This book is an introduction to electron holography, a newly developed technique for observing and measuring microscopic structures of matter and fields using the wave nature of electrons. It describes principles, experimental details, and observation examples for vortices in superconductors, the magnetic domain structure in ferromagnets, and for fundamental phenomena of quantum mechanics such as the single-electron build up of an interference pattern and the Aharonov-Bohm effect. The most recent information in this rapidly evolving field is included in this new edition, for example, the dynamical observation of vortices in superconductors.

In regenerative medicine, tissue engineers largely rely on destructive and time-consuming techniques that do not allow in situ and spatial monitoring of tissue growth. Furthermore, once the therapy is implanted in the patient, clinicians are often unable to monitor what is happening in the body. To tackle these barriers, optical techniques have been developed to image and characterize many tissue properties, fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds, and characterize the properties of the scaffolds. Optical Techniques in Regenerative Medicine illustrates how to use optical imaging techniques and instrumentation for the fabrication, assessment, and longitudinal monitoring of regenerative medicine therapies. The book covers optical coherence tomography, acousto-optic imaging, Raman spectroscopy, machine vision, bioluminescence, second harmonic generation microscopy, multi-photon microscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and light scattering spectroscopy. Each chapter provides an overview of a particular technique, its advantages and limitations in terms of structural and functional information, and examples of applications in regenerative medicine. The future evolution of regenerative medicine from academic research to viable clinical alternatives to conventional treatments is dependent on the development of non-destructive analytical techniques that can elucidate the stages of tissue development both in vitro and in vivo as well as track the fate of cells following injection. This practical book demonstrates the vital role of optical techniques in the dynamic field of regenerative medicine. It guides regenerative medicine researchers toward finding the most appropriate technique for their applications and helps biophotonics researchers see where their technologies can be applied.

Completely revised and updated to reflect recent advances in the fields of materials science and electromagnetics, Electromagnetics of Time Varying Complex Media, Second Edition provides a comprehensive examination of current topics of interest in the research community-including theory, numerical simulation, application, and experimental work. Written by a world leader in the research of frequency transformation in a time-varying magnetoplasma medium, the new edition of this bestselling reference discusses how to apply a time-varying medium to design a frequency and polarization transformer. This authoritative resource remains the only electromagnetic book to cover time-varying anisotropic media, Frequency and Polarization Transformer based on a switched magnetoplasma medium in a cavity, and FDTD numerical simulation for time-varying complex medium. Providing a primer on the theory of using magnetoplasmas for the coherent generation of tunable radiation, early chapters use a mathematical model with one kind of complexity-eliminating the need for high-level mathematics. Using plasma as the basic medium to illustrate various aspects of the transformation of an electromagnetic wave by a complex medium, the text highlights the major effects of each kind of complexity in the medium properties. This significantly expanded edition includes: Three new parts: (a) Numerical Simulation: FDTD Solution, (b) Application: Frequency and Polarization Transformer, and (c) Experiments A slightly enhanced version of the entire first edition, plus 70% new material Reprints of papers previously published by the author-providing researchers with complete access to the subject The text provides the understanding of research techniques useful in electro-optics, plasma science and engineering, microwave engineering, and solid state devices. This complete resource supplies an accessible treatment of the effect of time-varying parameters in conjunction with one or more additional kinds of complexities in the properties of particular mediums.

This book is intended to engage the students in the elegance of electrodynamics and special relativity, whilst giving them the tools to begin graduate study. Here, from the basis of experiment, the authors first derive the Maxwell equations and special relativity. Introducing the mathematical framework of generalized tensors, the laws of mechanics, Lorentz force and the Maxwell equations are then cast in manifestly covariant form. This provides the basis for graduate study in field theory, high energy astrophysics, general relativity and quantum electrodynamics. As the title suggests, this book is "electrodynamics lite". The journey through electrodynamics is kept as brief as possible, with minimal diversion into details, so that the elegance of the theory can be appreciated in a holistic way. It is written in an informal style and has few prerequisites; the derivation of the Maxwell equations and their consequences is dealt with in the first chapter. Chapter 2 is devoted to conservation equations in tensor formulation; here, Cartesian tensors are introduced. Special relativity and its consequences for electrodynamics are introduced in Chapter 3 and cast in four-vector form, and here, the authors introduce generalized tensors. Finally, in Chapter 4, Lorentz frame invariant electrodynamics is developed. Supplementary material and examples are provided by the two sets of problems. The first is revision of undergraduate electromagnetism, to expand on the material in the first chapter. The second is more advanced corresponding to the remaining chapters, and its purpose is twofold: to expand on points that are important, but not essential, to derivation of manifestly covariant electrodynamics, and to provide examples of manipulation of cartesian and generalized tensors. As these problems introduce material not covered in the text, they are accompanied by full worked solutions. The philosophy here is to facilitate learning by problem solving, as well as by studying the text. Extensive appendices for vector relations, unit conversion and so forth are given with graduate study in mind.

This book focuses on next-generation smart windows which can change their optical-physical properties by reflecting and/or transmitting incoming light radiation to attain comfortable indoor temperatures throughout the year. Offers in-depth discussion of a range of materials and devices related to different technologies used in manufacturing smart windows Discusses basic principles, materials synthesis and thin film fabrication, and optical and electrochemical characterization techniques

Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Volume 67, provides a comprehensive compilation of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth. Topics covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics, and laser physics, with timely articles written by distinguished experts that contain relevant review materials and detailed descriptions of important developments in the field.

The Frequency-Resolved Optical-Gating (FROG) technique has revolutionized our ability to measure and understand ultrashort laser pulses. This book contains everything you need to know to measure even the shortest, weakest, or most complex ultrashort laser pulses. Whether you're an undergrad or an advanced researcher, you'll find easy-to-understand descriptions of all the key ideas behind all the FROG techniques, all the practical details of pulse measurement, and many new directions of research.
This book is not like any other scientific book. It is a lively discussion of the basic concepts. It is an advanced treatment of research-level issues. It includes a CD containing several polished PowerPoint lectures (in English and French) suitable for a graduate course. The CD also contains both PC and MAC versions of the FROG code, ready to retrieve pulses in the lab or just to learn how FROG works.

This book maximizes reader insights into the field of mathematical models and methods for the processing of two-dimensional remote sensing images. It presents a broad analysis of the field, encompassing passive and active sensors, hyperspectral images, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), interferometric SAR, and polarimetric SAR data. At the same time, it addresses highly topical subjects involving remote sensing data types (e.g., very high-resolution images, multiangular or multiresolution data, and satellite image time series) and analysis methodologies (e.g., probabilistic graphical models, hierarchical image representations, kernel machines, data fusion, and compressive sensing) that currently have primary importance in the field of mathematical modelling for remote sensing and image processing. Each chapter focuses on a particular type of remote sensing data and/or on a specific methodological area, presenting both a thorough analysis of the previous literature and a methodological and experimental discussion of at least two advanced mathematical methods for information extraction from remote sensing data. This organization ensures that both tutorial information and advanced subjects are covered. With each chapter being written by research scientists from (at least) two different institutions, it offers multiple professional experiences and perspectives on each subject. The book also provides expert analysis and commentary from leading remote sensing and image processing researchers, many of whom serve on the editorial boards of prestigious international journals in these fields, and are actively involved in international scientific societies. Providing the reader with a comprehensive picture of the overall advances and the current cutting-edge developments in the field of mathematical models for remote sensing image analysis, this book is ideal as both a reference resource and a textbook for graduate and doctoral students as well as for remote sensing scientists and practitioners.

The definition of optical material has expanded in recent years, largely because of IT advances that have led to rapid growth in optoelectronics applications. Helping to explain this evolution, Optical Materials and Applications presents contributions from leading experts who explore the basic concepts of optical materials and the many typical applications in which they are used. An invaluable reference for readers ranging from professionals to technical managers to graduate engineering students, this book covers everything from traditional principles to more cutting-edge topics. It also details recent developmental trends, with a focus on basic optical properties of material. Key topics include: Fundamental optical properties of solids Fundamental optical materials (including thin films) from both linear and nonlinear perspectives Use of bulk materials in the design of various modifications Application of optical thin films in artificial components Formation of artificial structures with sub-wavelength dimensions Use of physical or chemical techniques to control lightwave phase One-, two-, and three-dimensional structures used to control dispersion of materials for nanophotonics Progress of the optical waveguide, which makes optical systems more compact and highly efficient This book carefully balances coverage of theory and application of typical optical materials for ultraviolet, visible and infrared, non-linear optics, solid state lasers, optical waveguides, optical thin films and nanophotonics. It addresses both basic ideas and more advanced topics, making it an equally invaluable resource for beginners and active researchers in this growing field.

This text deals with the advantages of rare earth activated phosphors for the development of solid state lighting technology and in enhancing the light conversion efficiency of Si solar cells. The book initiates with a short overview of the atomic and semiconductor theory followed by introduction to phosphor, its working mechanism, role of rare earth ions in the lighting and PV devices and host materials being used. Further, it introduces the applications of inorganic phosphor for the development of green energy and technology including advantages of UP/DC conversion phosphor layers in the enhancing the cell response of PV devices. Key Features: Focuses on discussion of phosphors for both solid state lighting and photovoltaics applications Provides introduction for practical applications including synthesis and characterization of phosphor materials Includes broad, in-depth introduction of semiconductors and related theory Enhances the basic understanding of optical properties for rare earth phosphors Covers up-conversion and down-conversion phosphor for energy harvesting applications

Ultrashort pulses in mode-locked lasers are receiving focused attention from researchers looking to apply them in a variety of fields, from optical clock technology to measurements of the fundamental constants of nature and ultrahigh-speed optical communications. Ultrashort pulses are especially important for the next generation of ultrahigh-speed optical systems and networks operating at 100 Gbps per carrier. Ultra Fast Fiber Lasers: Principles and Applications with MATLAB (R) Models is a self-contained reference for engineers and others in the fields of applied photonics and optical communications. Covering both fundamentals and advanced research, this book includes both theoretical and experimental results. MATLAB files are included to provide a basic grounding in the simulation of the generation of short pulses and the propagation or circulation around nonlinear fiber rings. With its unique and extensive content, this volume- Covers fundamental principles involved in the generation of ultrashort pulses employing fiber ring lasers, particularly those that incorporate active optical modulators of amplitude or phase types Presents experimental techniques for the generation, detection, and characterization of ultrashort pulse sequences derived from several current schemes Describes the multiplication of ultrashort pulse sequences using the Talbot diffraction effects in the time domain via the use of highly dispersive media Discusses developments of multiple short pulses in the form of solitons binding together by phase states Elucidates the generation of short pulse sequences and multiple wavelength channels from a single fiber laser The most practical short pulse sources are always found in the form of guided wave photonic structures. This minimizes problems with alignment and eases coupling into fiber transmission systems. In meeting these requirements, fiber ring lasers operating in active mode serve well as suitable ultrashort pulse sources. It is only a matter of time before scientists building on this research develop the practical and easy-to-use applications that will make ultrahigh-speed optical systems universally available.

As different laser technologies continue to make it possible to change laser parameters and improve beam quality and performance, a multidisciplinary theoretical knowledge and grasp of cutting-edge technological developments also become increasingly important. The revised and updated Laser Technology, Second Edition reviews the principles and basic physical laws of lasers needed to learn from past developments and solve the many technical problems arising in this challenging field. The first edition of Laser Technology was classified by the Chinese National Education Committee as a "national-level key textbook." This updated second edition logically presents the various types of laser technology currently available and discusses the transmission of information using optical waves with modulating technology. It assesses how to enhance beam energy or power through Q switching, mode-locking, and amplification, and it illustrates how mode selection and frequency stabilizing technology can improve light beam directionality or monochromaticity. The text also covers nonlinear optical techniques for obtaining new frequencies and light waves. Features Self-Contained, Independent Chapters for Flexible Use The author presents the fundamentals of physical effects in technical devices and implementation methods to create a clear and systematic understanding of the physical processes of different laser technologies. Technical improvements to enhance laser performance in different applications have given rise to new physical phenomena. These have resulted in a series of new laser branches and fields of applied technologies, such as laser physics, nonlinear optics, laser spectroscopy, laser medicine, and information optoelectronic technology. This book analyzes this growth, stressing basic principles but also including key technical methods and examples where needed to properly combine practical and theoretical coverage of this distinct area.

The work studies under different physical conditions the carrier contribution to elastic constants in heavily doped optoelectronic materials. In the presence of intense photon field the authors apply the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle to formulate electron statistics. Many open research problems are discussed and numerous potential applications as quantum sensors and quantum cascade lasers are presented.

The two years previous to 1997 have produced some of the most exciting results in the history of astronomy: the indirect detection of planets beyond our solar system. The study of the characteristics and physical nature of exo-planets requires an infrared interferometer in space. Such observatory would directly detect the thermal emission from exo-planets and would allow us to see signatures of molecules, such as water, ozone and carbon dioxide, in their atmospheres. The presence of such molecules would be strong evidence for exo-life. In addition, this kind of instrument would help to clarify important questions concerning the birth and death of stars and extragalactic astronomy. In Toledo, scientists and engineers from both sides of the Atlantic met to discuss the technological challenges of an infrared space interferometer and its scientific capabilities, particularly those related to exo-planetary systems and Earth-like planets.

This book deals with theoretical bases of the modern optics division concerned with coherent light fields with singularities characterized by phase uncertainty. Singular light fields include laser vortex beams or beams that carry orbital angular momentum. Laser vortex beams that have been introduced in optics in recent years are discussed in detail. Among them, of special notice are families of asymmetric laser vortex beams that, while being devoid of radial symmetry, remain unchanged upon propagation. What makes the laser vortex beams especially interesting is the ability to preserve their structure while propagating in a scattering medium or through a turbulent atmosphere. The orbital angular momentum is an extra degree of freedom of laser vortices because beams with different topological charge can be utilized as independent channels for data transmission in wireless communications. Laser vortex beams are generated from conventional Gaussian beams using liquid crystal light modulators, which are now readily available at any optical laboratory. Provide a framework for the comparative analysis of the efficiency of different vortex beams for micromanipulation. Includes detailed illustrations, enabling the vortex structure to be easily understood even by non-experts. Presents detailed descriptions of more than a dozen most popular types of vortex laser beams. Explores how optical vortices have been used in many practical applications including conventional and quantum wireless communications, micromanipulation, optical measurements with super-resolution, spiral interferometry, microscopy, and atom cooling. Presents in a systematic and detailed form many analytical and numerical results for the propagation vortex optical beams (chiefly in the linear propagation regime).

This book describes the application of ultrafast laser science and technology in materials and processing relevant to industry today, including ultrafast laser ablation where fundamental studies have led to the development of the world's first femtosecond photomask repair tool. Semiconductor manufacturing companies worldwide use the tool to repair photomask defects, saving hundreds of millions in production costs. The most up-to-date ultrafast laser technologies are described and methods to generate high harmonics for photoelectron spectroscopy of industrially important materials are covered, with an emphasis on practical laboratory implementation. Basic device physics merged with photoemission studies from single- and polycrystalline materials are described. Extensions to new methods for extracting key device properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures, including band offsets, effective work functions, semiconductor band bending and defect-related charging in a number of technologically important gate oxides are detailed. Polycrystalline photovoltaic materials and heterostructures as well as organic light emitting materials are covered. This book describes both the history, and most recent applications of ultrafast laser science to industrially relevant materials, processes and devices.

This book gathers the best papers presented at the Fourth Italian National Conference on Sensors, held in Catania, Italy, from 21 to 23 February 2018. The book represents an invaluable and up-to-the-minute tool, providing an essential overview of recent findings, strategies and new directions in the area of sensor research. Further, it addresses various aspects based on the development of new chemical, physical or biological sensors, assembling and characterization, signal treatment and data handling. Lastly, the book applies electrochemical, optical and other detection strategies to relevant issues in the food and clinical environmental areas, as well as industry-oriented applications.

This much-needed text brings the treatment of optical pattern recognition up-to-date in one comprehensive resource. Optical pattern recognition, one of the first implementations of Fourier Optics, is now widely used, and this text provides an accessible introduction for readers who wish to get to grips with how holography is applied in a practical context. A wide range of devices are addressed from a user perspective and are accompanied with detailed tables enabling performance comparison, in addition to chapters exploring computer-generated holograms, optical correlator systems, and pattern matching algorithms. This book will appeal to both lecturers and research scientists in the field of electro-optic devices and systems. Features: Covers a range of new developments, including computer-generated holography and 3D image recognition Accessible without a range of prior knowledge, providing a clear exposition of technically difficult concepts Contains extensive examples throughout to reinforce learning

A Comprehensive Source for Taking on the Next Stage of OLED R&D OLED Fundamentals: Materials, Devices, and Processing of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes brings together key topics across the field of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), from fundamental chemistry and physics to practical materials science and engineering aspects to design and manufacturing factors. Experts from top academic institutions, industry, and national laboratories provide thorough, up-to-date coverage on the most useful materials, devices, and design and fabrication methods for high-efficiency lighting. The first part of the book covers all the construction materials of OLED devices, from substrate to encapsulation. For the first time in book form, the second part addresses challenges in devices and processing, including architectures and methods for new OLED lighting and display technologies. The book is suitable for a broad audience, including materials scientists, device physicists, synthetic chemists, and electrical engineers. It can also serve as an introduction for graduate students interested in applied aspects of photophysics and electrochemistry in organic thin films.

Advanced Nonlinear Optics is a revised and updated version of Physics of Nonlinear Optics (1999). This book mainly presents the physical principles of a great number of nonlinear optical effects discovered after the advent of lasers. All these nonlinear optical effects can find their special applications in modern optics and photonics. The major categories of nonlinear optical effects specifically covered in this book are as follows: 1) Second-order (three-wave) frequency mixing; 2) Third-order (four-wave) frequency mixing; 3) Nonlinear refractive-index changes; 4) Self-focusing, self-phase modulation, and spectral self-broadening; 5) Stimulated scattering effects; 6) Optical phase-conjugation; 7) Optical coherent transient effects; 8) Nonlinear spectroscopic effects; 9) Optical bistability; 10) Multi-photon nonlinear optical effects; 11) Fast and slow light effects; 12) Detailed theory of nonlinear susceptibilities.

Volume one of Principles of Electron Optics: Basic Geometrical Optics, Second Edition, explores the geometrical optics needed to analyze an extremely wide range of instruments: cathode-ray tubes; the family of electron microscopes, including the fixed-beam and scanning transmission instruments, the scanning electron microscope and the emission microscope; electron spectrometers and mass spectrograph; image converters; electron interferometers and diffraction devices; electron welding machines; and electron-beam lithography devices. The book provides a self-contained, detailed, modern account of electron optics for anyone involved with particle beams of modest current density in the energy range up to a few mega-electronvolts. You will find all the basic equations with their derivations, recent ideas concerning aberration studies, extensive discussion of the numerical methods needed to calculate the properties of specific systems and guidance to the literature of all the topics covered. A continuation of these topics can be found in volume two, Principles of Electron Optics: Applied Geometrical Optics. The book is intended for postgraduate students and teachers in physics and electron optics, as well as researchers and scientists in academia and industry working in the field of electron optics, electron and ion microscopy and nanolithography.

This introductory text is a reader friendly treatment of geometrical and physical optics emphasizing problems and solved examples with detailed analysis and helpful commentary. The authors are seasoned educators with decades of experience teaching optics. Their approach is to gradually present mathematics explaining the physical concepts. It covers ray tracing to the wave nature of light, and introduces Maxwell's equations in an organic fashion. The text then moves on to explains how to analyze simple optical systems such as spectacles for improving vision, microscopes, and telescopes, while also being exposed to contemporary research topics. Ajawad I. Haija is a professor of physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. M. Z. Numan is professor and chair of the department of physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. W. Larry Freeman is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.