Quantum Aspects of Light Propagation provides an overview of spatio-temporal descriptions of the electromagnetic field in linear and nonlinear dielectric media, appropriate to macroscopic and microscopic theories. Readers will find an introduction to canonical quantum descriptions of light propagation in a nonlinear dispersionless dielectric medium, and an approach to linear and nonlinear dispersive dielectric media. Illustrated by optical processes, these descriptions are simplified by a transition to one-dimensional propagation. Quantum theories of light propagation in optical media are generalized from dielectric media to magnetodielectrics, in addition to a presentation of classical and nonclassical properties of radiation propagating through negative-index media. Valuable analyses of quantization in waveguides, photonic crystals, and propagation in strongly scattering media are also included, along with various optical resonator properties. The theories are utilized for the quantum electrodynamical effects to be determined in periodic dielectric structures which are known to be a basis of new schemes for lasing and a control of light field state. Quantum Aspects of Light Propagation is a valuable reference for researchers and engineers involved with general optics, quantum optics and electronics, nonlinear optics, and photonics.

Digital airborne cameras are now penetrating the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing. Due to the last decade's results in research and development in the fields of for instance detector technology, computing power, memory capacity position and orientation measurement it is now possible to generate with this new generation of airborne cameras different sets of geometric and spectral data with high geometric and radiometric resolutions within a single flight. This is a decisive advantage as compared to film based airborne cameras. The linear characteristic of the opto-electronic converters is the basis for the transition from an imaging camera to an images generating measuring instrument. Because of the direct digital processing chain from the airborne camera to the data products there is no need for the processes of chemical film development and digitising the film information. Failure sources as well as investments and staff costs are avoided. But the effective use of this new technology requires the knowledge of the features of the image and information generation, its possibilities and its restrictions. This book describes all components of a digital airborne camera from the object to be imaged to the mass memory device. So the image quality influencing processes in nature are described, as for instance the reflection of the electromagnetic sun spectrum at the objects to be imaged and the influence of the atmosphere. Also, the essential features of the new digital sensor system, their characteristics and parameters, are addressed and put into the system context. The complexity of the cooperation of all camera components, as for instance optics, filters, detector elements, analogue and digital electronics, software and so forth, becomes transparent. The book includes also the description of example systems.

Fiberglass and Glass Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications provides a detailed overview of fiber, float and container glass technology with special emphasis on energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions, applications and manufacturing practices which have recently become available and continue to emerge. Energy-friendly compositions are variants of incumbent fiberglass and glass compositions that are obtained by the reformulation of incumbent compositions to reduce the viscosity and thereby the energy demand. Environmentally-friendly compositions are variants of incumbent fiber, float and container glass compositions that are obtained by the reformulation of incumbent compositions to reduce environmentally harmful emissions from their melts. Energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions are expected to become a key factor in the future for the fiberglass and glass industries. This book consists of two complementary sections: continuous glass fiber technology and soda-lime-silica glass technology. Important topics covered include: o Commercial and experimental compositions and products o Design of energy- and environmentally-friendly compositions o Emerging glass melting technologies including plasma melting o Fiberglass composite design and engineering o Emerging fiberglass applications and markets Fiberglass and Glass Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications is written for researchers and engineers seeking a modern understanding of glass technology and the development of future products that are more energy- and environmentally-friendly than current products.

This text on precision frequency measurement and its key enabling techniques includes reviews written by some of the most experienced researchers in their respective fields. This text should prove useful to researchers just entering the field of frequency metrology and standards, or equally well to the experienced practitioner.

This is the first of two volumes that review, for the first time, all major aspects of photorefractive effects and their applications. Photorefractive effects in electro-optic crystals are based on optically induced space-charge fields which ultimately alter the refractive indices by the electro-optic Pockels effect. The fundamental phenomena leading to photoinduced changes of refractive index, the materials requirements and experimental results on a variety of photorefractive materials are discussed and the most recent theoretical models describing these phenomena are presented. Interest in photorefractive materials has increased in recent years mainly because of their potential for nonlinear optical devices and for optical signals processing applications. Most of these applications are reviewed in the second volume devoted to this topic. The contributions to these two volumes are written by experts on each topic and are intended for scientists and engineers active in the field and for researchers and graduate students entering the field. Over 300 references to original papers on photorefractive and associated phenomena are cited.

The Fifth International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy or VICOLS, was held at Jasper Park Lodge, in Jasper, Canada, June 29 to July 3, 1981. Following the tradition of the previous conferences in Vail, Megeve, Jackson Lake, and Rottach-Egern, it was hoped that VICOLS would provide an opportunity for act ive scientists to meet in an informal atmosphere for discussions of recent developments and applications in laser spectroscopy. The excellent conference facilities and remote location of Jasper Park Lodge in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, amply fulfilled these expectations. The conference was truly international, with 230 scientists from 19 countries participating. The busy program of invited talks lasted four days, with two evening sessions, one a panel discussion on Rydberg state spectro scopy, the other a lively poster session of approximately 60 post-deadline papers. We wish to thank all of the participants for their outstanding contribu tions and for preparation of their papers, now available to a wider audience. Our thanks go to the members of the International Steering Committee for their suggestions and recommendations. We are especially pleased to have held this conference under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. VICOLS would not have been possible with out the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Office of Naval Research and Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States* of America.

The lectures of this international school were designed to present overviewsof the basic concepts, current research and research developments of semiconductor quantum devices not only to young scientists, but also to graduate and postgraduate students. This book provides the basic fundamentals helpful for the future work of young researchers: thebasic principles of the different growth methods and of the structural, electrical and optical properties of semiconductor heterostructures. Thebook covers a wide range of the scientific research in the field of semiconductor quantum devices and focuses on links between physics and technology. Particular relevance is given to the technology, fabrication andphysics of electronic and opto-electronic devices.

Just after the International Quantum Electronics Conference, which took place in Tokyo, July 18-21, 1988, a symposium on "Nonlinear Optics of Org~ics and Semiconductors" was held on the Hongo campus of the University of Tokyo on July 25 and 26, 1988. Recently, nonlinear optical materials have started to attract the attention of many scientists, not only in the field of quantum electronics but also in organic chemistry, and solid-state physics, especially semiconductor physics. Therefore this area of investigation is really interdisciplinary and necessitates understanding from different viewpoints for continuous growth of the research activity in the field. This book contains many papers written by scientists active in the field of nonlinear optics of organic materials and semiconductors. The first two parts of the book discuss mainly the basic physics of nonlinear optics of semiconduc tors, including bulk and quantum well structure semiconductors. The papers in Parts ill-VIII concern mainly organic materials. They include the calculation of molecular polarizability, synthesis, the measurement of optical nonlinearity and characterization. The final part is on potential device applications. The symposium was organized in collaboration with Prof. Shinsuke Umegaki of Tokyo Technical Institute, and Dr. Hachiro Nakanishi of the Research Institute of Polymers and Textiles. Preparations for the conference were made with the help of Dr. Masayuki Yoshizawa, Miss Nanae Indou, Mrs. Yoko Sasaki and graduate students (Mrs. T. Hattori, M. Terauchi, K. Ichimura, A. Terasaki, K.

This volume contains ten lectures presented in the series ULB Lectures in Nonlinear Optics at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles during the period October 28 to November 4, 1991. A large part of the first six lectures is taken from material prepared for a book of somewhat larger scope which will be published,by Springer under the title Quantum Statistical Methods in Quantum Optics. The principal reason for the early publication of the present volume concerns the material contained in the last four lectures. Here I have put together, in a more or less systematic way, some ideas about the use of stochastic wavefunctions in the theory of open quantum optical systems. These ideas were developed with the help of two of my students, Murray Wolinsky and Liguang Tian, over a period of approximately two years. They are built on a foundation laid down in a paper written with Surendra Singh, Reeta Vyas, and Perry Rice on waiting-time distributions and wavefunction collapse in resonance fluorescence [Phys. Rev. A, 39, 1200 (1989)]. The ULB lecture notes contain my first serious atte~pt to give a complete account of the ideas and their potential applications. I am grateful to Professor Paul Mandel who, through his invitation to give the lectures, stimulated me to organize something useful out of work that may, otherwise, have waited considerably longer to be brought together.

This book deals with the fundamental aspects of electromagnetic field theory in chiral media in the frequency domain. All such aspects are covered: field equations, constitutive equations, integral equations and representations, Green's functions, radiation, reciprocity relations, and equivalence and duality relations. Scattering of waves by chiral spheres and cylinders are covered, and layered chiral media are examined. This book is timely both for theorists and experimentalists. Theorists can build upon the work to discover and predict new phenomena, while experimentalists may use it to design clever experiments and construct artificially chiral materials.

Since the previous Symposium, several exciting new developments and advances have occurred in the field of frequency standards and metrology. These include the first results on the long-tenn stability of a millisecond Pulsar, for which data 14 integrated over several years now show a stability of around 10- . Improvements in the understanding of various biases in Cesium beam standards promise accuracies in the low 14s for primary standards and in the low 13s for short commercial tubes, for which long tenn stabilities in low 14s have already been shown to be obtainable by accuracy improvement. Beams using optical pumping for state selection and for detection have been operated with excellent results, and more are being realized. Other new frequency standards which have appeared include a macroscopic rf trap with Mercury ions, which perfonns in the low 15s in one day, the sub millimeter metastable Magnesium beam, which has shown a short tenn stability 19 in the low 12s in one second and promises an accuracy of 10- , and the cold Hydrogen masers, which have such high stabilities that they cannot be measured with existing local oscillators. Prospects for future developments include laser manipulation of neutrals and spectroscopy of single ions at rest in a trap. Both these groups of techniques have great potential for unprecedented accuracy and short-and long-tenn stability, and new superior frequency standards are expected to be realizable in this way in the not too distant future.

Lasers are now recognized as practical alternatives to conventional techniques for many industrial applications. After reviewing the basic theory the book provides an insight into equipment technology and applications.

This is the seventh volume of a well-established series in which expert practitioners discuss topical aspects of light scattering in solids. Emphasis is placed on electronic excitations between crystal-field split levels of transition-metal and rare-earth ions in crystals, among them high-Tc superconductors and magnetic excitations that appear in superlattices containing magnetic metals. The contents of this volume again demonstrates the usefulness of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation and characterization of this class of materials. It will be useful to advanced students and to all researchers who apply Raman spectroscopy in their work.

Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy of Solids focuses on the experimental methods and recent experimental results which are currently employed in the millimeter wave spectral range. Time dome, Fourier transform, coherent source and resonant techniques are discussed by leading authorities in the field. The usefulness of the methods is discussed by reviewing experimental results on metals and semiconductors. Recent experiment covering modern topics such as correlation on metals, superconductors and confined quantum systems are also discussed. The volume is aimed at physicists, engineers and materials scientists interested in the dynamics of solid matter.

This book is based on presentations to the International Conference of X-Ray Micro scopy and Spectromicroscopy, XRM 96, which took place in Wiirzburg, August 19- 23, 1996. The conference also celebrated the lOOth anniversary of the discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen on November 8, 1895, in Wiirzburg. This book contains state-of-the-art reviews and up-to-date progress reports in the field of X-ray microscopy and spectromicroscopy, including related new X-ray optics and X-ray sources. It reflects the lively activities within a relatively new field of science which combines the development of new instruments and methods with their applications to numerous topical scientific questions. The applications range from biological and medical topics, colloid physics, and soil sciences to solid-state physics, material sciences, and surface sciences. Their variety demonstrates the interdisci plinary and cooperative character of this field and the growing demand for micro scopic and spectromicroscopic information on the nanometer scale and under specific sample conditions, for example in wet (natural) surroundings or on a solid surface.

The first Optical Society of America (OSA) Topical Meeting on Picosec ond Phenomena, held at Hilton Head, South Carolina, in 1978, brought together in a congenial setting an interdisciplinary group of laser engineers and physicists who were exploring the emerging technologies for generat ing and applying picosecond optical pulses, together with scientists from the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, and electronics who saw in those pulses capabilities for studying atomic and molecular phenomena on time scales previously unrealizable. The technology in this field has since developed even more rapidly and remarkably than foreseen eight years ago, and the applications to science and technology, in physics, chemistry, biology, electronics, and commu nications, have proven to be equally extraordinary. Optical pulses with pulse widths shorter than 10 femtosecond - only a few optical cycles in du ration - along with mono cycle infrared pulses, complex nonlinear optical solitons, electrooptic techniques with subpicosecond time resolutions, and a full toolkit of measurement and detection techniques have now emerged, including new methods for making ultrafast measurements in some cases even without ultrafast optical pulses. These tools are now being widely applied to study the internal motions of complex molecules and atomic lat tices, the relaxation times of superheated electrons in solids, the ultrafast dynamics of chemical reactions, the excited-state lifetimes of photosyn thetic and visual pigments, and the response times of the fastest electronic circuits yet developed.

The phenomenon of photorefraction was discovered in 1966 in studies of propagation of a fairly powerful laser beam through the electro-optic crys- tals LiNb0 , LiTa0 , and some other compounds. The laser beam illumi- 3 3 nating part of the sample was found to cause a local change in the refrac- tive index of the crystal, thereby leading to distortion of the beam's wave front. The light had deteriorated the initially high optical quality of the crystal, in other words, it had given rise to a nonuniform distribution of the refractive index in the illuminated region. The effect was first called "opti- cal damage". The practical significance of the phenomenon was soon appreciated, applications were proposed, and a . vast amount of activity began. In the years that followed, the phenomenon was termed the "photorefractive ef- fect". Because of the reversible behavior of the refractive index variations due to photorefraction, photorefractive crystals have been regarded as re- cyclable photosensitive media. This became a valuable finding for optical engineers engaged in holography and optical information processing. On the other hand, the research into the nature of the photorefractive effect proved to be of considerable interest to physicists working in the fields of solid-state physics, semiconductors, and coherent optics.

Presenting the use of photonics techniques for measurement in mechanics, this book provides a state-of-the-art review of this active and rapidly growing field. It serves as an invaluable resource for readers to explore the current status and includes a wealth of information on the essential principles and methods. It provides a substantial background in a concise and simple way to enable physicists and engineers to assess, analyze and implement experimental systems needed to solve their specific measurement problems.

To get a reasonably realistic picture of the structure and evolution of stars one needs to know accurately the abundances of chemical elements and their isotopes in the stellar atmosphere and in the galactic environment of the stars. The articles collected in this volume give a modern review of the abundance accuracies for main-sequence stars. After a general introduction in the first part the accuracies of atomic transition probabilities, ionization and excitation cross-sections, and line broad- ening data are discussed. In the second part the specific problems and results for different stellar types are presented, and, finally, an overview on the possibilities of abundance determinations for stars outside the Galaxy is given.