The Fractional Fourier Transform provide a comprehensive and widely accessible account of the subject covering both theory and applications. As a generalisation of the Fourier transform, the fractional Fourier transform is richer in theory and more flexible in applications but not more costly in implementation. This text consolidates knowledge on the transform and illustrates its application in diverse contexts. Applications studied so far fall mostly in the areas in optics and wave propagation and signal processing, including optical information processing, beam synthesis, phase retrieval, perspective projections, shift-variant filtering, image restoration, pattern recognition, tomography, data compression and time-frequency representations.

• Background material introduces time-frequency analysis emphasizing the Wigner distribution, ambiguity function and canonical transforms.
• Chapter on phase-space optics employs matrix algebra in a unified manner for both wave and geometrical optics, leading to many important results such as those on general Fourier transform planes and optical invariants.
• Separate discussion of optics for readers with no interest in optics.

With 300 figures, tables, and equations, this book presents a unified approach to image quality research and modeling. The author discusses the results of different, calibrated psychometric experiments can be rigorously integrated to construct predictive software using Monte Carlo simulations and provides numerous examples of viable field applications for product design and verification of modeling predictions. He covers perceptual measurements for the assessment of individual quality attributes and overall quality, explores variation in scene susceptibility, observer sensitivity, and preference, and includes methods of analysis for testing and refining metrics based on psychometric data.

Intrinsic features of the optical near field open a new frontier in optical science and technology by finally overcoming the diffraction limit to reach nanometric dimensions. But this book goes beyond near-field optical microscopy to cover local spectroscopy, nanoscale optical processing and storage, quantum near-field optics, and atom manipulation. Near-Field Nano/Atom Optics and Technology provides the first complete and systematically compiled account of the science and technology required to generate the near field, and features applications including imaging of biological specimens and diagnostics for semiconductor nanomaterials and devices. This monograph will be invaluable to researchers who want to implement near-field technology in their own work, and it can also be used as a textbook for graduate or undergraduate students.

This thesis discusses the power scaling of ultrashort pulses in enhancement cavities, utilized in particular for frequency conversion processes, such as Thomson scattering and high-harmonic generation. Using custom optics for ultrashort-pulse enhancement cavities, it demonstrates for the first time that at the envisaged power levels, the mitigation of thermal effects becomes indispensable even in cavities comprising solely reflective optics. It also studies cavities with large beams, albeit with low misalignment sensitivity, as a way to circumvent intensity-induced mirror damage. Average powers of several hundred kilowatts are demonstrated, which benefit hard x-ray sources based on Thomson scattering. Furthermore, pulses as short as 30 fs were obtained at more than 10 kW of average power and employed for high-harmonic generation with photon energies exceeding 100 eV at 250 MHz repetition rate, paving the way for frequency comb spectroscopy in this spectral region.

Tremendous technological developments and rapid progress in theory have opened a new area of modern physics called high-field electrodynamics: the systematic study of the interaction of relativistic electrons or positrons with ultrahigh-intensity, coherent electromagnetic radiation.

This advanced undergraduate/graduate-level text provides a detailed introduction to high-field electrodynamics, from its fundamentals to some of its important modern applications. The author describes a broad collection of theoretical techniques, and where possible, approaches derivations by at least two different routes to yield deeper physical insight and a wider range of mathematical and physical techniques. He also discusses some of the outstanding ramifications of electrodynamics in areas ranging from quantum optics, squeezed states, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox to rotating black holes, non-Abelian gauge field theories, and the Bohm-Aharanov effect.

High-Field Electrodynamics gives a comprehensive description of the theoretical tools needed to approach this novel discipline. It highlights important modern applications and serves as a starting point for more advanced and specialized research at the frontiers of modern physics.

Completely revised and updated, you will benefit from new and rewritten sections on: axial magnification Jackson Cross Cylinder tests retinoscopy reflex motions field of view the optics of indirect ophthalmoscopy optical aberrations diffractive lenses the Doppler shift lasers and the similarities and differences of Gaussian laser beams versus the propagation of light from a point source plus, a new appendix on angles and basic trigonometry. Although not a matrix optics text, matrices are used extensively in the chapters on spherical systems and off-axis aspects of astigmatism. In particular, the matrix treatment of astigmatism serves as a foundation for the recently developed, much improved statistical techniques that deal with refractive corrections and astigmatism in all its aspects. * Emphasizes conceptual understanding and development of optical intuition * Uses the vergence-dioptric power-wavefront approach * Helpful review for optometry boards and qualifying examinations

This book discusses quantum optics and investigates the quantum properties of interactions between atoms and laser fields. It is divided into three parts. Part I introduces the elementary theory of the interaction between atoms and light. Part II provides a concentrated discussion on the quantum properties of light fields. Part III deals with the quantum dynamic properties of the atoms interacting with laser fields. This book can be used as a text for both graduate and undergraduate students; it will also benefit scientists who are interested in quantum optics and theoretical physics.

This book discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers, presenting new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields addressed include nonlinear optical phenomena, photonics for energy, high-field phenomena, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical communications, biomedical optics and photonics. It also covers a large spectrum of materials, ranging from semiconductor-based optical materials to optical glasses, organic materials, photorefractive materials and nanophotonic materials, as well as applications such as metrology, optometry, adaptive optics, all optical instrumentation, optical communications, quantum information, lighting technologies, energy harvesting and optically based biomedical diagnosis and therapeutics.

Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials provides an extensive description of the preparation and characterization of organic materials for applications in nonlinear and electro-optics. The book discusses the fundamental optimization and practical limitations of a number of figures of merit for various optical parameters and gives a clinical appraisal of the potential of organic materials for applicators in optical technology. Among the topics addressed are the basic molecular design of;nonlinear optical chromophores, fundamentals and novel techniques of organic crystal growth, preparation and characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett and polymer films, experimental methods for determining microscopic and macroscopic optical properties. Also included is a discussion of first results of the photorefractive effect in organic crystals and the potential of organics for photorefractive applications, as well as an extensive review of published linear and nonlinear optical measurement of organic materials.

High-performance secondary batteries, also called rechargeable or storage batteries, are a key component of electric automobiles, power storage for renewable energies, load levellers of electric power lines, base stations for mobile phones, and emergency power supply in hospitals, in addition to having application in energy security and realization of a low-carbon and resilient society. A detailed understanding of the physics and chemistry that occur in secondary batteries is required for developing next-generation secondary batteries with improved performance. Among various types of secondary batteries, lithium-ion batteries are most widely used because of their high energy density, small memory effect, and low self-discharge rate. This book introduces lithium-ion batteries, with an emphasis on their overview, roadmaps, and simulations. It also provides extensive descriptions of ion beam analysis and prospects for in situ diagnostics of lithium-ion batteries. The chapters are written by specialists in cutting-edge research on lithium-ion batteries and related subjects. The book will be a great reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, researchers, and engineers in electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and diagnostic methods and instruments.

As demonstrated by five Nobel Prizes in physics, radio astronomy has contributed greatly to our understanding of the Universe. Yet for too long, there has been no comprehensive textbook on radio astronomy for undergraduate students. This two-volume set of introductory textbooks is exclusively devoted to radio astronomy, with extensive discussions of telescopes, observation methods, and astrophysical processes that are relevant for this exciting field. The first volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods, discusses radio astronomy instrumentation and the techniques to conduct successful observations. The second volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics, discusses the physical processes that give rise to radio emission, presents examples of astronomical objects that emit by these mechanisms, and illustrates how the relevant physical parameters of astronomical sources can be obtained from the radio observations. Requiring no prior knowledge of astronomy, the two volumes are ideal textbooks for radio astronomy courses at the undergraduate or graduate level, particularly those that emphasize radio wavelength instrumentation and observational techniques or the astrophysics of radio sources. The set enables instructors to pick and choose topics from the two volumes that best fit their courses. Features: Explores radio astronomy instruments and techniques that are important to enable observations Describes astrophysical processes that produce the radio emissions observed in different types of astronomical objects Includes numerous worked examples to demonstrate how the methods are used to solve problems, in addition to advanced material for students with more extensive physics and mathematics backgrounds

This monograph is devoted to the description of the physical fundamentals of laser refractography-a novel informational-measuring technique for the diagnostics of optically inhomogeneous media and flows, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and c- puter techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns. Considered are the physical fundamentals of this technique, actual optical schemes, methods of processing refraction patterns, and possible applications. This informational technique can be employed in such areas of science and technology as require remote nonperturbative monitoring of optical, thermophysical, chemical, aerohydrodynamic, and manufacturing processes. The monograph can also be recommended for students and postgraduates of - formational, laser, electro-optical, thermophysical, chemical, and other specialties. Laser refractography is a conceptually novel refraction method for the diagn- tics of inhomogeneous media, based on the idea of using spatially structured probe laser radiation in combination with its digital recording and computer techniques for the differential processing of refraction patterns.

Optical Remote Sensing is one of the main technologies used in sea surface monitoring. Optical Remote Sensing of Ocean Hydrodynamics investigates and demonstrates capabilities of optical remote sensing technology for enhanced observations and detection of ocean environments. It provides extensive knowledge of physical principles and capabilities of optical observations of the oceans at high spatial resolution, 1-4m, and on the observations of surface wave hydrodynamic processes. It also describes the implementation of spectral-statistical and fusion algorithms for analyses of multispectral optical databases and establishes physics-based criteria for detection of complex wave phenomena and hydrodynamic disturbances including assessment and management of optical databases. This book explains the physical principles of high-resolution optical imagery of the ocean surface, discusses for the first time the capabilities of observing hydrodynamic processes and events, and emphasizes the integration of optical measurements and enhanced data analysis. It also covers both the assessment and the interpretation of dynamic multispectral optical databases and includes applications for advanced studies and nonacoustic detection. This book is an invaluable resource for researches, industry professionals, engineers, and students working on cross-disciplinary problems in ocean hydrodynamics, optical remote sensing of the ocean and sea surface remote sensing. Readers in the fields of geosciences and remote sensing, applied physics, oceanography, satellite observation technology, and optical engineering will learn the theory and practice of optical interactions with the ocean.

Contents:
1. Introduction 2. Fabrication Techniques and Applications 3. The Method of Manufacturing Microlenses by Melting Photoresist 4. Improvements to the Performance of Microlens Arrays 5. Measurement of Microlenses 6. Interferometers to Measure Microlenses 7. Optical Performance of Individual Microlenses 8. Summary 9. References

This is a new and greatly expanded edition of what has become one of the best-known introductions to the principles, techniques, and applications of optical holography. Where necessary, existing sections have been updated, and two new chapters, on holographic optical elements and advanced techniques in holographic interferometry, have been added. The book begins by presenting the theory of holographic imaging, the characteristics of the reconstructed image, and the various types of holograms. Practical aspects of holography are then covered (including optical systems, light sources, and recording media), as are the production of holograms for display, colour holography and computer-generated holograms. A variety of the applications of holography are then discussed in detail, such as high-resolution imaging, holographic optical elements, information storage and processing, and holographic interferometry, including vibration analysis and holographic interferometry with photorefractive crystals. This book assumes only undergraduate training in science or engineering and contains more than 1,000 selected references; anyone wishing to learn more about optical holography, as well as established researchers and engineers in this field, will find it invaluable.

"Ode to a Quantum Physicist" celebrates the scientific achievements of Marlan O. Scully on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. It combines personal reminiscences from other renowned physicists who have known and worked with him over the years and 60+ scientific articles from the frontiers of Quantum Optics inspired by the work of M. O. Scully. The topics of these articles, published in the special volume 179 of "Optics Communications," range from classical optics via atomic physics and quantum mechanics to non-linear optics.

The book opens with special greetings from Tony Siegman, the former president of the Optical Society of America and Benjamin Bederson, the Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of "Physical Review." A long time friend, Ali Javan, dating back to Marlan's MIT days, highlights some of Marlan's scientific contributions.
Heidi Fearn's poems humanize physical phenomena and set the stage for the more personal reminiscences to come.

Friends and colleagues of Marlan from the various stages of his scientific life shed some light on his human side. These stories reflect the admiration and respect the quantum physics community holds for Marlan and bring out many humorous anecdotes of their interactions with him. Judy Scully, his wife, takes us through Marlan's youth and college years in Wyoming. Leon Cohen illuminates the Yale days and Marlan's interactions with Willis E. Lamb. Pierre Meystre describes his arrival in Tucson from
Switzerland for his first postdoctoral position with Marlan. The move from Tucson to Albuquerque is one of Suhail Zubairy's memories. Herbert Walther shines light on the impact of the multi-national Marlan and in particular, on the Max-Planck-Institut fu Quantenoptik. Wolfgang Schleich looks at his mentor
Marlan from a graduate student's point of view and opens the arena for Reesor Woodling's description of Marlan's cattle business. We conclude the trail by the article of Thomas Walther, Ed Fry and George Welsch, who bring us up to date with Marlan's activities in Texas A & M.

The actual birthday party and scientific celebration took place as a special two-day colloquium on "Modern Trends in Quantum Optics" at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Quantenoptic in Garching, Germany on June 29-30, 1999. Included in this book is the program of this meeting, as wel as some excerpts from the celebration, such as, the after dinner speech by Roy J. Glauber followed by a photo album of Marlan's life. The poems by Olga Kocharovskaya poetically describe Marlan's scientific achievements. The concluding talk by Bruce Shore, given at this meeting, begins the connection to the papers by Don Kobe, Danny Greenberger and Mark Hillary, and Shi-Yao Zhu et al. covering topics from gauge invariance via unbreakable codes to photonic band gaps. The articles from the special issue of "Optics Communications" conclude this Festschrift.

Entanglement and (de-)coherence arguably define the central issues of concern in present day quantum information theory. Entanglement being a consequence of the quantum mechanical superposition principle for composite systems, a better understanding of the environment-induced destruction of coherent superposition states is required to devise novel strategies for harvesting quantum interference phenomena.

The present book collects a series of advanced lectures on the theoretical foundations of this active research field, from mathematical aspects underlying quantum topology to mesoscopic transport theory.

All lectures start out from an elementary level and proceed along a steep learning curve. This makes the material particularly suitable for student seminars on the more fundamental theoretical aspects of quantum information, and equally useful as supplementary reading for advanced lectures on this topic.

Detection of Early Fatty Plaque Using Quantitative Ultrasound Methods.- Pattern Recognition on Human Skin Tissue.- Quantitative Imaging of Acoustical and Histological Properties of Excised Tissues.- A Fast Algorithm for Transkull Brain Imaging.- Detection of Root Caries.- Reflex Transmission Imaging: Visualization and Evaluation of Calculi for Lithotripsy.- Self Focusing with "Time Reversal" Acoustic Mirrors.- Acoustic Phase Conjugation using Nonlinear Electroacoustic Interaction and Its Application to Scanning Acoustic Imaging Systems.- An Echolocation and Imaging Using Transducers of Directionally Distinguishable Impulse Response.- An Ultrasonic Robot Eye Using Neural Networks.- Inverse Scattering and Diffraction Tomography Using Intensity Data.- Reconstruction of Two-Dimensional Refractive Index Distribution Using the Born Iterative and Distorted Born Iterative Methods.- Decision-Theoretic Treatment of Superresolution Based Upon Oversampling and Finite Support.- A Generalized Framework for Incoherent Pulse Echo Processing and Imaging: The Random Phase Transducer Approach.- Spatial Pulse Response Computing for Reflection - Time Domain Approach.- NDE of Delaminations During Processing of Carbon-Carbon Composites.- Ultrasonic Imaging and Finite Element Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Cylinders.- Applications of High Resolution Deconvolution Techniques to Ultrasonic NDE.- Characterization of Layered Structures by a Liquid Wedge Transducer and a Corner Reflector.- Non-Destructive Evaluation of Engineering Ceramics by High-Frequency Acoustic Techniques.- Acoustic Microscopy of Ceramic Bearing Balls.- Evaluation of Skin Biopsy Samples Using Acoustical Microscopy and Comparison with Conventional Pathological Studies and Light Microscopy.- Observation of Stable Crack Growth in AL2O3 - Ceramics by Acoustic Microscopy and Acoustic Emission.- Direct Measurements of the SAW Velocity and Attenuation Using Continuous Wave Reflection Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAMCRUW).- Electronic Scanning in Acoustic Microscopy Using a Wedge Transducer.- Holographic Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy and Applications.- Acoustic Images Observed by Directional PFB Microscope.- Initial Phase Estimation and Tomographic Reconstruction for Multiple-Frequency Acoustic Microscopy.- Deconvolution of Exploration Seismic Data.- Tomographic Reconstruction for Imaging EOR Processes in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs.- Geophysical Diffraction Tomography.- Imaging of the Nonlinear Acoustic Parameter B/A.- Least Squares Estimation and Imaging Using Phase and Frequency Measurements of the Nonlinear Parameter B/A.- Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Tomography for the Non-Intrusive Measurement of Flow Velocity Fields.- Comparison of Estimation Strategies for the Determination of Blood Velocity Using Ultrasound.- Application of a New Aliasing-Defeating Method to Pulsed-Doppler Flow Imaging Systems.- Estimation of Center Frequency and Variance of Ultrasonic Doppler Signal by Using Second-Order Autoregressive Model.- An Optimization Method for Acoustic Impedance Estimation of Layered Structures Using Prior Knowledge.- The Feasibility of Real-Time 3D-Acoustical Imaging.- A Comparison of Broadband Holographic and Tomographie Imaging Concepts.- An Experimental Study of Diffraction Tomography under the Born Approximation.- Initial Testing of a Clinical Ultrasound Mammograph.- Modified Fresnel Approximation and Acoustical Holography.- Improvements of the Multilayer Holo-Acoustic Tomography by Iterative and Algebraic Techniques.- Development of an Underwater Frontal Imaging Sonar, Concept of 3-D Imaging System.- Signal Processing in the 1988 Monterey Bay Acoustic Tomography Experiment.- Results from an Experimental Synthetic Aperture Sonar.- High Resolution Wigner Distribution for Sonar Applications.- An Imaging Operator for a High Speed Holographic Sonar which Uses an Incompletely Orthogonalized Wavefront.- Three-Dimensional Display Technique for Fish-Finder with Fan-Shaped Multiple Beams.- Tu...

This book covers a wide range of measurement techniques broadly referred to as Optical Metrology, with emphasis on their applications to nondestructive testing. If we look separately at each of the two terms making the generic name Optical Metrology, we find a link to two of the most distinctive aspects of humans: a particularly well developed sense of vision and a desire to classify things using numbers and rules.
Of all our five senses, vision is certainly the most developed and the closest to the rational part of our brain. It can be argued that our memory is strongly dependent on images and the brain is particularly good at processing the stimuli received from these images to extract information. Measuring, sizing and counting are, on the other hand, among the fundamental building blocks of modern society. The use of abstract quantities like size, value or intensity has simplified the description of complex enquiry and is the basis of modern science and economy. Hence, it would seem natural that the combination of two such basic aspects should result in the birth of a new field of science. However, it is known that his has not been the case. Optical Metrology remains classified as a group of special techniques used mainly in niche applications. Optical Metrology may be rightly described as an ensemble of techniques in which fields such as physics, electrical and mechanical engineering, and computer science merge and blend in new ways.
This book is intended as a tribute to the career of Professor Leopold Pflug. By looking back at his lifelong commitment to the application of optical metrology to the service of engineering sciences, more particularly devoted to the observation of the real behavior of structural components, one can retrace the major revolutions that have taken place in this domain. Starting his activity in 1971 as the head of the Laboratory for Stress Analysis at the EPFL in Switzerland, he first employed photoelasticity as a tool to improve the understanding of the real behavior of complex structures. However he soon recognized the necessity of working with the real materials used to build these structures instead of on replicas made of optically birefringent materials. He then focussed on the use of moire techniques which sparked his fascination with laser-based holography and speckle-based methods. The advent of information technology led him to open up to the use of ESPI and digital image processing techniques. Finally, in the mid 1990s he became interested in the use of optical fibers as a tool for sensing deformations inside structures, not only on their surfaces as in the case of whole-field methods. It is interesting to note the parallel in the evolution of optical metrology vis a vis developments in other fields: the development of lasers led to holographic interferometry, the availability of frame-grabbers led to ESPI and the emergence of fiber optic communications opened the way to the development of fiber optic sensors. This puts in sharp perspective the strong dependence of optical metrology on the latest technology for its development. Also interesting to note is that all fields in optical metrology touched upon by Professor Pflug are still of great relevance, as shown by the contributions in this volume.
This book is, however, not intended as a commemoration, rather as an occasion to review the trends and undercurrents that are driving the field of optical metrology, with emphasis on nondestructive testing. All the authors were asked to summarize the recent achievements in their respective fields and to speculate about the future. As a result it has become apparent that it is difficult although not impossible to spot general trends in these disparate fields. Optical metrology has considerably benefited from some of the most important innovations of the recent past: lasers, computers and fiber optics communication, all of which found their direct inspiration from the developments in the world of electronics.
In recent years we have also witnessed a shift of power from states to corporations. This has created the need to produce quick results useful to industry. Optical nondestructive testing has certainly adapted to this evolution, and several contributions in this book show that the researchers in this field understand the importance of developing technology that can be used by the industry to solve specific problems. We should also not forget that optical nondestructive testing is essentially a "service technology" and should as such not only focus on serving its clients in the best possible way, but also should continually emphasize, extend and enhance its services to new users still unaware of its potential. Hopefully this book will help in spreading awareness of the potentials of optical metrology and in focusing on the challenges of the future.

The "blue laser" is and exciting new device used in physics. The potential is now being recognised for its development into a commercial lighting system using about a tenth of the power and with a thousand times the operating lifetime of a comparable conventional system. This comprehensive work introduces the subject at a level suitable for graduate students. It covers the basics physics of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) based on gallium nitride and related nitride semiconductors, and gives an outline of their structural, transport and optical properties, and the relevant device physics. It begins with the fundamentals, and covers both theory and experiment, as well as an examination of actual and potential device applications. Shuji Nakamura and Nichia Chemicals Industries made the initial breakthroughs in the field, and these have revealed that LEDs and LDs are a sophisticated physical phenomenon and a commercial reality.

Optical techniques have a huge range of potential applications in signal processing and in the interconnection of digital computing systems. This 1995 book provides a detailed review of the key issues which must be addressed in the design, evaluation and implementation of practical systems for signal processing and optical interconnection. Considerations such as the computer modelling of optical design limitations, the size and noise characteristics of optical modulators, and the relative merits of free-space and guided-wave optical technology in different processing systems, are all discussed in detail. The book will be of great interest to optical researchers and designers, and to anyone wishing to learn about the basic techniques of optical processing.

This book describes algorithms and hardware implementations of computer holography, especially in terms of fast calculation. It summarizes the basics of holography and computer holography and describes how conventional diffraction calculations play a central role. Numerical implementations by actual codes will also be discussed. This book will explain new fast diffraction calculations, such as scaled scalar diffraction. Computer Holography will also explain acceleration algorithms for computer-generated hologram (CGH) generation and digital holography with 3D objects composed of point clouds, using look-up table- (LUT) based algorithms, and a wave front recording plane. 3D objects composed of polygons using tilted plane diffraction, expressed by multi-view images and RGB-D images, will be explained in this book. Digital holography, including inline, off-axis, Gabor digital holography, and phase shift digital holography, will also be explored. This book introduces applications of computer holography, including phase retrieval algorithm, holographic memory, holographic projection, and deep learning in computer holography, while explaining hardware implementations for computer holography. Recently, several parallel processors have been released (for example, multi-core CPU, GPU, Xeon Phi, and FPGA). Readers will learn how to apply algorithms to these processors. Features Provides an introduction of the basics of holography and computer holography Summarizes the latest advancements in computer-generated holograms Showcases the latest researchers of digital holography Discusses fast CGH algorithms and diffraction calculations, and their actual codes Includes hardware implementation for computer holography, and its actual codes and quasi-codes

Revised to reflect technological advances and new applications, Practical Holography, Third Edition is a classic, comprehensive text suitable for anyone involved in holography, from the interested amateur to the practicing research scientist. At its most basic level, the book introduces the principles behind holography and takes the reader on a step-by-step course through the materials, equipment, and techniques required to produce their own holograms. The author takes a purely practical viewpoint, keeping the mathematical content to a minimum. Later chapters of the book form a valuable reference for research scientists working with holographic techniques in all applications.

Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and stability theory work hand-in-hand in a variety of engineering, physics, and physical science fields. Until now, however, no single reference addressed and provided background in both of these closely linked subjects. Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory does just that-offers a comprehensive introduction to Hamiltonian fluid dynamics and describes aspects of hydrodynamic stability theory within the context of the Hamiltonian formalism. The author uses the example of the nonlinear pendulum-giving a thorough linear and nonlinear stability analysis of its equilibrium solutions-to introduce many of the ideas associated with the mathematical argument required in infinite dimensional Hamiltonian theory needed for fluid mechanics. He examines Andrews' Theorem, derives and develops the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima (CMH) equation, presents an account of the Hamiltonian structure of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, and discusses the stability theory associated with the KdV soliton. The book's tutorial approach and plentiful exercises combine with its thorough presentations of both subjects to make Introduction to Hamiltonian Fluid Dynamics and Stability Theory an ideal reference, self-study text, and upper level course book.

There is hardly a field of science or engineering that does not have some interest in light scattering by small particles. For example, this subject is important to climatology because the energy budget for the Earth's atmosphere is strongly affected by scattering of solar radiation by cloud and aerosol particles, and the whole discipline of remote sensing relies largely on analyzing the parameters of radiation scattered by aerosols, clouds, and precipitation. The scattering of light by spherical particles can be easily computed using the conventional Mie theory. However, most small solid particles encountered in natural and laboratory conditions have nonspherical shapes. Examples are soot and mineral aerosols, cirrus cloud particles, snow and frost crystals, ocean hydrosols, interplanetary and cometary dust grains, and microorganisms. It is now well known that scattering properties of nonspherical particles can differ dramatically from those of "equivalent" (e.g., equal-volume or equal-surface-area) spheres. Therefore, the ability to accurately compute or measure light scattering by nonspherical particles in order to clearly understand the effects of particle nonsphericity on light scattering is very important.
The rapid improvement of computers and experimental techniques over the past 20 years and the development of efficient numerical approaches have resulted in major advances in this field which have not been systematically summarized. Because of the universal importance of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles, papers on different aspects of this subject are scattered over dozens of diverse research and engineering journals. Often experts in one discipline (e.g., biology) are unaware of potentially useful results obtained in another discipline (e.g., antennas and propagation). This leads to an inefficient use of the accumulated knowledge and unnecessary redundancy in research activities.
This book offers the first systematic and unified discussion of light scattering by nonspherical particles and its practical applications and represents the state-of-the-art of this important
research field. Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas and cover three major disciplines: theoretical and numerical techniques, laboratory measurements, and practical applications. An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of nonspherical scattering and should be especially useful to beginners and those interested in fast practical applications. The audience for this book will include graduate students, scientists, and engineers working on specific aspects of electromagnetic scattering by small particles and its applications in remote sensing, geophysics, astrophysics, biomedical optics, and optical engineering.

* The first systematic and comprehensive treatment of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles and its applications
* Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas
* Includes a survey of all the relevant literature scattered over dozens of basic and applied research journals
* Consistent use of unified definitions and notation makes the book a coherent volume
* An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of light scattering by nonspherical particles
* Theoretical chapters describe specific easy-to-use computer codes publicly available on the World Wide Web
* Extensively illustrated with over 200 figures, 4 in color