear functional evolu tions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Finally, in Chapter 4 quasi-nonlinear functional evolutions are con sidered in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces."

Written as a hybrid between a research monograph and a textbook the first half of this book is concerned with basic concepts for the study of Banach algebras that, in a sense, are not too far from being commutative. Essentially, the algebra under consideration either has a sufficiently large center or is subject to a higher order commutator property (an algebra with a so-called polynomial identity or in short: Pl-algebra). In the second half of the book, a number of selected examples are used to demonstrate how this theory can be successfully applied to problems in operator theory and numerical analysis.

Distinguished by the consequent use of local principles (non-commutative Gelfand theories), PI-algebras, Mellin techniques and limit operator techniques, each one of the applications presented in chapters 4, 5 and 6 forms a theory that is up to modern standards and interesting in its own right.

Written in a way that can be worked through by the reader with fundamental knowledge of analysis, functional analysis and algebra, this book will be accessible to 4th year students of mathematics or physics whilst also being of interest to researchers in the areas of operator theory, numerical analysis, and the general theory of Banach algebras.

Tauberian theory compares summability methods for series and integrals, helps to decide when there is convergence, and provides asymptotic and remainder estimates. The author shows the development of the theory from the beginning and his expert commentary evokes the excitement surrounding the early results. He shows the fascination of the difficult Hardy-Littlewood theorems and of an unexpected simple proof, and extolls Wiener's breakthrough based on Fourier theory. There are the spectacular "high-indices" theorems and Karamata's "regular variation," which permeates probability theory. The author presents Gelfand's elegant algebraic treatment of Wiener theory and his own distributional approach. There is also a new unified theory for Borel and "circle" methods. The text describes many Tauberian ways to the prime number theorem. A large bibliography and a substantial index round out the book.

It was noted in the preface of the book "Inequalities Involving Functions and Their Integrals and Derivatives," Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991, by D.S. Mitrinovic, J.E. Pecaric and A.M. Fink; since the writing of the classical book by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya (1934), the subject of differential and integral inequalities has grown by about 800%. Ten years on, we can confidently assert that this growth will increase even more significantly. Twenty pages of Chapter XV in the above mentioned book are devoted to integral inequalities involving functions with bounded derivatives, or, Ostrowski type inequalities. This is now itself a special domain of the Theory of Inequalities with many powerful results and a large number of applications in Numerical Integration, Probability Theory and Statistics, Information Theory and Integral Operator Theory. The main aim of the present book, jointly written by the members of the Vic toria University node of RGMIA (Research Group in Mathematical Inequali ties and Applications, http: I /rgmia. vu. edu. au) and Th. M. Rassias, is to present a selected number of results on Ostrowski type inequalities. Results for univariate and multivariate real functions and their natural applications in the error analysis of numerical quadrature for both simple and multiple integrals as well as for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral are given."

Stochastic analysis is a field of mathematical research having numerous interactions with other domains of mathematics such as partial differential equations, riemannian path spaces, dynamical systems, optimization. It also has many links with applications in engineering, finance, quantum physics, and other fields. This book covers recent and diverse aspects of stochastic and infinite-dimensional analysis. The included papers are written from a variety of standpoints (white noise analysis, Malliavin calculus, quantum stochastic calculus) by the contributors, and provide a broad coverage of the subject.

This volume will be useful to graduate students and research mathematicians wishing to get acquainted with recent developments in the field of stochastic analysis.

Classicalexamples of moreand more oscillatingreal-valued functions on a domain N ?of R are the functions u (x)=sin(nx)with x=(x ,...,x ) or the so-called n 1 1 n n+1 Rademacherfunctionson]0,1[,u (x)=r (x) = sgn(sin(2 ?x))(seelater3.1.4). n n They may appear as the gradients?v of minimizing sequences (v ) in some n n n?N variationalproblems. Intheseexamples,thefunctionu convergesinsomesenseto n ameasure on ? xR, called Young measure. In Functional Analysis formulation, this is the narrow convergence to of the image of the Lebesgue measure on ? by ? ? (?,u (?)). In the disintegrated form ( ) ,the parametrized measure n ? ??? ? captures the possible scattering of the u around ?. n Curiously if (X ) is a sequence of random variables deriving from indep- n n?N dent ones, the n-th one may appear more and more far from the k ?rst ones as 2 if it was oscillating (think of orthonormal vectors in L which converge weakly to 0). More precisely when the laws L(X ) narrowly converge to some probability n measure , it often happens that for any k and any A in the algebra generated by X ,...,X , the conditional law L(X|A) still converges to (see Chapter 9) 1 k n which means 1 ??? C (R) ?(X (?))dP(?)?? ?d b n P(A) A R or equivalently, ? denoting the image of P by ? ? (?,X (?)), n X n (1l ??)d? ?? (1l ??)d[P? ].

This volume presents a unified approach to constructing iterative methods for solving irregular operator equations and provides rigorous theoretical analysis for several classes of these methods. The analysis of methods includes convergence theorems as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for their convergence at a given rate. The principal groups of methods studied in the book are iterative processes based on the technique of universal linear approximations, stable gradient-type processes, and methods of stable continuous approximations. Compared to existing monographs and textbooks on ill-posed problems, the main distinguishing feature of the presented approach is that it doesn't require any structural conditions on equations under consideration, except for standard smoothness conditions. This allows to obtain in a uniform style stable iterative methods applicable to wide classes of nonlinear inverse problems. Practical efficiency of suggested algorithms is illustrated in application to inverse problems of potential theory and acoustic scattering.

The volume can be read by anyone with a basic knowledge of functional analysis.

The book will be of interest to applied mathematicians and specialists in mathematical modeling and inverse problems.

This book is an outgrowth of ideas originating from 1. Kluvanek. Unfortunately, Professor Kluvanek did not live to contribute to the project of writing up in a systematic form, the circle of ideas to which the present work is devoted. It is more than likely that with his input, the approach and areas of emphasis of the resulting exposition would have been quite different from what we have here. Nevertheless, the stamp of Kluvanek's thought and philosophy (but not necessarily his approval) abounds throughout this book. Although the title gives no indication, integration theory in vector spaces is a cen tral topic of this work. However, the various notions of integration developed here are intimately connected with a specific application-the representation of evolutions by func tional integrals. The representation of a perturbation to the heat semigroup in terms of Wiener measure is known as the Feynman-Kac formula, but the term has a wider meaning in the present work. Traditionally, such representations have been used to obtain analytic information about perturbations to free evolutions as an alternative to arguments with a more operator-theoretic flavour. No applications of this type are given here. It is an un derlying assumption of the presentation of this material that representations of the nature of the Feynman-Kac formula are worth obtaining, and in the process of obtaining them, we may be led to new, possibly fertile mathematical structures-a view largely motivated by the pervasive use of path integrals in quantum physics."

Variational and boundary integral equation techniques are two of the most useful methods for solving time-dependent problems described by systems of equations of the form 2 ? u = Au, 2 't 2 where u = u(x, t) is a vector-valued function, x is a point in a domain inR or 3 R, and A is a linear elliptic di?erential operator. To facilitate a better und- standing of these two types of methods, below we propose to illustrate their mechanisms in action on a speci?c mathematical model rather than in a more impersonal abstract setting. For this purpose, we have chosen the hyperbolic system of partial di?erential equations governing the nonstationary bending of elastic plates with transverse shear deformation. The reason for our choice is twofold. On the one hand, in a certain sense this is a "hybrid" system, c- sistingofthreeequationsforthreeunknownfunctionsinonlytwoindependent variables, which makes it more unusual-and thereby more interesting to the analyst-than other systems arising in solid mechanics. On the other hand, this particular plate model has received very little attention compared to the so-called classical one, based on Kirchho?'s simplifying hypotheses, although, as acknowledged by practitioners, it represents a substantial re?nement of the latter and therefore needs a rigorous discussion of the existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence of its solution on the data before any construction of numerical approximation algorithms can be contemplated.

This book contains some of the contributions that have been carefully selected and peer-reviewed, which were presented at the International Symposium MME06 Mathematical Methods in Engineering, held in Cankaya University, Ankara, April 2006. The Symposium provided a setting for discussing recent developments in Fractional Mathematics, Neutrices and Generalized Functions, Boundary Value Problems, Applications of Wavelets, Dynamical Systems and Control Theory.

Based on a course given to talented high-school students at Ohio University in 1988, this book is essentially an advanced undergraduate textbook about the mathematics of fractal geometry. It nicely bridges the gap between traditional books on topology/analysis and more specialized treatises on fractal geometry. The book treats such topics as metric spaces, measure theory, dimension theory, and even some algebraic topology. It takes into account developments in the subject matter since 1990. Sections are clear and focused. The book contains plenty of examples, exercises, and good illustrations of fractals, including 16 color plates.

Interpolation of functions is one of the basic part of Approximation Theory. There are many books on approximation theory, including interpolation methods that - peared in the last fty years, but a few of them are devoted only to interpolation processes. An example is the book of J. Szabados and P. Vertesi: Interpolation of Functions, published in 1990 by World Scienti c. Also, two books deal with a special interpolation problem, the so-called Birkhoff interpolation, written by G.G. Lorentz, K. Jetter, S.D. Riemenschneider (1983) and Y.G. Shi (2003). The classical books on interpolation address numerous negative results, i.e., - sultsondivergentinterpolationprocesses, usuallyconstructedoversomeequidistant system of nodes. The present book deals mainly with new results on convergent - terpolation processes in uniform norm, for algebraic and trigonometric polynomials, not yet published in other textbooks and monographs on approximation theory and numerical mathematics. Basic tools in this eld (orthogonal polynomials, moduli of smoothness, K-functionals, etc.), as well as some selected applications in numerical integration, integral equations, moment-preserving approximation and summation of slowly convergent series are also given. The rstchapterprovidesanaccountofbasicfactsonapproximationbyalgebraic and trigonometric polynomials introducing the most important concepts on appro- mation of functions. Especially, in Sect. 1.4 we give basic results on interpolation by algebraic polynomials, including representations and computation of interpolation polynomials, Lagrange operators, interpolation errors and uniform convergence in some important classes of functions, as well as an account on the Lebesgue function and some estimates for the Lebesgue constant.

Since from more than a century, the study of various types of integral equations and inequalities has been focus of great attention by many researchers, interested both in theory and its applications. In particular, there exists a very rich literature related to the integral equations and inequalities and their applications. The present monograph is an attempt to organize recent progress related to the Multidimensional integral equations and inequalities, which we hope will widen the scope of their new applications. The field to be covered is extremely wide and it is nearly impossible to treat all of them here. The material included in the monograph is recent and hard to find in other books. It is accessible to any reader with reasonable background in real analysis and acquaintance with its related areas. All results are presented in an elementary way and the book could also serve as a textbook for an advanced graduate course. The book deserves a warm welcome to those who wish to learn the subject and it will also be most valuable as a source of reference in the field. It will be an invaluable reading for mathematicians, physicists and engineers and also for graduate students, scientists and scholars wishing to keep abreast of this important area of research.

The expression of uncertainty in measurement poses a challenge since it involves physical, mathematical, and philosophical issues. This problem is intensified by the limitations of the probabilistic approach used by the current standard (the GUM Instrumentation Standard). This text presents an alternative approach. It makes full use of the mathematical theory of evidence to express the uncertainty in measurements. Coverage provides an overview of the current standard, then pinpoints and constructively resolves its limitations. Numerous examples throughout help explain the book 's unique approach.

This volume contains 23 articles on algebraic analysis of differential equations and related topics, most of which were presented as papers at the conference "Algebraic Analysis of Differential Equations - from Microlocal Analysis to Exponential Asymptotics" at Kyoto University in 2005. This volume is dedicated to Professor Takahiro Kawai, who is one of the creators of microlocal analysis and who introduced the technique of microlocal analysis into exponential asymptotics.

This book lays the foundations for a theory on almost periodic stochastic processes and their applications to various stochastic differential equations, functional differential equations with delay, partial differential equations, and difference equations. It is in part a sequel of authors recent work on almost periodic stochastic difference and differential equations and has the particularity to be the first book that is entirely devoted to almost periodic random processes and their applications. The topics treated in it range from existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions for abstract stochastic difference and differential equations.