Conjugated Objects: Development, Synthesis, and Application contains 17 chapters written by young researchers and contains current trends in pi-conjugated systems for application in broad research areas such as design of unique pi-conjugation, catalysts, self-assembly, charge transfer complexes, liquid crystals, supramolecules, and nanostructures by using conjugated small and/or macro-objects organically or electrochemically. The book can be used as a textbook of basic learning by undergraduate and graduate students of chemistry, electrical and electronics engineering, and materials science and by supramolecular researchers in nanotechnology and biotechnology.

Originally published in 1991. Philoponus' long commentary on Aristotle's definition of light sets up the major concerns, both in optics and theory of light, that are discussed here. Light was of special interest in Neoplatonism because of its being something incorporeal in the world of natural bodies. Light therefore had a special role in the philosophical analysis of the interpenetration of bodies and was also a paradigm for the soul-body problem. The book contains much about the physiology of vision as well as the propagation of light. Several chapters investigate the philosophical theory behind what came to be known as 'multiplication of species' in medieval light theory. These issues in the history of science are placed within an analysis of Neoplatonic development of the distinction between Aristotle's kinesis and energeia. The book treats Philoponus' philosophy of mathematical science from the point of view of matter, quantity, and three-dimensionality.

Causal Physics: Photons by Non Interactions of Waves redefines the mathematical Superposition Principle as an operational Superposition Effect; which is the measurable physical transformation experienced by a detector due to stimulations induced by multiple waves simultaneously acting on the detecting dipoles. This light-matter interaction process driven model emerges naturally by incorporating the observed properties, Non-Interaction of Waves (NIW) and quantized photo detectors needing to fill up their "quantum-cups" with the required quantity of energy from all the stimulating waves around it. By not incorporating this NIW-property explicitly, quantum mechanics failed to extract various embedded realities in the theory while incorporated unnecessary hypotheses like wave-particle duality. The book utilizes this NIW-property to explain all the major optical phenomena (diffraction, spectrometry, coherence.) without using any self-contradictory hypotheses that are prevalent now. The book redefines the old ether (constituting the space) as a stationary Complex Tension Field (CTF), holding all the energy of the universe (no need for Dark Energy of Dark Matter). CTF sustains perpetually propagating EM waves as its linear excitations and the particles as self-looped localized resonant non-linear excitations. Tensions are identified by Maxwell, then the velocities of emitting and detecting atoms through the CTF contribute to the Doppler shifts separately. This calls for re-visiting physical processes behind Hubble Redshift and hence Expanding Universe. The success of the book derives from a novel thinking strategy of visualizing the invisible interaction processes, named as Interaction Process Mapping Epistemology (IPM-E). This is over and above the prevailing strategy of Measurable Data Modeling Epistemology (MDM-E). The approach inspires the next generation of physicists to recognizing that the "foundation of the edifice of physics" has not yet been finalized. IPM-E will stimulate more of us to become technology innovators by learning to emulate the ontologically real physical processes in nature and become more evolution congruent. Critical thinkers without expertise in optical science and engineering, will appreciate the value of the content by reading the book backward, starting from Ch.12; which explains the critical thinking methodology besides giving a very brief summary of the contents in the previous chapters. Establishes that abandoning the wave-particle-duality actually allows us to extract more realities out of quantum mechanics. Illustrates how the discovery of the NIW-property profoundly impacts several branches of fundamental physics, including Doppler effect and hence the cosmological red shift Summarizes that many ad hoc hypotheses from physics can be removed, a la Occam's razor, while improving the reality and comprehension of some of the current working theories Demonstrates that our persistent attempts to restore causality in physical theories will be guided by our capability to visualize the invisible light matter interaction processes that are behind the emergence of all measurable data Draws close attention to the invisible but ontological interaction processes behind various optical phenomena so we can emulate them more efficiently and knowledgably in spite of limitations of our theories Designed as a reference book for general physics and philosophy, this optical science and engineering book is an ideal resource for optical engineers, physicists, and those working with modern optical equipment and high precision instrumentation.

Optoelectronic devices are now ubiquitous in our daily lives, from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in many household appliances to solar cells for energy. This handbook shows how we can probe the underlying and highly complex physical processes using modern mathematical models and numerical simulation for optoelectronic device design, analysis, and performance optimization. It reflects the wide availability of powerful computers and advanced commercial software, which have opened the door for non-specialists to perform sophisticated modeling and simulation tasks. The chapters comprise the know-how of more than a hundred experts from all over the world. The handbook is an ideal starting point for beginners but also gives experienced researchers the opportunity to renew and broaden their knowledge in this expanding field.

The book introduces optical wave propagation in the irregular turbulent atmosphere and the relations to laser beam and LIDAR applications for both optical communication and imaging. It examines atmosphere fundamentals, structure, and content. It explains specific situations occurring in the irregular atmosphere and for specific natural phenomena that affect optical ray and laser beam propagation. It emphasizes how to use LIDAR to investigate atmospheric phenomena and predict primary parameters of the irregular turbulent atmosphere and suggests what kinds of optical devices to operate in different atmospheric situations to minimize the deleterious effects of natural atmospheric phenomena.

The development and application of low-dimensional semiconductors have been rapid and spectacular during the past decade. Ever improving epitaxial growth and device fabrication techniques have allowed access to some remarkable new physics in quantum confined structures while a plethora of new devices has emerged. The field of optoelectronics in particular has benefited from these advances both in terms of improved performance and the invention of fundamentally new types of device, at a time when the use of optics and lasers in telecommunications, broadcasting, the Internet, signal processing, and computing has been rapidly expanding. An appreciation of the physics of quantum and dynamic electronic processes in confined structures is key to the understanding of many of the latest devices and their continued development. Semiconductor Quantum Optoelectronics covers new physics and the latest device developments in low-dimensional semiconductors. It allows those who already have some familiarity with semiconductor physics and devices to broaden and expand their knowledge into new and expanding topics in low-dimensional semiconductors. The book provides pedagogical coverage of selected areas of new and pertinent physics of low-dimensional structures and presents some optoelectronic devices presently under development. Coverage includes material and band structure issues and the physics of ultrafast, nonlinear, coherent, intersubband, and intracavity phenomena. The book emphasizes various devices, including quantum wells, visible, quantum cascade, and mode-locked lasers; microcavity LEDs and VCSELs; and detectors and logic elements. An underlying theme is high-speed phenomena and devices for increased system bandwidths.

Optoelectronic devices are now ubiquitous in our daily lives, from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in many household appliances to solar cells for energy. This handbook shows how we can probe the underlying and highly complex physical processes using modern mathematical models and numerical simulation for optoelectronic device design, analysis, and performance optimization. It reflects the wide availability of powerful computers and advanced commercial software, which have opened the door for non-specialists to perform sophisticated modeling and simulation tasks. The chapters comprise the know-how of more than a hundred experts from all over the world. The handbook is an ideal starting point for beginners but also gives experienced researchers the opportunity to renew and broaden their knowledge in this expanding field.

Compared to traditional electrical filaments, arc lamps, and fluorescent lamps, solid-state lighting offers higher efficiency, reliability, and environmentally friendly technology. LED / solid-state lighting is poised to take over conventional lighting due to cost savings there is pretty much no debate about this. In response to the recent activity in this field, Fundamentals of Solid-State Lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and Their Applications in Illumination and Displays covers a range of solid-state devices, technologies, and materials used for lighting and displays. It also examines auxiliary but critical requirements of efficient applications, such as modeling, thermal management, reliability, and smart lighting. The book discusses performance metrics of LEDs such as efficiency, efficacy, current voltage characteristics, optical parameters like spectral distribution, color temperature, and beam angle before moving on to luminescence theory, injection luminescence, radiative and non-radiative recombination mechanisms, recombination rates, carrier lifetimes, and related topics. This lays down the groundwork for understanding LED operation. The book then discusses energy gaps, light emission, semiconductor material, special equipment, and laboratory facilities. It also covers production and applications of high-brightness LEDs (HBLEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs). LEDs represent the landmark development in lighting since the invention of electric lighting, allowing us to create unique, low-energy lighting solutions, not to talk about their minor maintenance expenses. The rapid strides of LED lighting technology over the last few years have changed the dynamics of the global lighting market, and LEDs are expected to be the mainstream light source in the near future. In a nutshell, the book traces the advances in LEDs, OLEDs, and their applications, and presents an up-to-date and analytical perspective of the scenario for audiences of differen

This book on quantum optics is from the point of view of an experimentalist. It approaches the theory of quantum optics with the language of optical modes of classical wave theory, with which experimentalists are most familiar. This approach makes the transition easy from classical optics to quantum optics. The emphasis on the multimode description of an optical system is more realistic than in most quantum optics textbooks. After the theoretical part, the book goes directly to the two most basic experimental techniques in quantum optics and establishes the connection between the experiments and the theory. The applications include some key quantum optics experiments, and a few more current interests that deal with quantum correlation and entanglement, quantum noise in phase measurement and amplification, and quantum state measurement.

Prism and Lens Making: A Textbook for Optical Glassworkers, Second Edition is a unique compendium of the art and science of the optical working of glass for the production of mirrors, lenses, and prisms. Incorporating minor corrections and a foreword by Professor Walter Welford FRS, this reissue of the 1957 edition provides a wealth of technical information and hands-on guidance gained from a lifetime of experience. Although some of the techniques have been replaced by more modern methods, this classic book is still a valuable source of practical assistance as well as being a pleasure to read. About the Author Frank Twyman was a skilled craftsman in all aspects of optics. He joined Otto Hilger in 1898 to work on the production of simple spectroscopes costing less than 10 each. After the death of Otto Hilger, Twyman became Managing Director of Adam Hilger Ltd., a company known for the finest quality optical and mechanical work. He worked here from 1902 to 1946 and was very concerned with the practical aspects of instrument making; he designed many of the instruments himself and constantly strove to improve the techniques of optical grinding and polishing. In 1916 Twyman and Alfred Green, the foreman of the Hilger optical shops, patented the now-famous prism and lens testing interferometer that bears their names. Twyman also undertook fundamental studies in the annealing process for glass and invented new spectrophotometers and spectrographs.

Nonlinear Problems in Accelerator Physics contains the proceedings of the International Workshop on Nonlinear Problems in Accelerator Physics. Consisting only of invited papers, the book focuses on resolving problems associated with nonlinear effects-essential for the development of the next generation of particle accelerators. It facilitates an understanding of accelerator optical systems. Topics covered include Hamiltonian dynamics (such as CHAOS), computer codes for design of focusing systems, and spectrometers. The book is of interest to researchers in high energy, nuclear, electron, ion and optical beam physics, and applied mathematics.

Bivectors occur naturally in the description of elliptically polarized homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves. The description of a homogeneous plane wave generally involves a vector (the unit vector along the propagation direction) and a bivbector (the complex amplitude of the wave). Inhomogeneous plane waves are described in terms of two bivectors - the complex amplitude and the complex slowness. The use of bivectors and their associated ellipses is essential for the presentation of the 'directional ellipse' method given in this book, in deriving all possible inhomogeneous plane wave solutions in a given context.
The purpose of this book is to give an extensive treatment of the properties of bivectors and to show how these may be applied to the theory of homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves. For each chapter there are exercises with answers, many of which present further useful properties which are referred to afterwards. The material in this book is suitable for senior undergraduate and first year graduate students. It will also prove useful for researchers interested in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves.

Is Bigger Always Better? Explore the Behavior of Very Small Devices as Described by Quantum Mechanics Smaller is better when it comes to the semiconductor transistor. Nanoscale Silicon Devices examines the growth of semiconductor device miniaturization and related advances in material, device, circuit, and system design, and highlights the use of device scaling within the semiconductor industry. Device scaling, the practice of continuously scaling down the size of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), has significantly improved the performance of small computers, mobile phones, and similar devices. The practice has resulted in smaller delay time and higher device density in a chip without an increase in power consumption. This book covers recent advancements and considers the future prospects of nanoscale silicon (Si) devices. It provides an introduction to new concepts (including variability in scaled MOSFETs, thermal effects, spintronics-based nonvolatile computing systems, spin-based qubits, magnetoelectric devices, NEMS devices, tunnel FETs, dopant engineering, and single-electron transfer), new materials (such as high-k dielectrics and germanium), and new device structures in three dimensions. It covers the fundamentals of such devices, describes the physics and modeling of these devices, and advocates further device scaling and minimization of energy consumption in future large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Additional coverage includes: Physics of nm scaled devices in terms of quantum mechanics Advanced 3D transistors: tri-gate structure and thermal effects Variability in scaled MOSFET Spintronics on Si platform NEMS devices for switching, memory, and sensor applications The concept of ballistic transport The present status of the transistor variability and more An indispensable resource, Nanoscale Silicon Devices serves device engineers and academic researchers (including graduate students) in the fields of electron devices, solid-state physics, and nanotechnology.

Optical Multi-Bound Solitons describes the generation and transmission of multi-bound solitons with the potential to form the basis of the temporal coding of optical data packets for next-generation nonlinear optical systems. The book deals with nonlinear systems in terms of their fundamental principles, associated phenomena, and signal processing applications in contemporary optical systems for communications and laser systems, with a touch of mathematical representation of nonlinear equations to offer insight into the nonlinear dynamics at different phases. The text not only delineates the strong background physics of such systems but also: Discusses the phase evolution of the optical carriers under the soliton envelopes for the generation of multi-bound solitons Explains the generation of multi-bound solitons through optical fibers Examines new types of multi-bound solitons in passive and active optical resonators Conducts bi-spectral analyses of multi-bound solitons to identify the phase and power amplitude distribution property of bound solitons Presents experimental techniques for the effective generation of bound solitons Optical Multi-Bound Solitons provides extensive coverage of multi-bound solitons from the dynamics of their formation to their transmission over guided optical media. Appendices are included to supplement a number of essential definitions, mathematical representations, and derivations, making this book an ideal theoretical reference text as well as a practical professional guidebook.

Going beyond the technological building blocks of 3DTV, 3D Television (3DTV) Technology, Systems, and Deployment: Rolling Out the Infrastructure for Next-Generation Entertainment offers an early view of the deployment and rollout strategies of this emerging technology. It covers cutting-edge advances, theories, and techniques in end-to-end 3DTV systems to provide a system-level view of the topic and what it takes to make this concept a commercial reality. The book reflects the full-range of questions being posed about post-production 3D mastering, delivery options, and home screens. It reviews fundamental visual concepts supporting stereographic perception of 3DTV and considers the various stages of a 3DTV system including capture, representation, coding, transmission, and display. Presents new advances in 3DTV and display techniques Includes a 24-page color insert Identifies standardization activities critical to broad deployment Examines a different stage of an end-to-end 3DTV system in each chapter Considers the technical details related to 3DTV including compression and transmission technologies Discussing theory and application, the text covers both stereoscopic and autostereoscopic techniques the latter eliminating the need for special glasses and allowing for viewer movement. It also examines emerging holographic approaches, which have the potential to provide the truest three-dimensional images. The book contains the results of a survey of a number of advocacy groups to provide a clear picture of the current state of the industry, research trends, future directions, and underlying topics.

Because of the wide use of adaptive filtering in digital signal processing and, because most of the modern electronic devices include some type of an adaptive filter, a text that brings forth the fundamentals of this field was necessary. The material and the principles presented in this book are easily accessible to engineers, scientists, and students who would like to learn the fundamentals of this field and have a background at the bachelor level. Adaptive Filtering Primer with MATLAB clearly explains the fundamentals of adaptive filtering supported by numerous examples and computer simulations. The authors introduce discrete-time signal processing, random variables and stochastic processes, the Wiener filter, properties of the error surface, the steepest descent method, and the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. They also supply many MATLAB functions and m-files along with computer experiments to illustrate how to apply the concepts to real-world problems. The book includes problems along with hints, suggestions, and solutions for solving them. An appendix on matrix computations completes the self-contained coverage. With applications across a wide range of areas, including radar, communications, control, medical instrumentation, and seismology, Adaptive Filtering Primer with MATLAB is an ideal companion for quick reference and a perfect, concise introduction to the field.

In recent years the availability of techniques and the asking of basic and technological questions has led to an international explosion of activity in the study of solid surfaces. Originally published in Reports in Progress in Physics, Electronic Properties of Surfaces reflects the modern knowledge in this field, presenting critical appraisals of progress in surface science. The book should be particularly valuable for researchers new to this field.

The importance of photonics in science and engineering is widely recognized and will continue to increase through the foreseeable future. In particular, applications in telecommunications, medicine, astronomy, industrial sensing, optical computing and signal processing continue to become more diverse. Essentials of Photonics, Second Edition describes the entire range of photonic principles and techniques in detail. Previously named Essentials of Optoelectronics, this newly named second edition of a bestseller felects changes that have occurred in this field. The book presents a new approach that concentrates on the physical principbestles, demonstrating their interdependence, and developing them to explain more complex phenomena. It gives insight into the underlying physical processes in a way that is readable and easy to follow, as well as entirely self-contained. Written by an author with many years of experience in teaching and research, this book includes a detailed treatment of lasers, waveguides (including optical fibres), modulators, detectors, non-linear optics and optical signal processing. This new edition is brought up-to-date with additional sections on photonic crystal fibres, distributed optical-fibre sensing, and the latest developments in optical-fibre communications.

This practical reference offers state-of-the-art coverage of speckle metrology and its value as a measuring technique in industry.;Examing every important aspect of the field, Speckle Metrology: surveys the origin of speckle displacement and decorrelation; presents procedures for deformation analysis and shape measurement of rough objects; explains particle image velocimetry (PIV), the processing of PIV records, and the design requirements of PIV equipment; discusses the applications of white light speckle methods and the production of artificial speckles; describes the measurement of surface roughness with laser speckles and polychromatic speckles; illustrates semiautomatic and automatic methods for the analysis of Young's fringes; calculates the variation of Young's fringes with the change in the microrelief of the rough surface; and explicates hololenses for imaging and provides design details with aberration corrections for hololense systems.;With over 1500 literature citations, tables, figures and display equations, Speckle Metrology is a resource for students and professionals in the fields of optical, mechanical, electrical and electronics engineering; applied physics; and stress analysis.

Understand Introductory Electronics Updated and expanded with new topics, The Electronics Companion: Devices and Circuits for Physicists and Engineers, 2nd Edition presents a full course in introductory electronics using a unique and educational presentation technique that is the signature style of the author's companion books. This concise yet detailed book covers introductory electrical principles (DC and AC circuits), the physics of electronics components, circuits involving diodes and transistors, transistors amplifiers, filtering, operational amplifiers, digital electronics, transformers, instrumentation, and power supplies. A Convenient, Student-Friendly Format Rich with Diagrams and Clear ExplanationsThe level of coverage is introductory but at enough depth to enable students to undertake simple circuit design and construction. The book includes tutorial problems and a comprehensive set of laboratory experiments requiring conventional components and test equipment. Be sure to check out the author's other companion books: The Materials Physics Companion, 2nd Edition The Physics Companion, 2nd Edition The Mathematics Companion: Mathematical Methods for Physicists and Engineers, 2nd Edition The Chemistry Companion

Graphene is giving new impetus to the electronics industry because its band structure allows its properties to be dramatically altered and modified by chemical or electrochemical doping methods. This book provides a comprehensive source of information about graphene as a phenomenon, its physics and its mechanical and chemical properties in the light of the latest scientific and technological discoveries. The major focus of the book is on military and special applications since that is where the biggest investments are made.

Broadly tunable lasers have had, and continue to have, an enormous impact in many and diverse fields of science and technology. From a renaissance in spectroscopy to laser guide stars and laser cooling, the nexus is the tunable laser. Tunable Laser Optics offers a transparent and comprehensive treatment of the physics of tunable laser optics based on a detailed description of first principles. Authored by a leading expert in the field, the book covers the optics and optical principles needed to build lasers, the optics instrumentation necessary to characterize laser emission, and laser-based optical instrumentation, addressing key topics such as Dirac's notation, the interferometric equation, the uncertainty principle, pulse compression, and tunable narrow-linewidth lasers. This revised, expanded, and improved Second Edition: Contains new and additional material on tunable lasers and quantum optics Explains the first principles of tunable laser optics in a clear and concise manner Presents an explicit exposition of the relevant theory, without the use of short cuts Employs numerous examples, case studies, and figures to illustrate important concepts Includes carefully designed problems of direct practical significance to stimulate application Emphasizing the utilitarian aspects of the optics and theory, Tunable Laser Optics, Second Edition provides valuable insight into the optics and the trade-offs involved in the design and construction of tunable lasers and optical devices. It makes an ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate-level and graduate-level optics courses for physics and engineering students, as well as a handy reference for researchers and experimentalists.

Optical Properties of Functional Polymers and Nano Engineering Applications provides a basic introduction to the optical properties of polymers, as well as a systematic overview of the latest developments in their nano engineering applications. Covering an increasingly important class of materials relevant not only in academic research but also in industry, this comprehensive text: Considers the advantages of the liquid gradient refractive index (L-GRIN) lenses over the conventional solid lenses Explores the electrochemistry of photorefractive polymers, the molecular structure of commonly used polymers, and various 3D holographic displays Discusses gene detection using the optical properties of conjugated polymers Highlights the physics of fluorescence in photoluminescent polymers, and energy and electron transfer mechanisms Introduces conventional polymer ion sensors based on the optical sensors of conjugated polymers prepared by click chemistry reactions Explains colorimetric visual detection of ions by donor-acceptor chromophores Describes optical sensors based on fluorescent polymers and for the detection of explosives and metal ion analytes Addresses holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal technology, its optical setups, and its applications in organic lasers Presents cutting-edge research on electrochromic devices, along with new concepts, prototypes, commercial products, and future prospects Demonstrates new techniques for creating nanoscale morphologies through self-assembly, which affect the optical properties of the functional polymers Optical Properties of Functional Polymers and Nano Engineering Applications emphasizes the importance of nano engineering in improving the fundamental optical properties of the functional polymers, elaborating on high-level research while thoroughly explaining the underlying principles.

A Practical Guide to Lens Design focuses on the very detailed practical process of lens design. Every step from setup specifications to finalizing the design for production is discussed in a straight forward, tangible way. Design examples of several widely used modern lenses are provided. Optics basics are introduced and basic functions of Zemax are described. Zemax will be used throughout the book.

Electron Microscopy and Analysis deals with several sophisticated techniques for magnifying images of very small objects by large amounts - especially in a physical science context. It has been ten years since the last edition of Electron Microscopy and Analysis was published and there have been rapid changes in this field since then. The authors have vastly updated their very successful second edition, which is already established as an essential laboratory manual worldwide, and they have incorporated questions and answers in each chapter for ease of learning. Equally as relevant for material scientists and bioscientists, this third edition is an essential textbook.