MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery will be the first publication on this new technology, and will present a variety of current and future clinical applications in tumor ablation treatment. This source helps surgeons and specialists evaluate, analyze, and utilize MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery - bridging the gap between phase 3 clinical trials and the expansion to the clinical practice - by exploring fundamental principles and future clinical applications using this new therapeutic method.

Angiocardiography has undergone tremendous development. It currently repre- sents the imaging system offering the highest resolution and greatest detail information. A widely applicable, complex technique able to meet high standards was required by the increasing number of coronary bypass interventions as well as by the advent of interventional catheter techniques, such as transluminal per- cutaneous catheter balloon dilatation, recanalization techniques, and intracoro- nary thrombolytic procedures. At the same time, improved image resolution began to furnish information on intracoronary flow dynamics and anatomy, thereby opening a new avenue of acquiring prognostically and therapeutically important pathophysiologic information. In spite of rapid improvements in the equipment, there are still demands for improved resolution, image quality, and methods of image processing. In this situation, the need was felt to describe the current status of equipment, angiocardiographic systems, image intensifiers, photographic materials, and processing techniques. Furthermore, the attempt was made to describe evalua- tion techniques using manual or computer-assisted semi- or fully automated procedures to estimate left ventricular volumes, ventricular mass, cardiac func- tion, anatomy, and flow dynamics of the coronary arterial system. This book assembles original work presented at a symposium held by the European Soci- ety of Cardiology, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Herz-und Kreisiaufforschung, and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Biomedizinische Technik. It was the aim of the symposium to outline the current state of the art and to define a process for further improvement.

As with the introduction of x -ray computed tomography, much of the initial development of magnetic resonance applications tended to focus on the central nervous system. The development of magnetic resonance imaging applications to other organ systems such as the chest, abdomen, pelvis and extremities has lagged somewhat behind, awaiting technical improvements, and a broader user base. The past two years have seen a marked increase in imaging applications throughout the body, most notably the musculoskeletal system. It is in this regard, that MRI of the Body is a welcome arrival as a text which describes both basic principles of magnetic resonance ima ging and surveys the current status of magnetic resonance imaging applications throughout the body. The volume is concise, focused, clinically oriented, and abun dantly illustrated. In each organ system, the appropriate technical approach is discussed, the normal anatomic features are reviewed, and the range of pathologic appearances which may be encountered are described. The authors of the chapters provide a balanced overview of MR applications and describe both present limitations and future potential of magnetic resonance imaging applications in the organ system described.

In the past, for the most part, people who moved into management positions in medical imaging were chosen because they were the best technologists. However, the skill set for technologists and supervisors/managers are vastly different. Even an MBA-educated person may not be ready to take on imaging management. As an example, when buying a very expensive piece of imaging equipment, this person would not necessarily know the right questions to ask, such as: What is my guaranteed uptime? Is technologist training included? Introduction to Medical Imaging Management is a comprehensive reference for medical imaging managers learning through a combination of education and experience. This thorough book provides an in-depth overview of every major facet pertaining to the knowledge and skills necessary to become a department or imaging center supervisor or manager. The text follows a natural progression from transitioning into a management position and dealing with former peers through the most sophisticated skills uniquely applicable to medical imaging management. Covering all aspects of the profession-operations, human resources, finance, and marketing-this reference is a must-have for any potential, new, or less experienced imaging manager.

In the last ten years the pediatric neurosurgeon has witnessed a real revolution in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus, the most frequently encountered condition in everyday clinical practice. The evolution of MRI and the advent of neuroendoscopic surgery have resuscitated the interest in the classification, etiology and pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. The book offers an updated overview on the recent progress in this field, and a new approach to hydrocephalus: the reader will find in it a modern and new presentation of an old disease, where genetics, endoscopy, cost-effectiveness analyses and many other aspects of the various therapies are extensively discussed. The volume will be useful not only for neurosurgeons, but for all specialists interested in the various aspects of hydrocephalus: pediatricians, radiologists, endocrinologists, pathologists and geneticists.

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series devoted to Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. The fact that the English language is well on the way to becoming the international medium at European scientific conferences is a great asset in terms of mutual understanding. Therefore we have decided to publish all contributions in English, regardless of the native language of the authors. All contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before publication of any volume. Our series is not intended to compete with the publications of original scientific papers in other neurosurgical journals. Our intention is, rather, to present fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent advances have been made. The contributions are written by specialists in the given fields and constitute the first part of each volume. In the second part of each volume, we publish detailed descriptions of standard operative procedures, furnished by experienced clinicians; in these articles the authors describe the techniques they employ and explain the advantages, difficulties and risks involved in the various procedures. This part is intended primarily to assist young neurosurgeons in their post graduate training. However, we are convinced that it will also be useful to experienced, fully trained neurosurgeons."

More than ten years have elapsed since the publication of the first edition of Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions of Bone and Joints in 1981. During this period significant progress has been made in diagnosis, and particularly in staging and treatment of bone tumors. In most centers, limb-sparing surgery has replaced the more radical ablative surgery, with or without preoperative chemotherapy. This became possible due to the introduction and increased application of newer high-quality imaging techniques (CT and MRI) and in particular the use of new cytomorphologic methods of diagnosis, especially immunohisto chemistry. These advances in diagnosis and treatment have been reflected by the publication of new editions of several important text books, since their authors - pathologists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists - felt the necessity of updating their works in recent years. However, in these publications different criteria of classification were adopted. The number of cases compiled at the Latin American Registry of Bone Pathology increased from 4913 primary bone tumors and more than 1100 tumorlike lesions at the time of publication of the first edition of this book, to 5274 bone tumors and 1665 tumorlike lesions by the end of December 1985, when I finished my work as head of the Registry and occupied the positions of Professor of Orthopedic Pathology at St. Louis University Medical Center and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago.

Radiologic investigations can be confusing to clinicians and radiologists alike. Questions invariably arise as to which type of imaging study best answers the clinical question posed. Once a modality is determined, decisions must be made regarding the technical manner in which the study is performed and if intravenous contrast is required. Patient factors, risks, benefits, and other variables must also be considered. This pocket guide is written for anyone who needs to understand enough about radiology to know which study to order in a patient workup. The book addresses imaging studies by modality, body region, and type of study in bulleted outline format for easy reference. General considerations for each modality including advantages and disadvantages are presented, followed by patient preparation and requirements for each type of examination. Dr. Catanzano explains how specific studies are performed and what information can be obtained, study indications, contraindications, and limitations. The book also includes an appendix of tables.

Imaging studies provide crucial information on disease extent in head and neck malignancies. A thorough knowledge of the loco-regional anatomy of this complex area and a proper understanding of the natural disease spread pattern are prerequisites in the interpretation of these imaging studies. Tumor extent influences tumor staging, predicts outcome and influences treatment choices. Knowledge of the different treatment options and expected post-therapeutic tissue changes are also critical in order to use imaging adequately in the surveillance of these patients. After an introductory chapter on epidemiology and clinical signs, this book reviews the pertinent imaging findings for each of the major anatomical subsites. Emphasis is on CT and MRI, but PET and ultrasound are also discussed where appropriate. Reviews on modern surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques are included, helping the reader to understand post-treatment tissue changes and how to differentiate these from tumor recurrence or treatment complications.

The present volume is the results of 6 years' work by our team, during which time 2300 CT scans of the pituitary region were carried out. This was made possible by the close collaboration between physicians and technicians in our neuroradiological department, as well as by numerous corresponding physi cians. We wish to express our gratitude for their confidence and our sincere thanks to our colleagues at Besan90n, Dijon, Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, and Strasbourg. Furthermore, we especially wish to thank the patients who willingly accepted the difficult requirements of these studies. We are grateful to the technicians at the Neuroradiology Department of the Centre Hospitalier et U niversitaire de Besan90n, who have perfected the methodology so as to meet the ever increasing imperatives for precise anatomical mapping of the pituitary gland and the surrounding region; without their efforts, this book would never have been possible. Finally, we wish to express our thanks to the medical photographer of our group, as well as the secretarial staff for their contribution to the successful production of this work. We thank Labora toires Guerbet and General Electric for their excellent assistance, and Springer Verlag for their care and competence in the production of this book. In writing Computed Tomography of the Pituitary Gland, we have sought to develop morphological study of the pituitary gland to a degree of reliability comparable to that of laboratory findings in endocrine disorders.

The seminar on "The application of NMR techniques on the body composition of live animals," was held on 14 - 15 lune, 1988 at the Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft (FAL), Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierverhalten, Mariensee, Germany. This was the third in aseries of meetings organized in the framework of the European Communities (EC) programme for the coordination of agricultural research. The earlier meetings were on "In vivo estimation of body composition," in 1981 in Denmark, and "In vivo measurements of body composition in meat animals," in 1983 in the UK.. The emphasis of the Mariensee meeting on the application of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques benefitted greatly from new equipment just installed at the Institute. Furthermore it was made clear that this type of large-scale facility, which is not readily found elsewhere, could be made available to promote international collaboration in animal science. After discussing the basic principles of the NMR technique and comparing it with alternative, non-destructive methods of body composition analyses, the programme of the Mariensee group was discussed. The obvious advantages of the NMR technique were acknowledged and will clearly have to be weighed against the rather high investment costs for the equipment at present."

Central nervous system (CNS) infections continue to pose a serious problem in health care even with improved knowledge and treatment. Despite the introduction of newer antimicrobial agents and diagnostic techniques, the morbidity and mortality associated with CNS infections remain high. The morbidity associated with CNS infections may be even more important than the death rate especially in developing countries as neurological sequelae may deprive the survivors of intellect and physical ability, demeaning the quality of life and burdening health resources and social services. MR imaging is an important integral part of the protocol for the management of CNS infections and MR spectroscopy is increasingly being utilized in its management. This work is an attempt to provide a comprehensive review of imaging and spectroscopy of the commonly encountered CNS infections in the clinical practice in developing and developed countries. The first chapter deals with basic physical principles of MR imaging and spectroscopy that will help beginners to understand the technical terms used in subsequent chapters. The remaining 10 chapters deal with clinical, pathological, MR imaging and spectroscopy features and their applications in CNS infections. This will help in giving a comprehensive understanding to readers with a background in clinical, radiological, basic MRI, and neurological sciences. The T2 hypointense lesions are a real diagnostic dilemma especially in developing countries for which an algorithm has been suggested in the concluding chapter.

Computed radiography is one of the most promising digital radiography techniques, and is expected to replace the conventional screen film radiography in the near future. This book is the first textbook on computed radiography written by Japanese authors and describes basic technologies and clinical results obtained at various hospitals. There are more than 60 CR systems working in clinical environments in Japan. However, as yet there are not so many systems working outside Japan. This book is, therefore, a good introduction to the new technology and practice of the CR system all over the world.

TWENTY-FIVE years ago in Russia, Zavoisky made the first experimen tal observation of electron spin resonances; and a year later Purcell, Torrey and Pound at Harvard and Bloch, Hansen and Packard at Stanford ('The Harvard of the West') observed nuclear magnetic resonances for the first time. In both cases (ESR and NMR) the phenomena had been previously predicted, and Gorter - surely one of the most unlucky experimenters of our time - had made his noble attempts to detect magnetic resonances. Purcell et aZ. , having beaten their radar swords into scientific ploughshares, used a re 3 sonant coaxial cavity, filled the inductive part with 850 cm of paraffin, and produced a resonance with a signal-to-noise ratio of 20. They predicted that the sensitivity could be increased several hundred-fold and foresaw applications in determining magnetic mo ments, investigating spin-lattice coupling and measuring magnetic fields. Their letter reached the editor of Phys. Rev. on Christmas Eve 1945, and the basis of NMR in the solid state was laid. Bloch et aZ. , fortunately working independently, established the entirely different, crossed-coil approach to the observation of NMR in a water sample, which they doped with paramagnetic ions to reduce the relaxation times. They had laid the foundation of liquid-state NMR. Their letter to Phys. Rev. was received on 29 January 1946.

by Mario Banche, M.D. IX The neologism "coloscopy" (colonscopy, colonoscopy) is the latest addition to the vocabulary of endoscopy of the large intestine. just as the term "duodenoscopy" was in endoscopy of the upper digestive tract a few years ago. With the advent of the coloscope it is now possible to examine the large bowel more extensively and effectively than was formerly possible with the use of its rigid forerunner, the rectosigmoidoscope. The earliest rectoscopes, 11 endoscopes" introduced during the 19th century by Segales and Desormeaux (1826, 1853), were conceived for many uses-inspection of the urethra, bladder, uterus, rectum. Successive improvements eventually led to the construction of an instrument designed exclusively for endoscopy of the rectum and sigmoid colon (Bensaude, 1907). Over the following years the rectoscope underwent no substantial change and thus an abundant and homogeneous literature accrued in which the available instruments and their use were described while the endoscopic pathologic nosography and corresponding endoscopic pictures of the rectum and sigmoid colon were codified, illustrated first by simple sketches and later by still and motion photography. The literature contains many excellent publications, some in monograph form.

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series of Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. This series was first discussed in 1972 at a combined meeting of the Italian and German Neurosurgical Societies in Taormina, the founding fathers of the series being Jean Brihaye, Bernard Pertuiset, Fritz Loew and Hugo Krayenbiihl. Thus were established the principles of European co operation which have been born from the European spirit, flourished in the European Association, and have throughout been associated with this series. The fact that the English language is well on the way to becoming the international medium at European scientific conferences is a great asset in terms of mutual understanding. Therefore we have decided to publish all contributions in English, regardless of the native language of the authors. All contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before publi cation of any volume. Our series is not intended to compete with the publications of original scientific papers in other neurosurgical journals. Our intention is, rather, to present fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent advances have been made. The contributions are written by specialists in the given fields and constitute the first part of each volume.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biomedical Image Registration, WBIR 2012, held in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in July 2012. The 20 full papers and 11 poster papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 44 submitted papers. They full papers are organized in the following topical sections: multiple image sets; brain; non-rigid anatomy; and frameworks and similarity measures.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Digital Mammography, IWDM 2012, held in Philadelphia, PA, USA, in July 2012. The 42 revised full papers and 58 revised poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous initial submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on contrast-enhancing imaging, digital mammography methods, tomosynthesis system design, tomosynthesis - image quality and dose, clinical tomosynthesis, functional breast imaging, breast computed tomography, computer-aided diagnosis and image processing, tomosynthesis reconstruction, and breast density.

Automatic image analysis has become an important tool in many fields of biology, medicine, and other sciences. Since the first edition of Image Analysis: Methods and Applications, the development of both software and hardware technology has undergone quantum leaps. For example, specific mathematical filters have been developed for quality enhancement of original images and for extraction of specific features of interest. Also, more complex programs have been developed for the analysis of object forms in distinguishing cancer cells from normal tissue cells. Just as significant, three-dimensional analysis of proteins, organelles, or macroscopic objects is even more complex. In addition, recent space-based experiments have optimized techniques for the extraction of movement parameters of numerous motile objects. The second edition of Image Analysis: Methods and Applications addresses all these new developments. Moreover, two new chapters have been added. One focuses on images on the internet, and the other discusses microscope image restoration. These chapters add significantly to the existing body of information on Internet communication protocol and environment as well as to that on image file formats considerations. The materials also include a list of internet Web sites that pertain to digital images and software along with those that relate to image processing. With these considerations in mind, Image Analysis: Methods and Application, Second Edition is of incalculable value to professionals, academics, and users of all aspects of image analysis in biology and other areas of science.

The ability of molecular and cellular imaging to track the survival, migration, and differentiation of cells in vivo as well as monitor particular gene expression in living subjects is rapidly moving from the research laboratory into daily clinical settings. The interdisciplinary nature of the field mandates a constant dialogue among molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, physics, image analysis, and drug discovery to develop and translate promising approaches into reliable scientific applications and viable clinical diagnostic tools. Bringing together a select panel of internationally recognized authors, Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging provides a state-of-the-science overview of the multidisciplinary nature of the field and illustrates the application of these various sciences to investigate specific biological processes in animals and humans. Using a systematic organization to present diverse information, the text begins with an introductory chapter that defines cellular and molecular imaging and explains why magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most versatile approach for noninvasive, in vivo studies. The first section examines the physicochemical principles of various contrast agents including paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, CEST, and PARACEST agents, as well as smart and sensing agents. The second section summarizes the wide variety of applications for molecular imaging of genes and of disease states. Contributions cover cancer, apoptosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, and the use of pharmacological MRI. The third section is devoted to cellular imaging under a variety of applications, and the final section discusses the translational aspects and future directions of cellular and molecular MR imaging. Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging highlights the diversity of skills required to translate advancements in various fields of research into practical applications that promise to revolutionize in vivo imaging as a diagnostic

Every 4 years, neuroradiologists from around the world meet at an international congress in order to discuss the state of their art.

Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR The foundation for understanding function and dynamics of biological systems is knowledge of their structure. Many experimental methodologies are used for determination of structure, each with special utility. Volumes in this series on Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasize the methods that involve magnetic resonance. This volume seeks to provide a critical evaluation of EPR methods for determining the distances between two unpaired electrons. The editors invited the authors to make this a very practical book, with specific numerical examples of how experimental data is worked up to produce a distance estimate, and realistic assessments of uncertainties and of the range of applicability, along with examples of the power of the technique to answer biological problems. The first chapter is an overview, by two of the editors, of EPR methods to determine distances, with a focus on the range of applicability. The next chapter, also by the Batons, reviews what is known about electron spin relaxation times that are needed in estimating distances between spins or in selecting appropriate temperatures for particular experiments. Albert Beth and Eric Hustedt describe the information about spin-spin interaction that one can obtain by simulating CW EPR line shapes of nitroxyl radicals. The information in fluid solution CW EPR spectra of dual-spin labeled proteins is illustrated by Hassane Mchaourab and Eduardo Perozo.

The discovery and genetic engineering of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized cell biology. What was previously invisible in the cell often can be made visible with the use of fluorescent proteins. In Vivo Cellular Imaging Using Fluorescent Proteins: Methods and Protocols presents state-of-the-art research that has contributed to the fluorescent protein revolution to visualize biological processes in the live animal. This volume covers an array of topics from the employment of the chick CAM model using fluorescent proteins and other fluorescent probes, to intravital fluorescent imaging, as well as 3-dimensional imaging, and design instructions on how to create new and improved far-red and infrared fluorescent proteins, to name a few. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, In Vivo Cellular Imaging Using Fluorescent Proteins: Methods and Protocols is the first volume in the new field of in vivo cell biology and it serves both professionals and novices with its well-honed methodologies.

Visualization of chemicals in tissues has seen incredible advances in the past several years. Visualization Techniques: From Immunohistochemistry to Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides practical advice from experts in the field as well as an excellent overview of some of the most important recent advances in visualization. This timely volume explores topics from immunohistochemistry for multiple neurochemicals, detecting expression levels of neurochemicals, following cellular processes and ionic movement, identifying polysynaptic pathways subserving physiological responses to identifying functional changes in vivo. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, this work includes the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the lab. Meticulous and concise, Visualization Techniques: From Immunohistochemistry to Magnetic Resonance Imaging will prove invaluable for scientists seeking to gain a greater understanding of the practical skills, strengths, and pitfalls that these wonderful and exciting visualization techniques provide.

The philosophy of this NATO Advanced Research Workshop and the monograph it has yielded is that if you put a small number of very talented and creative scientists of different backgrounds and documented accomplishments together in a cloistered place for a few days to consider a very important and timely topic, many new ideas will be generated. The keynote of this conference was the Future. By this we mean the expected future developments of highly reliable sequential quantitative measurements of atherosclerotic plaque size and components in living human subjects. Some of the best minds and the most experienced and talented individuals at the leading edges of imaging of arteries were involved; some of the best scientists and students of the atherosclerotic plaque and its components participated; and some of the leading investigators of the cell biology or, as we call it in the USA, the pathobiology of atherosclerosis, contributed important new information. All of these individuals were actively involved in the conference and each obviously had carefully prepared and was able to communicate effectively.