Over the last century, numerous optical techniques have been developed to characterize materials, giving insight into their optical, electronic, magnetic, and structural properties and elucidating such diverse phenomena as high-temperature superconductivity and protein folding. Optical Techniques for Solid-State Materials Characterization provides detailed descriptions of basic and advanced optical techniques commonly used to study materials, from the simple to the complex. The book explains how to use these techniques to acquire, analyze, and interpret data for gaining insight into material properties. With chapters written by pioneering experts in various optical techniques, the text first provides background on light-matter interactions, semiconductors, and metals before discussing linear, time-integrated optical experiments for measuring basic material properties, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman scattering. The next section begins with a description of ultrashort pulse generation and carrier dynamics in semiconductors and metals. The book then discusses time-resolved optical techniques, such as pump-probe spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, and magneto-optical spectroscopy. The subsequent section describes spatially resolved optical spectroscopy, including conventional optical microscopy and micro-optical and near-field scanning techniques. The book concludes with an overview of more advanced, emerging optical techniques, such as ultrafast x-ray and electron diffraction, ultrafast photoemission spectroscopy, and time-resolved optical microscopy. As optical techniques are among the first applied when studying new systems with novel properties, the information presented in this comprehensive reference will only grow in importance. By supplying clear, detailed explanations of these techniques, the book enables researchers to readily implement them and acquire new insights into the materials they study. CRC Press Authors Speak Rohit P. Prasankumar speaks about his book. Watch the Video

Nitride Phosphors and Solid-State Lighting provides an in-depth introduction to the crystal chemistry, synthesis, luminescence, and applications of phosphor materials for solid-state lighting, mainly focusing on new nitride phosphors. Drawing on their extensive experimental work, the authors offer a multidisciplinary study of phosphor materials that encompasses materials science, inorganic chemistry, solid-state chemistry, solid-state physics, optical spectroscopy, crystal field theory, and computational materials science. The book begins with an introduction to the principles, semiconductor/phosphor materials, and characterizations of solid-state lighting and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It then discusses the optical and luminescence processes occurring in optically active centers of solid materials and presents the photoluminescence properties of traditional phosphors for white LEDs, including garnets, aluminates, silicates, sulfides, oxysulfides, phosphates, and scheelites. The remainder of the text focuses on newly developed nitride phosphors. The authors describe the crystal chemistry of general nitride compounds, the crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of new nitride phosphors, and synthetic methods for preparing nitride phosphors. They detail the structural analysis of nitride phosphors and present experimental and computational results of typical nitride phosphors. The authors also examine key issues, such as excitation and emission spectra, thermal quenching, and quantum efficiency. The final chapter explores applications of nitride phosphors in white LEDs for general lighting and LCD backlight purposes. Covering novel luminescent materials, this book brings you up to date on the evolving field of solid-state lighting. It illustrates the fundamentals, synthesis, properties, and applications of the latest nitride phosphor materials.

This Festschrift is a tribute to an eminent scholar, scientist and engineer, Professor Richard Kounai Chang, on his retirement from Yale University on June 12, 2008. During approximately half of a century of scientific and technological exploration, Professor Chang contributed to the development of linear and nonlinear optics, novel photonic light localization devices, surface second harmonic generation, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and novel optical methods for detecting airborne aerosol pathogens. This volume contains a collection of articles contributed by former students, collaborators, and colleagues of Professor Chang, who are leaders in academia, national laboratories and industrial research all over the world. The topics cover important optical science and technology areas including linear and nonlinear spectroscopy, linear and nonlinear optics in microparticles, linear and nonlinear spectroscopy of bioaerosols, optical microcavities and nanostructures, and photoscapes or multidisciplinary applications.

During the past two decades, there has been an increasing appreciation of the significant value that lifetime-based techniques can add to biomedical studies and applications of fluorescence. Bringing together perspectives of different research communities, Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Diagnostics explores the remarkable advances in time-resolved fluorescence techniques and their role in a wide range of biological and clinical applications. Broadly accessible, the book captures the state-of-the-art of fluorescence lifetime metrology and imaging and provides current perspectives on their applications to biomedical studies of intact tissues and medical diagnosis. The text introduces these techniques within the wider context of fluorescence spectroscopy and describes basic principles underlying current instrumentation for fluorescence lifetime imaging and metrology (FLIM). It also covers the wide range of methods, including single channel (point) spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and single- and multi-photon excitation. Edited by pioneers in this field, with contributions from leading experts, the book includes an overview of complementary techniques that help researchers beginning FLIM research. It offers a comprehensive treatment of fundamental principles, instrumentation, analytical methods, and applications. It also provides an overview of the label-free contrast available from lifetime measurements of tissue autofluorescence and the prospects for exploiting this for clinical applications and biomedical research including drug discovery.

Optical Remote Sensing is one of the main technologies used in sea surface monitoring. Optical Remote Sensing of Ocean Hydrodynamics investigates and demonstrates capabilities of optical remote sensing technology for enhanced observations and detection of ocean environments. It provides extensive knowledge of physical principles and capabilities of optical observations of the oceans at high spatial resolution, 1-4m, and on the observations of surface wave hydrodynamic processes. It also describes the implementation of spectral-statistical and fusion algorithms for analyses of multispectral optical databases and establishes physics-based criteria for detection of complex wave phenomena and hydrodynamic disturbances including assessment and management of optical databases. This book explains the physical principles of high-resolution optical imagery of the ocean surface, discusses for the first time the capabilities of observing hydrodynamic processes and events, and emphasizes the integration of optical measurements and enhanced data analysis. It also covers both the assessment and the interpretation of dynamic multispectral optical databases and includes applications for advanced studies and nonacoustic detection. This book is an invaluable resource for researches, industry professionals, engineers, and students working on cross-disciplinary problems in ocean hydrodynamics, optical remote sensing of the ocean and sea surface remote sensing. Readers in the fields of geosciences and remote sensing, applied physics, oceanography, satellite observation technology, and optical engineering will learn the theory and practice of optical interactions with the ocean.

With the ubiquitous use of digital imaging, a new profession has emerged: imaging engineering. Designed for newcomers to imaging science and engineering, Theoretical Foundations of Digital Imaging Using MATLAB (R) treats the theory of digital imaging as a specific branch of science. It covers the subject in its entirety, from image formation to image perfecting. Based on the author's 50 years of working and teaching in the field, the text first addresses the problem of converting images into digital signals that can be stored, transmitted, and processed on digital computers. It then explains how to adequately represent image transformations on computers. After presenting several examples of computational imaging, including numerical reconstruction of holograms and virtual image formation through computer-generated display holograms, the author introduces methods for image perfect resampling and building continuous image models. He also examines the fundamental problem of the optimal estimation of image parameters, such as how to localize targets in images. The book concludes with a comprehensive discussion of linear and nonlinear filtering methods for image perfecting and enhancement. Helping you master digital imaging, this book presents a unified theoretical basis for understanding and designing methods of imaging and image processing. To facilitate a deeper understanding of the major results, it offers a number of exercises supported by MATLAB programs, with the code available at www.crcpress.com.

Create Genuine Visual Realism in Computer Graphics Digital Representations of the Real World: How to Capture, Model, and Render Visual Reality explains how to portray visual worlds with a high degree of realism using the latest video acquisition technology, computer graphics methods, and computer vision algorithms. It explores the integration of new capture modalities, reconstruction approaches, and visual perception into the computer graphics pipeline. Understand the Entire Pipeline from Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Modeling to Realistic Rendering and Applications The book covers sensors for capturing 3D scenes, including regular cameras, wide-angle omnidirectional cameras, active range scanners, and plenoptic (multi-viewpoint) cameras, as well as fundamental algorithms for processing the imagery, such as stereo correspondence and 3D structure and motion recovery. It describes 3D modeling techniques, from generic object models (such as 3D meshes) to more domain-specific models (such as human shape and motion models). The book also discusses how techniques, including image- and video-based rendering, meet speed and realism requirements. Overcome Challenges in Your Own Research Experiments This book is both an accessible introduction to the emerging research of real-world visual computing and a practical guide that shows you how to start implementing frequently encountered methods.

How do laser beams propagate? Innovative discoveries involving laser beams and their propagation properties are at the heart of Laser Beam Propagation: Generation and Propagation of Customized Light. This book captures the essence of laser beam propagation. Divided into three parts, it explores the fundamentals of how laser beams propagate, and provides novel methods to describe and characterize general laser beams. Part one covers the physical optics approach to the propagation of optical waves, the concept of plane waves, the mathematical description of diffraction and Gaussian optics, and adapting the concepts to the single photon level. The book explains the parallels between the paraxial propagation of light beams and the Schroedinger equation in quantum mechanics, and delves into the description of paraxial optics by means of state vectors and operators. It also discusses classical optics and quantum entanglement. Part two focuses on the application of modal decomposition to the characterization of laser beams, and provides a characterization of time domain pulses. It discusses tools for the temporal characterization of laser beams, the generation of arbitrary laser beams with digital holograms, and the use of spatial light modulators to display reconfigurable digital holograms capable of modifying and shaping laser beams. It also covers various techniques and the control of the polarization properties of light. Part three defines the most commonly generated shaped light, flat-top beams, outlining their propagation rules as well as the means to create them in the laboratory. It also highlights Helmholtz-Gauss beams, vector beams, and low coherence laser beams. The text presents the concepts of coherence theory and applies this to the propagation of low coherence optical fields. It also considers the recent developments in orbital angular momentum carrying fields, touches on basics properties, definitions and applications, and brings together the classical and quantum concepts of spatial modes of light.

This volume continues the tradition of the Advances series. It contains contributions from experts in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. The articles contain some review material, but are intended to provide a comprehensive picture of recent important developments in AMO physics. Both theoretical and experimental articles are included in the volume.
. International experts
. Comprehensive articles
. New developments

Through their application in energy-efficient and environmentally friendly devices, zinc oxide (ZnO) and related classes of wide gap semiconductors, including GaN and SiC, are revolutionizing numerous areas, from lighting, energy conversion, photovoltaics, and communications to biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. With an emphasis on engineering and materials science, Handbook of Zinc Oxide and Related Materials provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of various technological aspects of ZnO. Volume Two focuses on devices and nanostructures created from ZnO and similar materials. The book covers various nanostructures, synthesis/creation strategies, device behavior, and state-of-the-art applications in electronics and optoelectronics. It also provides useful information on the device and nanoscale process and examines the fabrication of LEDs, LDs, photodetectors, and nanodevices. Covering key properties and important technologies of ZnO-based devices and nanoengineering, the handbook highlights the potential of this wide gap semiconductor. It also illustrates the remaining challenging issues in nanomaterial preparation and device fabrication for R&D in the twenty-first century.

Since its publication more than 15 years ago, Heat Conduction Using Green s Functions has become the consummate heat conduction treatise from the perspective of Green s functions and the newly revised Second Edition is poised to take its place. Based on the authors own research and classroom experience with the material, this book organizes the solution of heat conduction and diffusion problems through the use of Green s functions, making these valuable principles more accessible. As in the first edition, this book applies extensive tables of Green s functions and related integrals, and all chapters have been updated and revised for the second edition, many extensively.

Details how to access the accompanying Green s Function Library site, a useful web-searchable collection of GFs based on the appendices in this book

The book reflects the authors conviction that although Green s functions were discovered in the nineteenth century, they remain directly relevant to 21st-century engineers and scientists. It chronicles the authors continued search for new GFs and novel ways to apply them to heat conduction.

New features of this latest edition

• Expands the introduction to Green s functions, both steady and unsteady
• Adds a section on the Dirac Delta Function
• Includes a discussion of the eigenfunction expansion method, as well as sections on the convergence speed of series solutions, and the importance of alternate GF
• Adds a section on intrinsic verification, an important new tool for obtaining correct numerical values from analytical solutions

A main goal of the first edition was to make GFs more accessible. To facilitate this objective, one of the authors has created a companion Internet site called the Green s Function Library, a web-searchable collection of GFs. Based on the appendices in this book, this library is organized by differential equation, geometry, and boundary condition. Each GF is also identified and cataloged according to a GF numbering system. The library also contains explanatory material, references, and links to related sites, all of which supplement the value of Heat Conduction Using Green s Functions, Second Edition as a powerful tool for understanding."

This volume is based on the works presented at the conference "Modern Problems in Optics and Photonics-2009," held in Yerevan Armenia. Covering virtually all actual themes in Optics: Structured media and quantum nanostructures, Quantum optics and quantum information, Spectroscopy and dynamics of atoms, both theoretical and experimental worksare examined and discussed extensively. This volume would capture the interest of experienced scientists as important, original results of 27 leading researchers from Armenia, Australia, Germany, Greece, India, Latvia, Russia, Singapore and United Kingdom are included. Surely, this volume could serve as an advanced textbook for graduate and undergraduate students as it contains not only the original works of prominent authors, but also detailed introductions and descriptions of early results of the presented branches of the optics.

Machines increasingly pervade the mining industry, reducing manual labor and raising production. While the use of new technologies such as remote control, vision enhancement technologies, continuous haulage, and automated equipment has grown, so has the potential for new health and safety risks. Written by leading experts from Australia and North America, Human Factors for the Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Mining Equipment covers the impact of new mining technology on human work performance and safety. Ergonomics experts Tim John Horberry, Robin Burgess-Limerick, and Lisa J. Steiner draw on their personal experience to provide up-to-date research, case studies, and examples, making the book useful, accurate, informative, and easy to read. They set the scene with a general, yet fundamental review of human factors information related to equipment. They then examine the physical environment and the importance of key concerns such as vibration, noise, heat, and dust in maintaining and operating mining equipment. The authors expand their scope by examining wider organizational and task factors related to mining equipment, including the long-standing issues of operator fatigue and stress as well as newer concerns such as distraction and information overload. A synthesis of available human factors knowledge and research, the book describes human factors principles applied to mining equipment from a multidisciplinary perspective and combines it into one volume. The authors combine their in-the-trenches experience and academic expertise to present a treatment that balances breadth with depth. The book supplies a much-needed overview of the human element in the journey to optimal equipment design of mining equipment.

This book discusses various aspects of different bulk TSO single crystals in terms of thermodynamics; bulk crystal growth using diverse techniques involving gas phase, solution, and melt; and the resulting crystal size, appearance, and structural quality as well as the fundamental properties that were gathered from bulk single crystals. It presents experimental results accompanied by theoretical results, such as band structure and native defects. Combinations of various bulk single crystals along with their properties show great promise in practical device functionality and fabrication. Many TSO-based devices have already been demonstrated in several technical areas, including electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics as well as sensing devices. The book is the first of its kind that brings together a variety of bulk single crystals of scientifically and technically important TSOs along with their properties, which may result in novel devices with unique functionalities.

Polarization methods for the study of the light scattering properties of various disperse media have hitherto only been reviewed in specialist journals relating to the fields of geophysics, astrophysics and optics. The only texts in this field are devoted to specific topics and do not cover the subject as a whole. In this book the author presents for the first time, the main results obtained in the field of polarization optics in a wide range of application areas. These will be used widely in different branches of modern science and technology over the next century. It is expected that this book will stimulate studies in the field and attract new people to this interesting field of research.

The XIX International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy, one of the leading conferences in the very diverse and still growing field of laser spectroscopy, was held in Hokkaido, Japan, on June 7-12, 2009. This volume, comprising a collection of invited contributions presented at the conference, will report on the latest developments in the area of laser spectroscopy and related fields: cold atoms and molecules, degenerate quantum gases, quantum optics, quantum information processing, precision measurements, atomic clock, ultra-fast lasers and strong field phenomena, and novel spectroscopic applications.

Since its inception in 1966, the series of numbered volumes known as Semiconductors and Semimetals has distinguished itself through the careful selection of well-known authors, editors, and contributors. The "Willardson and Beer" Series, as it is widely known, has succeeded in publishing numerous landmark volumes and chapters. Not only did many of these volumes make an impact at the time of their publication, but they continue to be well-cited years after their original release. Recently, Professor Eicke R. Weber of the University of California at Berkeley joined as a co-editor of the series. Professor Weber, a well-known expert in the field of semiconductor materials, will further contribute to continuing the series' tradition of publishing timely, highly relevant, and long-impacting volumes. Some of the recent volumes, such as Hydrogen in Semiconductors, Imperfections in III/V Materials, Epitaxial Microstructures, High-Speed Heterostructure Devices, Oxygen in Silicon, and others promise indeed that this tradition will be maintained and even expanded.
Reflecting the truly interdisciplinary nature of the field that the series covers, the volumes in Semiconductors and Semimetals have been and will continue to be of great interest to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and device engineers in modern industry.

This book is intended as an undergraduate/postgraduate level textbook for courses on high-speed optical networks as well as computer networks. Nine chapters cover the basic principles of the technology and different devices for optical networks, as well as processing of integrated waveguide devices of optical networks using different technologies. It provides students, researchers and practicing engineers with an expert guide to the fundamental concepts, issues and state-of-the-art developments in optical networks. It includes examples throughout all the chapters of the book to aid understanding of basic problems and solutions. Presents basics of the optical network devices and discusses latest developments Includes examples and exercises throughout all the chapters of the book to aid understanding of basic problems and solutions for undergraduate and postgraduate students Discusses different optical network node architectures and their components Includes basic theories and latest developments of hardware devices with their fabrication technologies (such as optical switch, wavelength router, wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer and add/drop multiplexer), helpful for researchers to initiate research on this field and to develop research problem-solving capability Reviews fiber-optic networks without WDM and single-hop and multi-hop WDM optical networks P. P. Sahu received his M.Tech. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and his Ph.D. degree in engineering from Jadavpur University, India. In 1991, he joined Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited, where he has been engaged in R&D works related to optical fiber components and telecommunication instruments. In 1996, he joined Northeastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology as a faculty member. At present, he is working as a professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur Central University, India. His field of interest is integrated optic and electronic circuits, wireless and optical communication, clinical instrumentation, green energy, etc. He has received an INSA teacher award (instituted by the highest academic body Indian National Science Academy) for high level of teaching and research. He has published more than 90 papers in peer-reviewed international journals, 60 papers in international conference, and has written five books published by Springer Nature, McGraw-Hill. Dr Sahu is a Fellow of the Optical Society of India, Life Member of Indian Society for Technical Education and Senior Member of the IEEE.

This book is intended as a graduate/post graduate level textbook for courses on high-speed optical networks as well as computer networks. The ten chapters cover basic principles of the technology as well as latest developments and further discuss network security, survivability, and reliability of optical networks and priority schemes used in wavelength routing. This book also goes on to examine Fiber To The Home (FTTH) standards and their deployment and research issues and includes examples in all the chapters to aid the understanding of problems and solutions. Presents advanced concepts of optical network devices Includes examples and exercises inall the chapters of the book to aid the understanding of basic problems and solutions for undergraduate and postgraduate students Discusses optical ring metropolitan area networks and queuing system and its interconnection with other networks Discusses routing and wavelength assignment Examines restoration schemes in the survivability of optical networks

Adaptive Optics for Biological Imaging brings together groundbreaking research on the use of adaptive optics for biological imaging. The book builds on prior work in astronomy and vision science. Featuring contributions by leaders in this emerging field, it takes an interdisciplinary approach that makes the subject accessible to nonspecialists who want to use adaptive optics techniques in their own work in biology and bioengineering. Organized into three parts, the book covers principles, methods, and applications of adaptive optics for biological imaging, providing the reader with the following benefits: Gives a general overview of applied optics, including definitions and vocabulary, to lay a foundation for clearer communication across disciplines Explains what kinds of optical aberrations arise in imaging through various biological tissues, and what technology can be used to correct for these aberrations Explores research done with a variety of biological samples and imaging instruments, including wide-field, confocal, and two-photon microscopes Discusses both indirect wavefront sensing, which uses an iterative approach, and direct wavefront sensing, which uses a parallel approach Since the sample is an integral part of the optical system in biological imaging, the field will benefit from participation by biologists and biomedical researchers with expertise in applied optics. This book helps lower the barriers to entry for these researchers. It also guides readers in selecting the approach that works best for their own applications.

This handbook explains principles, processes, methods, and procedures of optical engineering in a concise and practical way. It emphasizes fundamental approaches and provides useful formulas and step-by-step worked-out examples to demonstrate applications and clarify calculation methods. The book covers refractive, reflective, and diffractive optical components; lens optical devices; modern fringe pattern analysis; optical metrology; Fourier optics and optical image processing; electro-optical and acousto-optical devices; spatial and spectral filters; optical fibers and accessories; optical fabrication; and more. It includes over 2,000 tables, flow charts, graphs, schematics, drawings, photographs, and mathematical expressions.

This book is aimed at those readers who already have some knowledge of mathematical methods and have also been introduced to the basic ideas of quantum optics. It should be attractive to students who have already explored one of the more introductory texts such as Loudon's The quantum theory of light (2/e, 1983, OUP) and are seeking to acquire the mathematical skills used in real problems. This book is not primarily about the physics of quantum optics but rather presents the mathematical methods widely used by workers in this field. There is no comparable book which covers either the range or the depth of mathematical techniques.

From its inception nearly 30 years ago, the optical subdiscipline now referred to as nonimaging optics, has experienced dramatic growth. The term nonimaging optics is concerned with applications where imaging formation is not important but where effective and efficient collection, concentration, transport and distribution of light energy is - i.e. solar energy conversion, signal detection, illumination optics, measurement and testing. This book will incorporate the substantial developments of the past decade in this field.
* Includes all substantial developments of the past decade in the rapidly moving field of nonimaging optics
* The only authoritative reference on nonimaging optics, from the leader in the field