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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > The hydrosphere > Oceanography (seas)
This atlas gives a comprehensive account on the benthic
foraminiferal fauna in the China Seas, especially on the Bohai and
the Yellow Seas. Details of about 183 species, subjected to 5
orders, 52 families and 92 genera are included. For each species
there is a brief description of the morphological characteristics,
synonymised names, measurements and geographical distribution
worldwide, as well as a top-level elegant plate illustrated the
fossil and live specimens. It could be used as a reference book for
researchers working at marine biology, marine geology,
micropaleontology, paleoceanography, paleobiology and related
fields.
This book develops a fundamental understanding of geophysical fluid
dynamics based on a mathematical description of the flows of
inhomogeneous fluids. It covers these topics: 1. development of the
equations of motion for an inhomogeneous fluid 2. review of
thermodynamics 3. thermodynamic and kinetic energy equations 4.
equations of state for the atmosphere and the ocean, salt, and
moisture effects 5. concepts of potential temperature and potential
density 6. Boussinesq and quasi-geostrophic approximations 7.
conservation equations for vorticity, mechanical and thermal energy
instability theories, internal waves, mixing, convection,
double-diffusion, stratified turbulence, fronts, intrusions,
gravity currents Graduate students will be able to learn and apply
the basic theory of geophysical fluid dynamics of inhomogeneous
fluids on a rotating earth, including: 1. derivation of the
governing equations for a stratified fluid starting from basic
principles of physics 2. review of thermodynamics, equations of
state, isothermal, adiabatic, isentropic changes 3. scaling of the
equations, Boussinesq approximation, applied to the ocean and the
atmosphere 4. examples of stratified flows at geophysical scales,
steady and unsteady motions, inertia-gravity internal waves,
quasi-geostrophic theory 5. vorticity and energy conservation in
stratified fluids 6.boundary layer convection in stratified
containers and basins
This book provides a snapshot of representative modeling analyses
of coastal hypoxia and its effects. Hypoxia refers to conditions in
the water column where dissolved oxygen falls below levels that can
support most metazoan marine life (i.e., 2 mg O2 l-1). The number
of hypoxic zones has been increasing at an exponential rate since
the 1960s; there are currently more than 600 documented hypoxic
zones in the estuarine and coastal waters worldwide. Hypoxia
develops as a synergistic product of many physical and biological
factors that affect the balance of dissolved oxygen in seawater,
including temperature, solar radiation, wind, freshwater discharge,
nutrient supply, and the production and decay of organic matter. A
number of modeling approaches have been increasingly used in
hypoxia research, along with the more traditional observational and
experimental studies. Modeling is necessary because of rapidly
changing coastal circulation and stratification patterns that
affect hypoxia, the large spatial extent over which hypoxia
develops, and limitations on our capabilities to directly measure
hypoxia over large spatial and temporal scales. This book consists
of 15 chapters that are broadly organized around three main topics:
(1) Modeling of the physical controls on hypoxia, (2) Modeling of
biogeochemical controls and feedbacks, and, (3) Modeling of the
ecological effects of hypoxia. The final chapter is a synthesis
chapter that draws generalities from the earlier chapters,
highlights strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-the-art
modeling, and offers recommendations on future directions.
The continental shelf seas have an importance out of proportion to
the reatively small fraction of the area of the global ocean which
they occupy. These shallow seas play and important role as the high
energy boundary zones of the deep ocean where much of the ocean's
tidal and wave energies are dissipated. The North Sea is an
archetypal representative of such seas. This text brings the
principal results from the North Sea Project which were presented
at a discussion meeting organized by the Royal Society. It argues
that we should understand and predict the processes of the North
Sea in order to achieve a degree of rational management in the
future, as environmental threats increase.
This new volume on boron isotope geochemistry offers review
chapters summarizing the cosmochemistry, high-temperature and
low-temperature geochemistry, and marine chemistry of boron. It
also covers theoretical aspects of B isotope fractionation,
experiments and atomic modeling, as well as all aspects of boron
isotope analyses in geologic materials using the full range of
solutions and in-situ methods. The book provides guidance for
researchers on the analytical and theoretical aspects, as well as
introducing the various scientific applications and research fields
in which boron isotopes currently play a major role. The last
compendium to summarize the geochemistry of boron and address its
isotope geochemistry was published over 20 years ago (Grew
&Anovitz, 1996, MSA Review, Vol.33), and there have since been
significant advances in analytical techniques, applications and
scientific insights into the isotope geochemistry of boron. This
volume in the "Advances in Isotope Geochemistry" series provides a
valuable source for students and professionals alike, both as an
introduction to a new field and as a reference in ongoing research.
Chapters 5 and 8 of this book are available open access under a CC
BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com
In the marine environment, single-celled, microscopic, plant-like
organisms naturally occur in the well-lit surface layer of any body
of water. These organisms, referred to as phytoplankton or
microalgae, form the base of the food web upon which nearly all
other marine organisms depend. Algal bloom is a rapid increase in
or accumulation of the population of about 300 species of algae due
to excess nutrients (eutrophication), and is of major global
interest as it causes reduction in species diversity, abrupt
changes in water quality, and discoloration of the water (green,
yellow, brown or red) depending on the species of algae and the
type of pigments they contain. Dying blooms can also be an
environmental concern as when the cells sink and decay, bacteria
break down the organic material, which in turn strips oxygen from
the water. This microbial oxygen demand at times leads to very low
oxygen levels in the bottom waters, harming aquatic life.
Documentation of this sporadic high abundance of algae, together
with the significant species richness of the diatoms, requires
comprehensive studies in the Sundarban coastal environment, which
is facing severe degradation due to natural & anthropogenic
stressors. In addition, a better understanding of the effects of
algal blooms on seafood quality, the complex biological, chemical
and physical interactions and subsequent effects on trophodynamics
is needed to develop strategies for effective coastal zone
management. The book discusses the occurrence of harmful algal
blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellates of the genus
Alexandrium and Karenia, or diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia,
which have large and varied impacts on marine ecosystems (such as
large-scale marine mortality events that have been associated with
various types of shellfish poisonings) depending on the species
involved, the environment where they are found, and the mechanism
by which they exert negative effects. HABs represent a major
environmental problem in all regions of the U.S., and their
occurrence is on the rise due to increased nutrient pollution. HABs
have severe impacts on human health, aquatic ecosystems, and the
economy. Such blooms, known colloquially as red tides due to their
red or brown hues, are increasing in frequency and magnitude
worldwide as a result of changes in oceanic climate, increased
coastal eutrophication and enhanced long-distance dispersal in
ballast water. As such, the book offers an in-depth account of the
complex biological, chemical and physical interactions of the algal
blooms (both innocuous and harmful ones). It also discusses the
highly topical issue of the impact of global climate change on the
frequency and severity of HABs in the context of alterations in
temperature, stratification, light and ocean acidification.
Focusing on both basic and applied limnology, this book is a
reliable and up-to-date reference resource for students, teachers
and researchers engaged in the field of coastal research/management
at regional and global scales.
This book contributes to the current discussion on global
environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine
ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems,
rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with
shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input,
oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have
significant biological effects on a regional and global scale.
Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of
plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of
how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean
temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the
amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If
temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may
not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes
are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which
initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature,
circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
Session 1 Experimental results relating acoustic and oceanographic
variability.- Deterministic-stochastic oceanographic descriptions
for ocean-acoustic experiments.- Experimental ocean acoustic field
moments versus predictions.- Two dimensional acoustical propagation
in a stratified shear flow.- The effects of sound speed on the
shape of the ocean impulse response.- The effect of seasonal
temperature fluctuations in the water column on sediment
compressional wave speed profiles in shallow water.- SLICE89: A
single slice tomography experiment.- Marginal Ice Zone
oceanographic variability and its effects on acoustic propagation.-
Internal wave induced fluctuations in the oceanic density and sound
speed fields.- Gyre-scale reciprocal acoustic transmissions.-
Summary of Session 1.- Session 2 Wave motion and finestructure
affecting acoustic propagation: smallscale variability.- Chaos in
underwater acoustics.- Impulse response analysis of ocean acoustic
propagation.- Dependence of near-surface acoustic scatter on wind
speed.- Nonlinear effects in wind-wave generation.- Multichannel
acoustic reflection profiling of ocean watermass
temperature/salinity interfaces.- Acoustic variability due to
internal waves and surface waves in shallow water.- Observations of
ocean inhomogeneities.- The problem of creating a synthetic
aperture in a non-isotropic ocean.- Prediction of coastal ocean
thermal variability.- Summary of Session 2.- Session 5 Stochastic
modelling in oceanography and acoustics.- Treatments of incoherent
scattering for the parabolic equation and ASTRAL propagation
models.- Average sound intensities in randomly varying sound-speed
structures.- Stochastic ray tracing in thermoclines.- Modeling of
sound propagation in a randomly varying ocean by stochastic mode
coupling.- Summary of Session 5.- Session 3 Range-dependent
acoustic propagation caused by fronts and eddies: mesoscale
variability.- Radar altimetry and acoustic prediction.- A
range-dependent analysis of acoustic transmission across a cold
filament in the California current.- Acoustic effects of the
Iceland-Faeroe front.- Deep hydrographic fluctuations in the
north-east Atlantic Mediterranean outflow: influence on acoustic
propagation.- Aspects of oceanographic variability observed from
thermistor chains on free-drifting buoys.- Theoretical
determination of the fractal dimension of fluid parcel trajectories
in large and meso-scale flows.- How do eddies modify the
stratification of the thermocline?.- Three-dimensional oceanography
and acoustics.- Frontal boundaries and eddies on the
Iceland-Faeroes ridge.- Upper ocean variability associated with
fronts.- Summary of Session 3.- Session 4 Coupling acoustic and
oceanographic models.- A mixed-layer model for predicting the
acoustic structure of shallow seas.- The use of coupled
ocean-acoustic models in the design of naval forecast systems.- The
Environmental Acoustic Tactical Support System: low frequency
mesoscale ocean feature environmental acoustic results.-
Environmental focusing and source localization in the ocean.-
Refraction of acoustic modes in very long-range transmissions.-
Environmental sensitivity studies with an interfaced
ocean-acoustics system.- Simulating temperature, salinity and
currents in the ocean.- A numerical investigation of semi-diurnal
fluctuations in acoustic intensity at a shelf edge.- Summary of
Session 4.- List of Participants.- Author Index.
Foraminiferal cultures now serve as tools for researching
biological, environmental, and geological topics. However, the
biological backgrounds, in particular the natural histories of
foraminifera, largely remain unclear. It is also true that the
different techniques used in different subdisciplines are a setback
to fully understanding the subject. Taken together, these factors
prevent progress in experimental approaches to foraminiferal
studies. This book aims to share and exchange knowledge between
researchers from different subdisciplines, and the book should
interest not only foraminiferal researchers but also scientists who
are working with marine organisms to explore questions in relation
to biology, geology, and oceanography.
This book is devoted to the biogeochemical environment of the White
Sea, an inland sea in the Northwestern region of Russia. It
provides a comprehensive review and discusses the latest research
findings on the oceanology, sedimentology and biogeochemistry of
the White Sea water column. The topics discussed include the
regulation of the physico-geographical conditions in the White Sea
basin; dispersed sedimentary substance of the atmosphere and the
cryosphere; the geochemical peculiarities of the river discharge
into the White Sea; and the phyto- and zooplankton activities in
the White Sea. Taking the biggest river in the White Sea basin as
an example, the authors closely examine the deposition of suspended
particulate matter, the biogeochemical behaviour of dissolved and
suspended forms of organic material and the significant group of
chemical elements in the river-sea mixing zone of the Severnaya
Dvina River. The book ends with a summary of the key conclusions
and recommendations. Together with the companion volume
Sedimentation Processes in the White Sea: The White Sea Environment
Part II, it offers an essential source of information for
postgraduate students, researchers and stakeholders alike.
The 15th Franco-Japanese Symposium of Oceanography "Marine
Productivity, Perturbations and Resilience of Socio-Ecosystems,"
organized by the long-standing partners Societe franco-japonaise
d'Oceanographie de France and Societe franco-japonaise
d'Oceanographie du Japon, reviewed the impacts of natural (storms,
typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.) and man-made (pollution,
buildings in coastal areas, aquaculture, tourism, sports, diving,
etc.) perturbations inflicted on coastal and marine environments.
The Symposium examined the resilience of affected socio-ecosystems
along with governance responses for these global/local
environments. This book collects 43 selected papers, written by
experts from numerous universities and research institutes in both
countries. It addresses the needs of marine sciences researchers
(natural and social sciences), decision-makers and coastal zone
managers, and other stakeholders involved in coastal and marine
socio-ecosystems.
This book contains the most recent progress in data assimilation in
meteorology, oceanography and hydrology including land surface. It
spans both theoretical and applicative aspects with various
methodologies such as variational, Kalman filter, ensemble, Monte
Carlo and artificial intelligence methods. Besides data
assimilation, other important topics are also covered including
targeting observation, sensitivity analysis, and parameter
estimation. The book will be useful to individual researchers as
well as graduate students for a reference in the field of data
assimilation.
The coastal and ocean ecosystem is a significant feature of our
planet and provides a source of food for much of life on Earth.
Millions of species have been, and are still being discovered in
the world's oceans. Among these zooplankton serve as secondary
producers and are significant as they form pelagic food links and
act as indicators of water masses. They constitute the largest and
most reliable source of protein for most of the ocean's fishes. As
such, their absence or depletion often affects fishery. In many
countries, the decline in fishery has been attributed to reduced
plankton populations. Furthermore, trillions of tiny copepods
produce countless faecal pellets contributing greatly to the marine
snow and therefore accelerating the flow of nutrients and minerals
from the surface waters to the seabed. They are phylogenetically
highly successful groups in terms of phylogenetic age, number of
living species and success of adaptive radiation. A study of the
basic and applied aspects of zooplankton would provide an index of
the fishery potential and applications, offering insights into
ocean ecology to safeguard food supplies and livelihoods of the
millions of people living in coastal areas. For this reason, we
need to understand all the facets of zooplankton as well as their
interactions with atmosphere and other life forms, including human.
In this context, this book discusses the basic and applied aspects
of zooplankton, especially taxonomy, mosquitocidal activity,
culture, analysis of nutritional, pigments and enzyme profile,
preservation of copepods eggs, bioenrichment of zooplankton and
application of zooplankton in sustainable aquaculture production,
focusing on novel biofloc-copefloc technologies, and the impact of
acidification and microplastics on zooplankton. Offering a
comprehensive overview of the current issues and developments in
the field of environmental and commercial applications, this book
is a valuable resource for researchers, aquaculturists,
environmental mangers wanting to understand the importance of
zooplankton and develop technologies for the sustainable production
of fish and other commodities to provide food and livelihoods for
mankind.
Large-scale winds and currents tend to balance Coriolis and
pressure gradient forces. The time evolution of these winds and
currents is the subject of the quasi-geostrophic theory.
Chapter 1 presents concepts and equations of classical inertial
fluid mechanics.
Chapter 2 deals with the equations of thermodynamics that close the
governing equations of the fluids. Then, the motion is reformulated
in a uniformly rotating reference frame.
Chapter 3 deals with the shallow-water model and the homogeneous
model of wind-driven circulation. The chapter also describes a
classical application of the Ekman layer to the atmosphere.
Chapter 4 considers the two-layer model, as an introduction to
baroclinic flows, together with the concept of available potential
energy.
Chapter 5 takes into account continuously stratified flows in the
ocean and in the atmosphere.
The book presents a wide description of hydrographic conditions in
the studied area of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas. Variability
of the Atlantic Water properties have been presented on the basis
of time series obtained from oceanographic measurements performed
each summer from 2000 to 2007 by the Institute of Oceanology Polish
Academy of Sciences. The warming observed in that period has been
described in detail as well as cooling of the Atlantic Water
flowing towards the Fram Strait in 2007. Furthermore, concepts
regarding multi-branch structure of the West Spitsbergen Current
have been presented, types of flows in individual branches as well
as variability of the flows. Description of the structure,
transports and variability of the sea currents is based mostly on
hydrographic measurements and baroclinic calculations. The results
confirm a leading role of the ocean in climate shaping and
acknowledges the importance of the Thermohaline Circulation for the
climate.
A vivid, up-to-date tour of the Earth's last frontier, a remote and
mysterious realm that nonetheless lies close to the heart of even
the most land-locked reader. The sea covers seven-tenths of the
Earth, but we have mapped only a small percentage of it. The sea
contains millions of species of animals and plants, but we have
identified only a few thousand of them. The sea controls our
planet's climate, but we do not really understand how. The sea is
still the frontier, and yet it seems so familiar that we sometimes
forget how little we know about it. Just as we are poised on the
verge of exploiting the sea on an unprecedented scale-mining it,
fertilizing it, fishing it out-this book reminds us of how much we
have yet to learn. More than that, it chronicles the knowledge
explosion that has transformed our view of the sea in just the past
few decades, and made it a far more interesting and accessible
place. From the Big Bang to that far-off future time, two billion
years from now, when our planet will be a waterless rock; from the
lush crowds of life at seafloor hot springs to the invisible,
jewel-like plants that float at the sea surface; from the restless
shifting of the tectonic plates to the majestic sweep of the ocean
currents, Kunzig's clear and lyrical prose transports us to the
ends of the Earth.
This comprehensive book contains contributions from specialists who
provide a complete status update along with outstanding issues
encompassing different topics related to deep-sea mining. Interest
in exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals is seeing a
revival due to diminishing grades and increasing costs of
processing of terrestrial minerals as well as availability of
several strategic metals in seabed mineral resources; it therefore
becomes imperative to take stock of various issues related to
deep-sea mining. The authors are experienced scientists and
engineers from around the globe developing advanced technologies
for mining and metallurgical extraction as well as performing deep
sea exploration for several decades. They invite readers to learn
about the resource potential of different deep-sea minerals, design
considerations and development of mining systems, and the potential
environmental impacts of mining in international waters.
The Baltic Sea is an area extensively explored by the
oceanographers. Hence it is one of the most often described marine
areas in the scientific literature. However, there are still
several fields which are poorly investigated and reported by
scientists. One of them is the carbon cycle of the Baltic Sea.
Although it is believed the shelf seas are responsible for about
20% of all marine carbon dioxide uptake, while they constitute only
7% of the whole sea surface, still a scientific debate exists on
the role of the Baltic Sea in the global carbon cycle. "Carbon
cycle of the Baltic Sea" is intended to be a comprehensive
presentation and discussion of state of the art research by
biogeochemists involved in the Baltic Sea carbon cycle research.
This work presents both qualitative and quantitative descriptions
of the main carbon flows in the Baltic Sea as well as their
possible shifts induced by climatic and global change.
Many scientists either working on the El Nino/Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) problem or its many applications have not been trained in
both the equatorial ocean and atmospheric dynamics necessary to
understand it. This book seeks to overcome this difficulty by
providing a step by step introduction to ENSO, helping the upper
level graduate student or research scientist to learn quickly the
ENSO basics and be up to date with the latest ENSO research. The
text assumes that the reader has a knowledge of the equations of
fluid mechanics on a rotating earth and emphasizes the observations
and simple physical explanations of them.
Following a history of ENSO and a discussion of ENSO observations
in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapters 3-5 consider relevant equatorial
ocean dynamics, Chapters 6 and 9 relevant atmospheric dynamics, and
Chapters 7 and 8 the main paradigms for how the Pacific Ocean and
atmosphere couple together to produce ENSO. Chapter 8 also
discusses the old mystery of why ENSO tends to be locked in phase
with the seasonal cycle. Successful dynamical and statistical
approaches to ENSO prediction are discussed in Chapters 10 and 11
while Chapter 12 concludes the book with examples of how ENSO
influences marine and bird life.
* Quick reference guide and step by step introduction to El
Nino/Southern Oscillation dynamics
* Keep informed and up to date on El Nino/Southern Oscillation
research and how El Nino and the Southern Oscillation can be
predicted
* Understand how El Nino can affect marine and bird life
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