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Books > Business & Economics > Business & management > Ownership & organization of enterprises > Multinationals

Business, Society and Politics - Multinationals in Emerging Markets (Hardcover, New): Amjad Hadjikhani, Ulf Elg, Pervez N.... Business, Society and Politics - Multinationals in Emerging Markets (Hardcover, New)
Amjad Hadjikhani, Ulf Elg, Pervez N. Ghauri; Series edited by Pervez N. Ghauri
R4,419 Discovery Miles 44 190 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume looks at interaction between business firms and socio-political actors in emerging markets - and how this relationship can be managed - and deals with the interconnection between the socio-political organizations in emerging markets and MNCs. Inferring to different business perspectives, the volume includes papers studying firms' strategic actions towards socio-political organizations, i.e. the interplay with socio-political actors and how this affects firms' competitive advantage in a particular market. The book discusses this in relation to a number of critical strategic areas such as brand building, market orientation and CSR. It also offers a number of practical illustrations from empirical studies from different markets. In this volume different authors contribute chapters focusing on diverse empirical and theoretical aspects covering the impact of socio-political environments on the success of international firms.

New Policy Challenges For European Multinationals (Hardcover): Rob van Tulder, Alain Verbeke, Liviu Voinea New Policy Challenges For European Multinationals (Hardcover)
Rob van Tulder, Alain Verbeke, Liviu Voinea
R4,679 Discovery Miles 46 790 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume takes stock of the latest international business research on the relationship between European multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their policy environment. The volume brings together a variety of scholarly contributions from an European perspective. European MNEs were amongst the earliest to internationalize and many now command globally dispersed operations. European MNEs pioneered the multi-centric organizational form, which can be interpreted in part as an effort to address the policy challenges facing these firms in environments fraught with natural and government-imposed market imperfections. The volume covers four dimensions of MNE corporate strategy in the face of complex policy environments: corporate strategic responses to national policy institutions; pro-active institution-oriented strategies; dynamics of international business-government relations; and, corporate strategies in turbulent times.

Multinationals, Global Value Chains and Governance - The Mechanics of Power in Inter-firm Relations (Hardcover): Peter... Multinationals, Global Value Chains and Governance - The Mechanics of Power in Inter-firm Relations (Hardcover)
Peter Hertenstein
R3,902 Discovery Miles 39 020 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book uses the examples of local supply firms in China and Brazil and their connections to the global automotive industry to explore the nature of current global value chains. It argues that lead firms make use of product architecture to globalize their procurement and supply chain management and that they effectively restructure the global supply base by internationalizing the most capable supply firms, thereby creating oligopolies controlled by the lead firm. The book goes on to contend that some firms have gained such powerful positions that they have gained a degree of control over other firms without the necessity of ownership - altering the mechanics of governance. Also, it shows how, although some supply firms from emerging markets have utilized their business ties with western assembly firms to upgrade themselves within the global value chain, most are squeezed out through increased global competition. Overall, the book makes a major new contribution to the economic theory of governance.

The Multinational Corporation in China - Controlling Interests (Hardcover): ST Rudman The Multinational Corporation in China - Controlling Interests (Hardcover)
ST Rudman
R1,144 Discovery Miles 11 440 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

"The Multinational Corporation in China: Controlling Interests" addresses the question of how multinational corporations control and coordinate their worldwide affiliates, with a fascinating inside story on contemporary China.
Focuses on dynamic management control processes by four large US multinational corporations of their China operations.
Based on the author's own research, including personal interviews with senior managers, and discussions with consultants, lawyers, and government officials.
Reviews internal as well as publicly available company documents, and books, newspapers and periodicals dealing with relevant industries and with China.
Enables readers to understand how multinational corporations are managed.
Facilitates the development of a coherent theory of management control.

Theories of the Multinational Enterprise - Diversity, Complexity and Relevance (Hardcover, New): Michael A. Hitt, Joseph L.C.... Theories of the Multinational Enterprise - Diversity, Complexity and Relevance (Hardcover, New)
Michael A. Hitt, Joseph L.C. Cheng
R3,447 Discovery Miles 34 470 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The early research on multinational enterprises usually relied on traditional economic theory or relatively simple but powerful theories developed in the field of international business. They were developed to help us understand why firms entered international markets.
However, as the field of international management has developed further, with more scholars from adjacent disciplines conducting research on issues of importance to international markets and multinational firms, newer, more diverse and complex theoretical perspectives have been developed. The present volume involves a series of invited papers focused partly on Professor Doz??'s recent work and on other newer and important theoretical perspectives on the multinational enterprise. These works are authored by a number of top scholars in the field from North America and Europe. The intent of this volume is to highlight and emphasize the new and diverse theoretical foci in this field (e.g., management of large groups in emerging markets, international entrepreneurship and the liabilities of foreignness) and serve as a catalyst to the increasingly important research designed to help us understand and build a theory of the multinational firm.

The book is divided into three parts, with the first focused on the new and visible theory of the metanational firm by Yves Doz and comments on this work and Yves Doz??'s broader contributions to the field by three top scholars in the international management field. The second part contains two works that examine the evolving nature of theory on the multinational firm in international management research. The third part contains five papers that present diverse yet highlyimportant theoretical perspectives on the multinational enterprise. This work provides a base upon which future excellent research in the field of international management will be advanced.

Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition (Hardcover, Illustrated Ed): Sarianna M. Lundan Multinationals, Environment and Global Competition (Hardcover, Illustrated Ed)
Sarianna M. Lundan
R3,589 Discovery Miles 35 890 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

The purpose of this book is to present leading research concerning the increasing strategic importance of environmental concerns within the multinational firm, and to explore the implications of corporate environmental strategy on public policy. The contributions present empirical research that deals with the simultaneous effects of the globalization of markets and the emergence of environmental concerns as issues of corporate strategy, either using a cross-national sample of firms within a global industry, or a sample of multinationals from a particular home country. By considering the dynamics of corporate environmental behavior explicitly within the context of global markets, the book makes a unique contribution to the discussion about the impact of multinational activity.
The chapters provide a rich understanding of the kinds of interactions that occur between multinationals and regulators, multinationals and non-governmental organizations, and multinationals and their customers. By explaining what motivates multinational firms to make environmental investments and to improve their environmental performance, these studies offer necessary input for the formulation of well-informed public policy.
As a consequence, this book provides essential material for advanced students and decision-makers interested in the changing role of multinational enterprises in the global economy. While being of broad interest to academics in the field of international business and strategy, this volume also provides interesting results to researchers concerned with the ability of national governments to regulate multinationals, how regulation affects multinationals, and how in turn multinationalconduct affects regulatory standards.

The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry - International Oil Companies in Global Business (Paperback): Basak Beyazay The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry - International Oil Companies in Global Business (Paperback)
Basak Beyazay
R1,352 Discovery Miles 13 520 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Firm-to-firm relationships, along with the overall structure of industry, have changed markedly over the past decades. Replacing the model of vertical integration with one of global business, firms have started to outsource more by using a wider global network. At the same time, they have begun to increase their control and coordination along the value chain to remain competitive, blurring the boundaries between companies. Understanding the nature of the firm and its role in coordinating the supply chain will help firms to better define global competitive strategies.. The challenges that lie ahead for global business render obsolete the traditional model of procuring each service without long-term supply chain management. Current trends suggest that in the future there will be even deeper supply chain integration in most industries. The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry aims to facilitate the understanding of 'the firm' via the analysis of the specific relationship between international oil companies, which are among the world's biggest firms and which act as 'core system integrators', and the oil services companies, which help to find, extract, produce and distribute oil along the petroleum industry supply chain. This relationship serves as an example of deep integration by core system integrators and provides insights into the change in the nature of the firm in the era of modern globalization. Aimed at researchers and academics, The Nature of the Firm in the Oil Industry offers a thorough examination of this relationship in an effort to shed light on the nature of the firm, both in the oil industry and in global business today. It is a humble attempt to better understand the firm in a crucial industry.

Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management (Hardcover): MJ Gannon Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management (Hardcover)
MJ Gannon
R3,226 Discovery Miles 32 260 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This is the first handbook to provide an overview of the major research perspectives in cross-cultural management and to look at how they can be applied to real-world situations. The volume is distinctive in bringing together perspectives previously considered independently, placing the work of management experts alongside contributions from leading cross-cultural psychologists, sociologists and economists. The editors have consciously selected cutting-edge contributors from a variety of countries.

The structure of the handbook reflects a systems feedback model of management. Beginning with the influence of national cultures on managerial and employee behavior, the volume goes on to cover strategy, structure, human resources, motivation, rewards and leadership behavior, interpersonal processes, and corporate culture and values. This allows the reader to see the issues within a dynamic and systematic context. The relationships between the chapters are elucidated by commentary from the editors.

This authoritative volume will be welcomed by managers, researchers and students seeking insight into cross-cultural issues and problems in and across organisations.

The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming (Paperback): John S. Antrobus, Mario Bertini The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming (Paperback)
John S. Antrobus, Mario Bertini
R1,488 Discovery Miles 14 880 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This volume describes how the conceptual and technical sophistication of contemporary cognitive and neuroscientific fields has enhanced the neurocognitive understanding of dreaming sleep. Because it is the only naturally-occurring state in which the active brain produces elaborate cognitive processes in the absence of sensory input, the study of dreaming offers a unique cognitive and neurophysiological view of the production of higher cognitive processes. The theory and research included is driven by the search for the most direct relationships linking the neurophysiological characteristics of sleepers to their concurrent cognitive experiences. The search is organized around three sets of theoretical models and the three classes of neurocognitive relationships upon which they are based. The contributions to this volume demonstrate that the field has begun to move in new directions opened up by the rapid advances in contemporary cognitive science, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology.

Multinational Corporations from Emerging Markets - State Capitalism 3.0 (Hardcover): A. Noelke Multinational Corporations from Emerging Markets - State Capitalism 3.0 (Hardcover)
A. Noelke
R2,293 Discovery Miles 22 930 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

The rise of multinational corporations (MNCs) from emerging markets has been a major development during the last decade. An important feature of emerging market MNCs is their close relationship with home states. The book investigates this special kind of relationship and explores how it affects the cross-border activities of these corporations.

The Future of the Multinational Company (Hardcover, New): J. Birkinshaw The Future of the Multinational Company (Hardcover, New)
J. Birkinshaw
R1,255 Discovery Miles 12 550 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Bringing together the leading authorities on globalization and international business this book looks ahead to the new challenges facing multinational firms and predicts what the multinational company will look like in ten years time.

Multinational Enterprises and the Law (Paperback, New Ed): P Muchlinski Multinational Enterprises and the Law (Paperback, New Ed)
P Muchlinski
R2,743 Discovery Miles 27 430 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Multinational enterprises are becoming a dominant force in international business but surprisingly little has been written on the vital question of the legal issues surrounding their global operations.

Newly updated in paperback, Multinational Enterprises and the Law represents the only complete contemporary and interdisciplinary account of the various techniques used to regulate MNE's at national, regional and international levels. The coverage is comprehensive, authoritative and accessible using numerous case studies from both developed and developing stages to unite theory and current practice.

Split into three major sections the book deals with:


Part I - the conceptual background to MNE regulation.


Part II - a complete examination of the limits of national and regional jurisdiction in regulating MNEs, restrictions on entry and establishment, investment promotion, the impact of the WTO post-entry controls in the fields of tax, company law, antitrust and labour law.


Part III - the contribution of international law and organizations to the regulation of MNEs, including renegotiations and expropriation, ICSID, MIGA and bilateral investment treaties.


The author has skilfully identified the contributions that economics, politics and sociology can add to a full understanding of the legal environment in which the MNE operates.

There can be no doubt that the breadth and depth of the coverage in this book will make it the definitive reference for students, researchers and practitioners in international law, business law, development studies, international politics and international business.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights in Asia (Hardcover): Robert J Hanlon Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights in Asia (Hardcover)
Robert J Hanlon
R4,208 Discovery Miles 42 080 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

As globalization has brought about new concerns and responsibilities for business, particularly in the realm of human rights, many multinational corporations (MNC) operating in Asia have argued that such rights are the responsibility of government. However, as globalization continues to improve market access for MNCs, it increasingly exposes them to new forms of transnational social movements, and as a result the private sector has emerged as one of the central stakeholders in the region's human rights dialogue. Taking three of Asia's fastest emerging economies - Cambodia, China and Thailand - as its starting point, Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights in Asia explores the business case for corporate social responsibility, human rights and anti-corruption in the region. In doing so, it examines how industry perceives human rights and corruption within the corporate social responsibility (CSR) paradigm, and builds on the argument that the CSR regime is a socially constructed concept. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders including business leaders, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations and government officials, Robert Hanlon argues that industry perceives human rights as outside their sphere of influence; that divergent stakeholder interests are side-lining the human rights debate; and that human rights are increasingly ignored in the quest for profit-maximization. This leads to the conclusion that human rights and corruption will remain peripheral business issues until stakeholders find new ways of creating space for CSR engagement, and business actors will continue to marginalize the human rights issue so long as governments in the region let them. This interdisciplinary book draws on political science, business and sociological perspectives and as such, will be of great interest to students and scholars working across the fields of Asian business, corporate social responsibility and business ethics, human rights and international political economy.

Corporate Diplomacy - Building Reputations and Relationships with External Stakeholders (Hardcover, New): Witold J Henisz Corporate Diplomacy - Building Reputations and Relationships with External Stakeholders (Hardcover, New)
Witold J Henisz
R1,624 Discovery Miles 16 240 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

* Profiles firms at the forefront of corporate diplomacy* Explores a fundamental challenge faced by managers of multinational corporations* Presents new tools to help develop smarter corporate strategies for stakeholder engagementManagers of multinational organizations are struggling to win the strategic competition for the hearts and minds of external stakeholders. These stakeholders differ fundamentally in their worldview, their understanding of the market economy and their aspirations and fears for the future. Their collective opinions of managers and corporations will shape the competitive landscape of the global economy and have serious consequences for businesses that fail to meet their expectations.This important book argues that the strategic management of relationships with external stakeholders what the author calls "Corporate Diplomacy" is not just canny PR, but creates real and lasting business value. Using a mix of colorful examples, practically relevant tools and considered perspectives, the book hones in on a fundamental challenge that managers of multinational corporations face as they strive to compete in the 21st century.As falling communication costs shrink the distance between external stakeholders, shareholder value is increasingly created and protected through a strategic integration of the external-stakeholder-facing functions. These include government affairs, stakeholder relations, sustainability, enterprise risk management, community relations and corporate communications. Through such integration, the place where business, politics and society intersect need not be a source of nasty surprises or unexpected expenses.Most of the firms profiled in the book are now at the frontier of corporate diplomacy. But they didn t start there. Many of them were motivated by past failings. They fell into conflicts with critical stakeholders politicians, communities, NGO staffers, or activists and they suffered. They experienced delays or disruptions to their operations, higher costs, angry customers, or thwarted attempts at expansion. Eventually, the managers of these companies developed smarter strategies for stakeholder engagement. They became corporate diplomats. The book draws on their experiences to take the reader to the forefront of stakeholder engagement and to highlight the six elements of Corporate Diplomacy."

Global and Transnational Business - Strategy and Management 2e (Paperback, 2nd Edition): G Stonehouse Global and Transnational Business - Strategy and Management 2e (Paperback, 2nd Edition)
G Stonehouse
R1,595 Discovery Miles 15 950 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

In this new edition of a successful textbook the authors assess the turbulent environment in which international businesses operate and the approaches to strategy formulation and implementation which can be adopted. They also examine the functional and operational management of companies and fuse together the theoretical and empirical aspects of international management. New material includes coverage of leadership in transnational companies, cultural issues in international management, entrepreneurship and SMEs in global business, the impact of e-commerce, and the anti-globalization movement.

Information Technology in Multinational Enterprises (Hardcover): Edward M. Roche, Michael J. Blaine Information Technology in Multinational Enterprises (Hardcover)
Edward M. Roche, Michael J. Blaine
R3,530 R535 Discovery Miles 5 350 Save R2,995 (85%) Ships in 9 - 15 working days

The revolution in information communication technologies has had a profound effect on the way firms structure and control their operations. At the same time, the ongoing integration of the global economy has greatly expanded international business opportunities. Information Technology in Multinational Enterprises analyses the implications of technological developments for the conduct of international business and the structure and activities of multinational enterprises. Using a combination of theoretical analysis and case studies, it provides a timely introduction to a topic that is of major interest to academics and practitioners in the fields of international business and information science.

Fundamentals of Global Operations Management 2e (Paperback, 2nd Edition): D Loader Fundamentals of Global Operations Management 2e (Paperback, 2nd Edition)
D Loader
R1,335 Discovery Miles 13 350 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book provides a view of the fundamentals of operations functions and management and is suitable for people working in any organisation in the financial markets. Key issues affecting the industry are discussed and explained, such as operational risk management, traditional and new market environments, mergers, alliances, and integration across clearing and settlement. The author also explores how globalisation and straight-through processing are presenting new challenges in operations management and the changing regulatory environment.

The book offers views and advice on a broad range of subjects and encourages further research by the reader through suggested work sessions. It is ideal for anyone new to or aspiring to become a supervisor or manager.

Contents include: Operations management Markets Banking, broking and institutional investors Concepts of risk Clearing and settlement Custody Technology Regulation and compliance Client services Operations in the future

The Blackwell Handbook of Global Management - A Guide to Managing Complexity (Hardcover): H.W. Lane The Blackwell Handbook of Global Management - A Guide to Managing Complexity (Hardcover)
H.W. Lane
R2,927 Discovery Miles 29 270 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This book provides an overview of current approaches and research in the field of international organizations with a focus on implementation issues in a globalized context.
Written by a team of recognized leaders in the field, associated with the growing and influential International Organizations Network (ION).
Covers topical issues such as managing virtual teams and globalization.
Makes a cohesive statement about the field of international organizations.
Is written with a focus on implementation issues.
Offers a solid contribution to the closing of the gap between researchers and practitioners.

International Management - Cross-Boundary Challenges (Paperback): P N Gooderham International Management - Cross-Boundary Challenges (Paperback)
P N Gooderham
R1,030 Discovery Miles 10 300 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

"International Management" focuses on the most crucial challenge faced by managers of multinational companies today - that of the generation and transfer of knowledge across national settings, organizations and networks.


The text takes an interactive approach to exploring this knowledge challenge. Each chapter consists of three parts: -
A theoretically-grounded presentation of a particular aspect of international management
A case study from the real world of international management that is designed to illustrate the theory
Case assignments that assist the student in relating the theory to the case.

In addition, the closing chapter contains a discussion of four particular challenges facing multinational companies in the coming decade, illustrated through a series of readings.


As well as a wide range of multinational companies, the text spans a variety of national settings and draws upon contributors based in a diverse range of countries. Countries featured directly include China, Denmark, Finland, France, India, Ireland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the USA.


Accelerating International Growth (Hardcover): P. Rosenzweig Accelerating International Growth (Hardcover)
P. Rosenzweig
R1,141 Discovery Miles 11 410 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

International growth is one of the most important challenges facing companies today. For companies of all sizes and in almost all industries, building a strong international position isn't an option - it's a necessity.

Accelerating International Growth is designed to help you - the practising manager - navigate your company's international growth. It takes a practical and direct approach to identifying challenges and recommending action.

Based on a successful executive programme at IMD, Accelerating International Growth brings together four experts in international management: Philip Rosenzweig, Xavier Gilbert, Thomas Malnight and Vladimir Pucik. Together, they explain five capabilities your company needs for successful international growth:

  • Global strategic thinking: a process we call 'grasping the globe'
  • Effective international partnerships: managing alliances and acquisitions
  • Rapid staffing: expatriation and localization
  • Global learning: using the world as your classroom
  • Organizational adaptation: changing organizational forms
Whether your company is a small or mid-size firm in the early stages of international growth, or whether you manage an established global company, Accelerating International Growth offers practical, clear and relevant ideas for immediate application.

Going Global - Enterprise 02.02 (Paperback): Roger Cartwright Going Global - Enterprise 02.02 (Paperback)
Roger Cartwright
R268 R206 Discovery Miles 2 060 Save R62 (23%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

This title presents a fast track route to mastering globalization and successfully managing global expansion. It covers the key areas of global operations and globalization, from understanding cultural differences and global consumers to being global but acting local and understanding the social implications of globalization. It features examples and lessons from some of the world's most successful businesses, including Amazon.com, Boeing, P&O and Sony and ideas from the smartest thinkers, including Anthony Giddens, Noreena Herz, Naomi Klein, David Korten, Richard Lewis, Michael Porter, Fons Trompenaars and George Yip. It includes a glossary of key concepts and a comprehensive resources guide.

International Business and Society (Paperback, New Ed): SL Wartick International Business and Society (Paperback, New Ed)
SL Wartick
R779 R620 Discovery Miles 6 200 Save R159 (20%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

"International Business and Society" is the first text to explore the breadth of business and society topics - corporate social performance, business ethics, business-government relations, stakeholder management, and issues management/public affairs - within the broader context of the international environment.

The book takes knowledge and understanding developed within uni-societal studies of business and society and extends the frame of reference to the international arena. To facilitate this exploration, the authors offer many new frameworks and conceptualizations such as the "institutional ideological model" and "stakeholder power bases" while they continue to address the more conventional topics of the field.

The Era of Chinese Multinationals - Competing for Global Dominance (Paperback): Lourdes Casanova, Anne Miroux The Era of Chinese Multinationals - Competing for Global Dominance (Paperback)
Lourdes Casanova, Anne Miroux
R2,109 Discovery Miles 21 090 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Chinese multinationals have grown in size and increased their global presence dramatically over the last decade. They have emerged as formidable competitors for western incumbents. These firms have instigated profound changes, such as displaced trade and investment flows, new business models, and the emergence of a new geography of global innovation. In a single volume, The Era of Chinese Multinationals captures the forces driving the disruptive growth of Chinese multinational corporations. Following a presentation of the surge of Chinese companies, the book turns to corporate characteristics of those firms and how they compare with western multinationals in terms of revenues, profits, branding, and business strategy. The book uses data and case studies to depict the relevant issues with the goal of providing insights to global executives on collaborating and competing with Chinese companies.

When Cultures Collide - Leading Across Cultures - 4th edition (Paperback): Richard Lewis When Cultures Collide - Leading Across Cultures - 4th edition (Paperback)
Richard Lewis 1
R888 R823 Discovery Miles 8 230 Save R65 (7%) Ships in 12 - 17 working days

A major new edition of the classic work that revolutionised the way business is conducted across cultures and around the globe. It provides leaders and managers with practical strategies to embrace differences and successfully work across diverse business cultures. Capturing the rising influence and the seismic changes throughout many regions of the world, cross-cultural expert and international businessman Richard Lewis has significantly broadened the scope of his seminal work on global business and communication. Thoroughly updated to include the latest political events and cultural changes, as well as covering nine new countries to complete Europe, broadening the scope of the book. Building on his LMR model, Lewis gives leaders and managers practical strategies to embrace differences and work successfully across increasingly diverse business cultures.

International Business Diplomacy - How can Multinational Corporations Deal with Global Challenges? (Hardcover): Huub Ruel International Business Diplomacy - How can Multinational Corporations Deal with Global Challenges? (Hardcover)
Huub Ruel
R3,061 Discovery Miles 30 610 Ships in 12 - 17 working days

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) experienced 'golden days' during the 1990s and 2000s, they expanded globally and were major players in globalization. Today they have become powerful actors in the global economy. CEOs of international businesses are welcomed by heads of state as their counterparts, they are invited by governments to help solve global issues such as climate change and poverty, and they are facing dilemmas comparable to those of other international actors. However, MNEs are facing global legitimacy challenges. They are suspected of tax avoidance, using low wage countries for corporate benefits only, disrespecting privacy regulations, abusing consumer data, violating local community rights, exploiting natural resources, ignoring basic human rights, and employing too many lobbyists targeting national and international political decision-making processes for their own corporate interests. Although many of these challenges are not new, they have resurfaced and become more apparent during the past couple of years, partly due to the economic recession that many developed economies have faced and to the broader awareness of increasing global inequality and the importance of sustainability. How can international business respond? Strategic business diplomacy may be the answer. Business diplomacy involves developing strategies for long-term, positive relationship building with governments, local communities, and interest groups, aiming to establish and sustain legitimacy and to mitigate the risks arising from all non-commercial or exogenous factors in the global business environment. Business diplomacy is different from lobbying or strategic political activity; it implies an (strategic / holistic) approach of an international business to look at itself as an actor in the international diplomatic arena. Representation, communication and negotiation are key in such an approach. One of the consequences is that MNEs are able to operate in and show respect for an international business environment that consists of multiple stakeholders. This demands a strategic perspective and vision on the sector and the business environments in which the company wants to operate, and requires a specific set of instruments, skills and competences.

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