A revision and reference text for pre-registration and postgraduate optometrists, covering procedures for investigating heterophoria, heterotropia, vergence and accommodative anomalies. The text covers the diagnosis of disorders of voluntary eye movement, nystagmus and supranuclear defects, paresis and non-paralytic incomitancy. Both motor and sensory anomalies are discussed together with syndromes involving oculomotor anomalies. Clinical management is outlined in protocols in an easily assimilable form. The second edition has additional information for final year undergraduates. Amblyopia treatment has been extended to cover new American optometric methods. Strabismus surgical techniques are now included. There are two new chapters on vision training and case management which will interest optometrists and orthoptists involved in sports vision and in developmental vision therapy. Pre-registration optometrists will find the chapters on routine orthoptic assessment and the PQE examination of particular interest.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of eye movement, with a focus on developmental perspectives, dysfunctions, and disorders in humans. Topics discussed in this compilation include the formation of spiralling or circulating patterns in eye movement trajectories; utilising dialectical behaviour therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as phase-based trauma treatment; eye movement problems and differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes; developmental dyslexia, visual crowding and eye movements; gaze behaviour during human adaptive locomotion; and poor binocular co-ordination of saccades during reading in children with visual deficits.

This book is a collection of relevant topics dealing with recent advances in ophthalmology research. The selected review studies present novel investigation and prospects in ophthalmology concerning ocular stem cells, neurodegeneration, immunology, angiogenesis treatment, and ocular blood flow. All the chapters are written by experts in the selected fields. Discussed topics include novel treatment strategies for major causes of blindness such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions. In particular, the pharmacokinetic behaviours of the available anti-VEGF medications and their characteristics in conjunction with mathematical modelling used to explain the results seen in clinical trials and to predict the responses in still untested circumstances; and the specifics of the ocular vascular system and an overview of the currently used methods of ocular blood flow are reviewed. Novel applications and technology in ocular circulatory research are addressed; correlation of the pathogenetic mechanisms of two relevant neurodegenerative diseases glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease; the possible link in the context of the axon, dendrite, and synapse and the idea of compartmentalised degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma is discussed; the promoters of innate immunity of the ocular surface is presented in context of dry eye syndrome; and the different aspects of stem cell use in treating ocular diseases, including ongoing research efforts and future prospects. This collection is intended for ophthalmologists, as well as for medical doctors from other specialities and medical students who have interest in the field of ophthalmology. The information presented in this book has both scientific and clinical relevance for the reader. This book has been conceived and prepared with the expectation that it would add new insights and inspiration for clinicians and researchers who deal with patients suffering from ophthalmic diseases.

Glaucoma is an eye disorder in which the optic nerve suffers damage, permanently damaging vision in the affected eye(s) and progressing to complete blindness if untreated. It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the aetiology, pathogenesis and treatments of glaucoma. Topics discussed in this compilation include medical treatment in chronic open-angle glaucoma; melatonin as a therapeutic resource for the management of glaucoma; ocular tissue changes and glaucoma treatment; secondary uveitic glaucoma; selective laser trabeculoplasty and parasurgical treatment of glaucoma.

This book presents topical research in the study of macular degeneration, including the correlation of phenotype and genotype in age-related macular degeneration; role of anti-VEGF therapies in neovascular AMD; the biochemical and genetic studies that support the treatment of the pathogenic retina and ocular blood flow in degenerative myopia.

Conjunctivitis (commonly called "pink eye" or "Madras eye" is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids), most commonly due to an allergic reaction or an infection (usually viral, but sometimes bacterial). In this book, the authors discuss allergic disorders of the conjunctiva as well as novel drug delivery approaches in dry eye syndrome therapy. Allergic contact conjunctivitis caused by ophthalmic preparations is explored and examined also are the clinical signs of conjunctivitis.

A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light. This book reviews research in the field of cataracts inclusive of the application of virtual reality in cataract surgery simulation for ophthalmology training and an analysis of the surface properties of four different intraolcuar lens materials currently used in cataract surgery. Also discussed, herein, is the future of cataract surgeries; disability glare effects and cataracts as a problem of road safety in driving; the pharmacological treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases; among others.

The Ocular Biomechanics Group was established in 2002 with one clear target; to develop a virtual reality model of the human eye that can be used effectively and reliably to predict ocular response to surgery, injury and disease. This ambitious, and seemingly illusive, target helped plan our activities over the last 6 years and will still be focusing our efforts as we strive to create the necessary knowledge using experimental methods, build the predictive tools using programming and analysis means, and validate the findings in both the laboratory and the clinic. This book presents an overview of our biomechanical studies from laboratory material characterisation to finite element numerical simulation. The chapter describes what has been achieved and points at the remaining gaps in our knowledge. It explains that while much remains unknown in ocular behaviour, we are now in a good position to use available knowledge to progress predictive modelling and use it in actual applications such as improving the accuracy of tonometry techniques, planning of refractive surgeries and design of contact lenses. The discussion focuses on the cornea, although scleral biomechanics receive some mention. The chapter also refers to microstructural, biomechanical and topographic studies conducted by other research groups. Coverage of these studies has been necessary to provide a more complete image of current understanding of corneal biomechanics.

Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them whereas plate tectonics specifically describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. This book presents theory, methodology and applications, as well as studies of specific geographic regions. A model to evaluate the effect of groundwater fluctuations on the development of gullies and hence, on landscape evolution is analysed. The use of cosmogenic nuclides in geomorphology and earth-surface processes is also reviewed and uncertainties and limitations related to current understanding of the physical properties of cosmogenic nuclides are summarised. In addition, this book studies plate tectonics in several regions of the world, including Siberia, Western North America, North Africa, India, and Northwest Australia.

Retinis Pigmentosa (RP) includes a group of progressive hereditary retinal diseases involving degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors, predominantly the former, and is one of the leading causes of hereditary blindness in the developed world. Clinical symptoms include nyctalopia, progressive visual field loss, and deterioration in visual acuity in adolescence. It affects one in 3000-5000 individuals and can be caused by mutations in more than 40 genes. In addition, Retinitis Pigmentosa may exist either alone (nonsyndromic) or as part of a neurological or systemic disorder, such as Usher's syndrome and Infantile Refsum's disease. There are few effective clinical treatments for retinitis pigmentosa which affects an estimated 1.5 million individuals world-wide. However, understanding the histopathologic changes occurring in RP is critical to understanding the rationale for current therapies, as well as to develop future therapies. This book highlights the most recent research done in the field.

The consequences of aging populations combined with the strain to the human eye caused by computers and widespread poor nutritional practices has resulted in an upsurge of research dealing with vision. This new book presents leading-edge research in this field focusing on glaucoma, corneal transplantation and bacterial eye infections.

Retinal tissue may degenerate for a number of reasons. Among them are: artery or vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, R.L.F./R.O.P. or disease (usually hereditary). Retinitis pigmentosa, retinoschisis, lattic degeneration, and macular degeneration are characterised by progressive types of retinal degeneration. This book presents the latest research in the field.

The consequences of ageing populations combined with the strain to the human eye caused by computers and widespread poor nutritional practices has resulted in an upsurge of research dealing with vision. This book presents the latest research from around the world in this dynamic field.

This introduction to optics is intended as a supplement to a first course in undergraduate optics. This lively book conveys key modern terminology, and reinforces what it teaches with hundreds of fully worked out problems that run the gamut from candles to lasers.

This fourth volume in the series Lectures in Optics provides comprehensive coverage of Visual Optics, which is the field of optics as applied to the function of the eye, a magnificent and highly complicated optical system. The optics part of vision in a 'well-performing' eye pertains to the effects responsible for formation and initial detection of the retinal image-the picture of the world as it is projected onto the photosensitive layer of the eye, the retina. The book presents the necessary concepts and definitions that explain retinal image properties, including aspects such as visual acuity and color perception. It discusses the optics of the eye in the presence of refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, certain limitations to vision such as accommodation and near vision, and effects of aging on vision such as presbyopia and low vision. Finally, chapters devoted to ophthalmic optics and prismatic effects provide in-depth coverage of the optics involved in the correction of refractive vision disorders.

There is a need for comprehensive books that provide crucial information in a clear and direct manner, particularly in the medical field. Currently, there are limited resources available to students and clinicians that provide step-by-step procedures with pictures and videos on how to examine the eye in the pediatric population. The Pediatric Eye Exam Quick Reference Guide: Office and Emergency Room Procedures is a clinical procedure book to provide step-by-step pediatric eye care examination techniques and is an important addition to the field of eye care. The chapters are written by leading pediatric optometrists and ophthalmologists in the field. Years of academic and clinical experiences from schools of optometry, hospital-based eye care, and private practice are all presented in a user-friendly format with clinical pearls and insights that will help any clinician perform a pediatric eye exam easily and efficiently. Covering a range of critical topics such as pupil examination, visual field testing, refraction, and ocular emergencies and providing pictures and videos, it is ideal for all students, residents, academicians, trainers, and novel and seasoned clinicians who are interested in learning how to examine a pediatric patient and staying on top of the latest pediatric eye care procedures.

Astigmatism is an optical aberration characterized by rays propagating into two perpendicular planes focusing at different distances, thus providing two different foci delimiting an intermediate area of focus called the Conoid of Sturm. This book discusses the types, diagnosis and treatment options of astigmatism. The topics include management of astigmatism in patients after a corneal transplant; power vectors; toric intraocular lenses for the correction of astigmatism during cataract surgery; irregular astigmatism management; and a comprehensive overview of preexisting astigmatism during phacoemulsification.

The anesthetic implications of eye muscle surgery are varied and numerous. Being a condition that can be seen in all age groups, the anesthetist or anesthesiologist will see pediatric, adult, and geriatric patient populations. This book examines and analyzes the causes, symptoms and treatment options to strabismus and nystagmus. It discusses benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; strabismus surgery; central positional dizziness; the treatment of intermittent exotropia in childhood; and nystagmus in posterior fossa stroke patients.

This book discusses the types, risk factors, treatment options and potential complications of cataracts and cataract surgery. Topics include the clinical techniques used to assess the visual and optical performance of intraocular lenses; the epidemiology and morphology of cataracts; a practical guide to the management of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS); a comparison of safety and visual improvement of phacoemulsification with sutureless single-port 25-gauge vitrectomy versus phacoemulsification alone for eyes with extremely shallow anterior chamber; teaching and learning cataract surgery; and phacolytic glaucoma.

This is a textbook for students and practitioners involved in the management of patients with ocular allergy. Allergic disorders of the ocular surface affect more than 20% of the general population and they are ocular diseases in which IgE- and/or T-lymphocyte mediated mechanisms are involved. They can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. This book addresses the important aspects of allergic disorders of the ocular surface with particular emphasis on the pathomechanism and pharmacotherapy of the different types of ocular allergy. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathomechanism of allergic eye diseases, as well as the lymphocytic activation process are also discussed. The book will provide the reader with considerable insight into the pharmacotherapy of allergic eye diseases with emphasis on the clinical pharmacology of anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agents.

Cataract Surgery in Complicated Cases offers the latest techniques in treating complicated cases as faced by today's surgeons performing cataract surgery. Dr. Lucio Buratto; Dr. Stephen Brint; and Dr. Luigi Caretti provide step-by-step approach to facilitate how to assess the patient, perform the technique, and manager the most challenging cataract surgery complicated cases facing both beginning and experienced surgeons. Cataract Surgery in Complicated Cases covers a wide variety of topics including cataract in high myopia, floppy iris syndrome, traumatic cataract, phacoemulsification with a small pupil, and IOL explanation and replacement. Supplemented by more than 250 colour illustrations, diagrams, a glossary, and references, all surgeons, from beginner to expert will want this unique resource by their side.

In a concise and contemporary new edition, the Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology offers highly practical yet evidence-based guidance on the diagnosis and management of ophthalmic disorders. Incorporating a systematic approach, the authors present common and/or important manifestations of the full spectrum of eye diseases. Included are useful summaries of common signs and symptoms, etiologies, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic regimens, as well as information on pre-, peri-, and post-operative eye care. The Oxford American Handbook should prove useful and relevant to residents and fellows in ophthalmology, as well as medical students, primary care physicians, comprehensive ophthalmologists, and other ophthalmic personnel, all who seek a ready reference for daily clinical practice and review.