This is the Second Edition of Nathan Brody's popular book Intelligence, originally published in 1976. It presents a comprehensive review of contemporary research in this field, including coverage of such controversial topics as the genetic and environmental influences on IQ and individual and group differences in intelligence. The book also discusses both the psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence as well as new theories in the field.
Key Features
* Discusses both the psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence
* Provides a comprehensive review of contemporary research in this realm
* Covers new theories of intelligence

The author of the acclaimed Gay Fiction Speaks brings us new interviews with twelve prominent gay writers who have emerged in the last decade. Hear Us Out demonstrates how in recent decades the canon of gay fiction has developed, diversified, and expanded its audience into the mainstream. Readers will recognize names like Michael Cunningham, whose Pulitzer Prize--winning novel The Hours inspired the hit movie; and others like Christopher Bram, Bernard Cooper, Stephen McCauley, and Matthew Stadler. These accounts explore the vicissitudes of writing on gay male themes in fiction over the last thirty years -- prejudices of the literary marketplace; social and political questions; the impact of AIDS; commonalities between gay male and lesbian fiction...and even some delectable bits of gossip.

Two dozen brief essays by the foremost experts in the field are presented in this volume. Each researcher comments on the nature of intelligence, its measurement, and the future of research in the field, bringing his or her own perspective to bear on the issues. Truly diverse viewpoints are represented: cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psychometrics, artifical intelligence, cross-cultural psychology, educational psychology, and differential psychology. An introduction that sets an historical and philosophical context, and two essays that interrelate the contributions, complete the volume.

Today, it is considered that intelligence includes at least two skills: the ability to memorize and store knowledge, and the ability to process knowledge. The person (or machine) without any knowledge cannot be considered intelligent. The ability of learning - acquisition of new knowledge, is also one of the aspects of the intelligence, although we can classify it as an ability to solve problems. As an "intelligent feature" we can also consider the ability to communicate with other intelligent beings. For the concept of intelligence - two questions are essential: the question of knowledge and the reasoning (making conclusions), and, this corresponds to the terms of a knowledge base and a reasoning process. The component of reasoning (inference) also represents a kind of knowledge - it is knowledge about the process of carrying out new information from an existing knowledge base. This edition covers different topics from bio-intelligence science, and application of bio-intelligence in different domains - the bio-medical domain, the learning, the medicine etc. Section 1 focuses on biological aspects of the intelligence, describing biological vs. artificial intelligence, brain as an emergent finite automaton, biological neural network structure and spike activity prediction based on multi-neuron spike train data, an experiment in use of brain computer interfaces for cognitive researches, and chessboard model of human brain and an application on memory capacity. Section 2 focuses on topics from neuroscience, describing patterns discovery in brain signals using decision trees, an interactive immersive tool for brain education, art, and neuro-therapy, analyzing brain functions by subject classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy data using convolutional neural networks analysis, modeling neuromorphic persistent firing networks, and creativity as central to critical reasoning and the facilitative role of moral education. Section 3 focuses on pattern recognition in neuro and medical applications, describing Brain-k for structural image processing: creating electrical models of the human head, application of machine learning in postural control kinematics for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and semi supervised clustering by iterative partition and regression with neuroscience applications.Section 4 focuses on neural networks applications, describing quantum-inspired neural networks with application, training feedforward neural networks using symbiotic organisms search algorithm, artificial intelligence for speech recognition based on neural networks, and deep recurrent neural network-based auto-encoders for acoustic novelty detection.

In this book, eminent educational philosopher Nel Noddings and daughter Laurie Brooks explain how teachers can foster critical thinking through the exploration of controversial issues. The emphasis is on the use of critical thinking to understand and collaborate, not simply to win arguments. The authors describe how critical thinking that encourages dialogue across the school disciplines and across social/economic classes prepares students for participation in democracy. They offer specific, concrete strategies for addressing a variety of issues related to authority, religion, gender, race, media, sports, entertainment, class and poverty, capitalism and socialism, and equality and justice. The goal is to develop individuals who can examine their own beliefs, those of their own and other groups, and those of their nation, and can do so with respect and understanding for others' values. Book Features: Underscores the necessity of moral commitment in the use of critical thinking. Offers assistance for handling controversial issues that many teachers find unsettling. Proposes a way for students and teachers to work together across the disciplines.

John Broome has made major contributions to, and radical innovations in, contemporary moral philosophy. His research combines the formal method of economics with philosophical analysis. Broome's works stretch over formal axiology, decision theory, philosophy of economics, population axiology, the value of life, the ethics of climate change, the nature of rationality, and practical and theoretical reasoning. Weighing and Reasoning brings together fifteen original essays from leading philosophers who have been influenced by the work and thought of John Broome. It aims to offer a comprehensive evaluation of Broome's wide-ranging and far-reaching philosophical works over the past thirty years. The volume comprises two parts. The first part is focused on Broome's work on the theory of value, as exemplified in his books Weighing Goods, Weighing Lives, Economics out of Economics, and Climate Matters. The second part is focused on his work on practical and theoretical reasoning, which culminated in his Rationality through Reasoning. This volume also includes a piece by Broome on his intellectual history to date.

Critical Reasoning & Philosophy has been praised as an innovative and clearly written handbook that teaches new philosophy students how to read, evaluate, and write in a critical manner. Concise, accessible language and ample use of examples and study modules help students gain the basic knowledge necessary to succeed in undergraduate philosophy courses, and to apply that knowledge to achieve success in other disciplines as well. With a reorganized presentation, fresh modules, new examples and illustrations, the second edition is even more clear and accessible to students.

Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on United States soil, the intelligence community has been scrutinized on how it performs its functions. Consequently, the 9/11 Commission made several recommendations on how to improve the quality of intelligence analysis. Those charges and the United States' involvement in a war in Iraq have spawned additional charges of the politicization of intelligence. All this is being played out as the Intelligence Community has reformed and reconfigured itself with newly created departments supported by an expanded and inexperienced workforce that was never envisioned when the intelligence community was formally established in 1947. First published in the 1970s, the classic book An Introduction to Intelligence Research and Analysis was used by intelligence analysts to track and monitor the Communist threat. Although today's environment has changed considerably since the Cold War, intelligence analysts still need to understand the basics of intelligence analysis. The book focuses on how to do research, what qualities are needed to be an intelligence analyst, and what methods can be employed to help in producing products. To avoid politicization, intelligence analysts should strive to become more transparent in their methodology of how they arrived at their conclusions. Intelligence Research and Analysis provides several methods to assist in that end.

Psychology is a comparatively young science. From its origins in the psychophysics laboratories of late 19th century Germany, it made great strides throughout the 20th century, and can now be considered one of the most rapidly growing of the sciences, as evidenced by the enormous growth at both undergraduate level and research level.
This book takes a step back to consider just how we got to where we are in psychology. It brings together some of the leading and most influential figures from the past 50 years, covering neuropsychology, social psychology, experimental psychology, perception, physiology and many others. Each contributor considers the path their own field has taken - both the advances, and the set-backs. They look at how their area has changed - how it might have been 'in vogue' one day, and out of fashion the next. The accounts are personal, witty, and provide a much needed stock-take of just where psychology stands at the start of the 21st century, and where it might be heading in the coming years.
Highly accessible, the book will make fascinating reading for anyone at all interested in psychology and its history- from students upwards, as well as those more broadly interested in the study of the mind.

The cognitive and neural sciences have been on the brink of a paradigm shift for over a decade now. The traditional information-processing framework in psychology, with its computer metaphor of the mind, is still considered to be the mainstream approach. However, the dynamical-systems perspective on mental activity is now receiving a more rigorous treatment, allowing it to move beyond the trendy buzzwords that have become associated with it. The Continuity of Mind will help to galvanize the forces of dynamical systems theory, cognitive and computational neuroscience, connectionism, and ecological psychology that are needed to complete this paradigm shift.
In this book, Michael Spivey lays bare the fact that comprehending a spoken sentence, understanding a visual scene, or just thinking about the day's events involves the coalescing of different neuronal activation patterns over time, i.e., a continuous state-space trajectory that flirts with a series of point attractors. As a result, the brain cannot help but spend most of its time instantiating patterns of activity that are in between identifiable mental states rather than in them. When this scenario is combined with the fact that most cognitive processes are richly embedded in their environmental context in real time, the state space (in which brief visitations of attractor basins are your 'thoughts') suddenly encompasses not just neuronal dimensions, but extends to biomechanical and environmental dimensions as well. As a result, your moment-by-moment experience of the world around you, even right now, can be described as a continuous trajectory through a high-dimensional state space that comprises diverse mental states.
Spivey has organized The Continuity of Mind to present a systematic overview of how perception, cognition, and action are partially overlapping segments of one continuous mental flow, rather than three distinct mental systems. As a result, the apparent partitions that were once thought to separate mental constructs inevitably turn out, upon closer inspection, to be fuzzy graded transitions. The initial chapters provide first-hand demonstrations of the 'gray areas' in mental activity that happen in between discretely labeled mental events, as well as geometric visualizations of attractors in state space that make the dynamical-systems framework seem less mathematically abstract. The middle chapters present scores of behavioral and neurophysiological studies that portray the continuous temporal dynamics inherent in categorization, language comprehension, visual perception, as well as attention, action, and reasoning. The final chapters discuss what the mind itself must look like if its activity is continuous in time and its contents are distributed in state space. The Continuity of Mind is essential reading for those in the cognitive and neural sciences who want to see where the Dynamical Cognition movement is taking us.

Problem solving is implicit in the very nature of all science, and virtually all scientists are hired, retained, and rewarded for solving problems. Although the need for skilled problem solvers has never been greater, there is a growing disconnect between the need for problem solvers and the educational capacity to prepare them. "Learning to Solve Complex Scientific Problems "is an immensely useful read offering the insights of cognitive scientists and engineering and science educators who explain methods for helping students solve the complexities of everyday, scientific problems.
 
Important features of this volume include discussions on:
*how problems are represented by the problem solvers and how perception, attention, memory, and various forms of reasoning impact the management of information and the search for solutions;
*how academics have applied lessons from cognitive science to better prepare students to solve complex scientific problems;
*gender issues in science and engineering classrooms; and
*questions to guide future problem-solving research.
 
The innovative methods explored in this practical volume will be of significant value to science and engineering educators and researchers, as well as to instructional designers.

The rational analysis method, first proposed by John R. Anderson, has been enormously influential in helping us understand high-level cognitive processes.
The Probabilistic Mind is a follow-up to the influential and highly cited 'Rational Models of Cognition' (OUP, 1998). It brings together developments in understanding how, and how far, high-level cognitive processes can be understood in rational terms, and particularly using probabilistic Bayesian methods. It synthesizes and evaluates the progress in the past decade, taking into account developments in Bayesian statistics, statistical analysis of the cognitive 'environment' and a variety of theoretical and experimental lines of research. The scope of the book is broad, covering important recent work in reasoning, decision making, categorization, and memory. Including chapters from many of the leading figures in this field,
The Probabilistic Mind will be valuable for psychologists and philosophers interested in cognition.

A. W. Price explores the varying ways in which context is relevant to our reasoning about what to do. He investigates the role of context in our interpretation and assessment of practical inferences (especially from one intention to another), practical judgements (especially involving the term "ought"), inferences from conditional "ought"-judgements, and the ascription to agents of reasons for action. Practical inferences are subject not to a special logic, but to a teleology that they share with action itself. Their inherent purpose is to forward an end of action, and not to be logically valid. Practical judgments are commonly to be understood relatively to an implicit context of goals and circumstances. Apparently conflicting or imprudent "oughts" can show up as true once they are interpreted contextually, with an eye to different ends, and different aspects of a situation. This makes acceptable certain patterns of inference that would otherwise license counter-intuitive conclusions. What reasons for action are ascribable to an agent depends both on the context of action, and on the deliberative context. Facts tell in favor of actions against a background of particular circumstances, and in ways whose relevance to an ascription to an agent of a reason for action depends upon the perspective within which the ascription is made.

"The Mental Models Theory of Reasoning" presents theoretical and empirical research on an area of growing interest, the status of mental models in deductive reasoning. As research in the framework of the mental models theory flourishes, this book answers a need to assess the contribution of the notion of training and content. It covers the central issues of propositional, relational, causal and probabilistic reasoning, and argumentation and development. In addition, this work presents data regarding strategies, argumentation, and the development of reasoning.
 
Special features of this text include:
*sharp theoretical analyses as well as important new empirical data offered by theorists who work in the framework of the mental models theory;
*a critical and empirically driven account of content effects in conditional and linear reasoning; and
*an original account on the influence of pragmatics on reasoning.
 
"The Mental Models Theory of Reasoning "will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of cognitive psychology, and will be valuable to individuals working in Artificial Intelligence, as it highlights theoretical and empirical data on how humans use mental models when tackling deductive puzzles.

The years 1945-61 saw the greatest transformation in weaponry that has ever taken place, as atomic and thermonuclear bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles and chemical and biological weapons were developed by the superpowers. It was also a distinct era in Western intelligence collection. These were the years of the Germans. Mass interrogation in West Germany and spying in East Germany represented the most important source of intelligence on Soviet war-related science, weapons development and military capability until 1956 and a key one until 1961. This intelligence fuelled the arms race and influenced Western scientific research, weapons development, and intelligence collection. Using intelligence and policy documents held in British and US archives and records of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), this book is the most penetrating study of the scientific intelligence-gathering and subversive operations of the British, US, and West German intelligence services in the period to date. East Germany's scientific potential was contained by inducing leading scientists and engineers to defect to the West, and Paul Maddrell shows that the US Government's policy of 'containment' was more aggressive than has hitherto been accepted. He also demonstrates that the Western secret services' espionage in the GDR was very successful, even though the MfS and KGB achieved triumphs against them. George Blake twice did appalling damage the MI6's spy networks. The book reveals the identity of the most distinguished scientist to spy for the CIA as yet uncovered.

The testing of intelligence has a long and controversial history. Claims that it is a pseudo-science or a weapon of ideological warfare have been commonplace and there is not even a consensus as to whether intelligence exists and, if it does, whether it can be measured. As a result the debate about it has centred on the nurture versus nature controversy and especially on alleged racial differences and the heritability of intelligence - all of which have major policy implications. This book aims to penetrate the mists of controversy, ideology and prejudice by providing a clear non-mathematical framework for the definition and measurement of intelligence derived from modern factor analysis. Building on this framework and drawing on everyday ideas the author address key controversies in a clear and accessible style and explores some of the claims made by well known writers in the field such as Stephen Jay Gould and Michael Howe.

'If' is one of the most important and interesting words in the English language. It is used to express hypothetical thought - an essential part of human reasoning and decision making. This type of thought occurs wherever there is uncertainty, and uncertainty is everywhere in our lives. The use of conditional terms such as 'if' also distinguishes human intelligence from that of all other animals, permitting a higher level of rationality in human reasoning and decision making. Until now, such conditionals have been the subject of independent study by psychologists and philosophers. In this volume, Jonathan Evans and David Over present a new theoretical approach to understanding hypothetical thought. The book draws on studies from the psychology of judgement and decision making, as well as philosophical logic. A new volume in the acclaimed Oxford Cognitive Science series, 'If' will be an important book for both psychologists and philosophers interested in human reasoning. Advance praise for If: "This book brings together a wealth of work in cognitive psychology and will be valuable to both psychologists and philosophers. There is not, as far as I know, another book which covers this ground." Professor Dorothy Edgington, Dept of Philosophy, University of Oxford "This is a wonderful book. It is excellently written and provides convincing arguments for a new perspective on conditionals." Dr Klaus Oberauer, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Germany

WJ III Clinical Use and Interpretation presents a wide variety of clinical applications of the WJ III from leading experts. Each chapter will provide the reader with insights into patterns of cluster and test scores from both the WJ III "Tests of Cognitive Abilities" and WJ III "Tests of Achievement" that can assist with interpretation and formulation of diagnostic hypotheses for clinical practice. WJ III Clinical Use and Interpretation provides expert guidance for using the WJ III with individuals with a broad array of learning and neuropsychological problems, including learning disabilities and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. New research included in this volume emphasizes the value of the WJ III for identification of gifted children and adolescents and young children with developmental delays.
* Written by the leading experts on the WJ III
* Coverage of both the "Tests of Cognitive Abilities" and "Tests of Achievement"
* Provides expert guidance on using the WJ III with a variety of clinical populations
* Includes new research and illustrative case studies
* Goes beyond interpretive material published in the Examiner's Manuals and other resource books

This thought provoking volume critically examines the terms 'race' and 'IQ' and their application in scientific discourse. The essayists draw on fields ranging from biology and genetics to psychology, anthropology, and education. Emerging from the essays is a deep skepticism about the scientific validity of intelligence tests, owing to the fact that scientists still cannot distinguish between genetic and environmental contributions to the development of the human mind. Five new essays have been included that specificially address the claims made in the recent, highly controversial book, The Bell Curve.

This book argues that critical realism offers the theory of cognitive rationality a real way of overcoming the limitations of methodological individualism by recognising both the agents' - and the social structure's - causal powers and liabilities. Cynthia Lins Hamlin persuasively argues that critical realism represents a better safeguard against the relativism which springs from the conflation of social reality and our ideas about it.
This is an important book for sociologists and anyone working in the social sciences, and for all those concerned with the methodology, and philosophy, of social science.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203167538

Simon Blackburn puts forward a compelling original philosophy of human motivation and morality. He maintains that we cannot get clear about ethics until we get clear about human nature. So these are the sorts of questions he addresses: Why do we behave as we do? Can we improve? Is our ethics at war with our passions, or is it an upshot of those passions? Blackburn seeks the answers in an exploration of guilt, shame, disgust, and other moral emotions; he draws also on game theory and cognitive science in his account of the structures of human motivation. Ruling Passions sets ethics in the context of human nature: it offers a solution to the puzzle of how ethics can maintain its authority even though it is rooted in the very emotions and motivations that it exists to control.

Why do we behave as we do? Can we improve? Is our ethics at war with our passions, or is it an upshot of those passions? In this compelling new account of human reason and morality, Simon Blackburn seeks the answers to such questions by exploring the nature of moral emotions and the structures of human motivation. His theory is naturalistic: it integrates our understanding of ethics with the rest of our understanding of the world we live in. But he does not debunk the ethical by reducing it to the non-ethical, and he banishes the spectres of scepticism and relativism that have haunted recent moral philosophy. Ruling Passions reveals how ethics can maintain its authority even though it is rooted in the very emotions and motivations that it exists to control.

`In this remarkably economical, clear and informed book, Mike Howe... sets about unravelling the formidable semantic, logical and empirical knots into which IQ testers and their supporters have tied themselves.... Howe suggests that we have, for decades, been asking the wrong kinds of questions. He points to the number of alternative, theoretically richer, views of human intelligence that don't reduce all to a single dimension... this is rendered with an easy, readable style which assumes no previous technical knowledge' - British Journal of Educational Psychology In this provocative and accessible book, Michael Howe exposes serious flaws in our most widely accepted beliefs about intelligence. He shows that crucial assumptions are simply wrong and have had destructive social consequences. IQ is real enough, but the common idea that a quality of intelligence is the underlying cause of people's differing abilities is based on poor science as well as faulty reasoning. Offering a powerful case for a better understanding of human intelligence, IQ in Question contradicts erroneous and destructive claims such as: IQ tests provide a measure of inherent mental capacities; intelligence and `race' are linked; IQ measures are good predictors of a person's success; intelligence cannot be changed; there is a `gene for intelligence'; and low IQ always means restricted capabilities.

Ceci argues that traditional conceptions of intelligence ignore the role of society in shaping intelligence and underestimate the intelligence of non-Western societies. He puts forth a "bio-ecological" framework of individual differences in intellectual development that is intended to address some of the major deficiencies of extant theories of intelligence. The focus is on alternative interpretations of phenomena that emerge when implicit assumptions of intelligence researchers are challenged.

This book describes a method for building real-world problem solving systems such as medical diagnostic procedures and intelligent controllers for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and other robots. The approach taken is different from other work reported in the artificial intelligence literature in several respects:
* It defines "schema-based reasoning, " in which schemas -- explicitly declared packets of related knowledge -- are used to control not only the reasoner's planning, but also all other facets of its behavior.
* It is a kind of reactive reasoning that the author calls "adaptive problem solving" -- the reasoner maintains commitments to future goals but is able to change its focus of attention as the problem-solving situation requires.
* It is a "context-sensitive" reasoning method. Every decision it makes relies on the use of contextual knowledge to be appropriate for the current problem-solving situation. Furthermore, context is represented explicitly; by always keeping a current representation of the context in mind, the reasoner's behavior is automatically sensitive to the context with very little work needed per decision.
* Schema-based reasoning -- a generalization of case-based reasoning -- extends the usual idea of case-based reasoning to encompass all aspects of the reasoner's behavior, and it extends it to make use of generalized "cases" (i.e., schemas) rather than particular cases, thus saving effort needed to transfer knowledge from an old case to a new situation.
Though the work originated in the domain of medical diagnostic problem solving, treating diagnosis as a planning task, it is even more appropriate for controlling autonomous systems. The author is currently extending the approach by creating a robust controller for long-range autonomous underwater vehicles that will be used to carry out ocean science missions.