This book addresses universal tendencies of human vowel systems from the point of view of self-organization. It uses computer simulations to show that the same universal tendencies found in human languages can be reproduced in a population of artificial agents. These agents learn and use vowels with human-like perception and production, using a learning algorithm that is cognitively plausible. The implications of these results for the evolution of language are then explored.

An argument that the word order of a given language is largely predictable from independently observable facts about its phonology and morphology. Languages differ in the types of overt movement they display. For example, some languages (including English) require subjects to move to a preverbal position, while others (including Italian) allow subjects to remain postverbal. In its current form, Minimalism offers no real answer to the question of why these different types of movements are distributed among languages as they are. In Contiguity Theory, Norvin Richards argues that there are universal conditions on morphology and phonology, particularly in how the prosodic structures of language can be built, and that these universal structures interact with language-specific properties of phonology and morphology. He argues that the grammar begins the construction of phonological structure earlier in the derivation than previously thought, and that the distribution of overt movement operations is largely determined by the grammar's efforts to construct this structure. Rather than appealing to diacritic features, the explanations will generally be rooted in observable phenomena. Richards posits a different kind of relation between syntax and morphology than is usually found in Minimalism. According to his Contiguity Theory, if we know, for example, what inflectional morphology is attached to the verb in a given language, and what the rules are for where stress is placed in the verb, then we will know where the verb goes in the sentence. Ultimately, the goal is to construct a theory in which a complete description of the phonology and morphology of a given language is also a description of its syntax.

This book is designed to provide students of phonology with an accessible introduction to the phonological architecture of words. It offers a thorough discussion of the basic building blocks of phonology--in particular features, sounds, syllables and feet--and deals with a range of different theories about these units. The book provides a more detailed analysis of this subject than previously available in introductory textbooks and is an invaluable and indispensable first step toward understanding the major theoretical issues in modern phonology at the word level.

Optimality theory has revolutionized phonological theory, and its insights are now being applied to other central aspects of language. With contributors that include the leading researchers in the field, this book presents the fruits of the research as applied to syntax and to language acquisition, as well as considering the main lines of attack on OT by rule-based grammarians.This book is intended for a broad range of linguists at graduate level and above, including students, academics, and researchers.

Optimality Theory has revolutionized phonological theory, and its insights are now being applied to other central aspects of language. With contributors that include the leading researchers in the field, this book presents the first fruits of such research as applied to syntax and to language acquisition, as well as considering the main lines of attack on OT by rule-based grammarians. Essential reading for linguists at graduate level and above.

This is the most complete, up-to-date description of the phonology of German presently available. It applies recent models of phonological theory, laying particular emphasis on the interaction of morphology and phonology. Now in a new paperback edition, it focuses on the present-day standard language, including discussions of other variants and registers.

This book is a comprehensive guide to the International Phonetic Alphabet, widely used for over a century to transcribe the sounds of languages. The Handbook is in three parts: Part I contains an introduction to phonetic description and exemplification of the use of phonetic symbols; Part II consists of twenty-nine "Illustrations" of the application of the International Phonetic Alphabet to a range of languages; and Part III covers speech pathology, computer codings, and the history of the IPA. This is an essential reference work for phoneticians and linguists more generally.

The Phonology of English offers a new approach to English phonology. It focuses on the prosody of the language, i.e. syllable and foot structure, and does so from an optimality-theoretic (OT) perspective. The focus is on surface distributional regularities and the results presented are based on extensive searches through various computerized lexicons. The outcome is a number of new generalizations about the phonology of English, along with confirmation of some familiar regularities. All of these empirical results are discussed in detail and presented in extensive charts with a plethora of examples. The Phonology of English also offers a unique OT analysis. This provides a detailed introduction to the intricacies of the theory as applied to a significant amount of data. A number of important theoretical proposals are developed in this model, and the analysis presents the idea that certain complex constraints and their ranking can be derived in restricted ways from more basic constraints. In addition, the book also develops the idea that syllables of English can contain from zero to three moras. It is suggested that the phonology of English only makes sense if partial morphemes of the cranberry sort are licensed more widely. The book is thus intended as a detailed presentation of novel empirical results about the sound system of English, along with important theoretical results about phonological theory.

This is the first comprehensive study of the intonation of different languages of the world, written by a team of leading scholars in the field, most of whom are native speakers of the language in question. Surveying twenty languages, the volume introduces a new system for the multilingual transcription of intonation patterns. The chapters are organized following the same general outline to highlight the differences among languages. The emphasis is on description and comparison, rather than on theory, making this an invaluable sourcebook for researchers in the field.

Over the last 20 years, phraseology has become a major field of pure and applied research in Western European and North American linguistics. This text consists of authoritative contributions from leading specialists who examine the increasingly crucial role played by ready-made word-combinations in language acquisition and adult language use. After a wide-ranging introduction by the editor, the book introduces the main theoretical approaches, analyzes the corpus data and phrase typology, and finally considers the application of phraseology to associated disciplines including lexicography, language learning, stylistics, and computational analysis. The series "Oxford Studies in Lexicography and Lexicology" is intended to provide a forum for the publication of substantial scholarly works on all issues of interest to lexicographers, lexicologists, and dictionary users. It is concerned with the theory and history of lexicography, lexicological theory, and related topics such as terminology, and computer applications in lexicography. It focuses attention too on the purposes for which dictionaries are compiled, on their uses, and on their reception and role in society today and in the pa

Initially described by Dickens as a 'savage stenographic mystery', shorthand was to become an essential and influential part of his toolkit as a writer. In this ground-breaking interdisciplinary study, Hugo Bowles tells the story of Dickens's stenographic journey from his early encounters with the 'despotic' shorthand symbols of Gurney's Brachygraphy in 1828 to his lifelong commitment to shorthand for reporting, letter writing, copying, and note-taking. Drawing on empirical evidence from Dickens's shorthand notebooks, Dickens and the Stenographic Mind forensically explores Dickens's unique ability to write in two graphic codes, offering an original critique of the impact of shorthand on Dickens's mental processing of language. The author uses insights from morphology, phonetics, and the psychology of reading to show how Dickens's biscriptal habits created a unique stenographic mindset that was then translated into novel forms of creative writing. The volume argues that these new scriptal arrangements, which include phonetic speech, stenographic patterns of letters in individual words, phonaesthemes, and literary representations of shorthand-related acts of reading and writing, created reading puzzles that bound Dickens and his readers together in a new form of stenographic literacy. Clearly written and cogently argued, Dickens and the Stenographic Mind not only opens up new evidence from a little known area of Dickens's professional life to expert scrutiny, but is highly relevant to a number of important debates in Victorian studies including orality and literacy in the nineteenth century, the role of voice and voicing in Dickens's writing process, his relationship with his readers, and his various writing personae as law reporter, sketch-writer, journalist, and novelist.

The Communicative Value of Intonation in English, originally published in 1985 by the English Language Research unit in Birmingham and revised in 1992, sets out David Brazil's description of the system of intonation in English.This model of English intonation takes a discourse-based approach and attempts to assign 'meaning' or a communicative value to the different aspects that make up the system of intonation. Chapters within the book descibe parts of the intonation system which vary according to speaker choice: the tone unit as a whole, prominence, key, pitch and orientation. Three chapters are devoted to tones and their communicative value.This is an important and controversial work, which has influenced scholars in the field and ELT materials writers alike.A cassette containing all the examples of intonation features in the book is available.

As is typical of African languages, there is little published material on Kimatuumbi, a Bantu language spoken in Tanzania. Apart from Professor Odden's own theoretically-oriented papers the only existing primary description of the language is Krumm's Grundriss einer Grammatik des Kimatubi (1912) which lacks any discussion of two of the most interesting and complex phonological properties of the language - vowel length and tone. The descriptive account of these properties and of rule interaction in Kimatuumbi phonology bears on a number of important theoretical issues including theories of interaction between phonology and syntax, lexical phonology, the geometric representation of vowel features, and the theory of prosodic representations. This study both broadens our understanding of the structure of African languages and provides data which are crucial for resolving certain questions in contemporary phonology theory.

This major new textbook is designed for readers who wish to pursue the study of phonetics from an initial to an advanced stage. It moves from a discussion of general concepts to a total of eleven chapters on phonetic classification, and it includes discussion of other issues such as the relationship between phonetics and phonology. There are illustrations from over 500 of the world's languages. Principles of Phonetics will be required reading for all serious students of speech and language.

Der Autor weist in seiner Analyse nach, dass die Textsemantik des Antezedenten die semantische Funktion des Relativsatzes bestimmt und sich erst daraus ableiten lasst, ob ein Relativsatz "identifizierend" oder "pradizierend" ist. Das Buch thematisiert daruber hinaus die Zusammenhange zwischen der Morphosyntax des Relativsatzes und der semantischen Funktion des Relativsatzes. Hierbei analysiert der Autor die Kasus des Antezedenten und des Relativpronomens sowie die Kontakt- oder Distanzposition des Relativsatzes. Er stellt heraus, welche spezifischen Charakteristika fur die Zwischenelemente vor dem Relativsatz bei Distanzposition sowie fur die Restelemente nach dem Relativsatz bei Kontaktposition in Frage kommen.

This is an introduction to the phonology of present-day English. It deals principally with three varieties of English: "General American," Southern British "Received Pronunciation" and "Scottish Standard English." It offers a systematic and detailed discussion of the features shared by these major accents, and explains some major differences. Other varieties of English--Australian and New Zealand English, South African English and Hiberno-English--are also discussed briefly. Without focusing on current phonological theory and its evolution, the author demonstrates the importance of "theory," in whatever shape or form, in phonological argumentation. This textbook will be welcomed by all students of English language and linguistics.

For those looking to become a highly-paid speaker who makes a difference, Expert Speaker reveals how to take the stage by being an expert, not the expert. The fastest way to build authority, get one's name out to the public, and attract premium clients is by public speaking. The truth is, not just any speech will win stages and attract the right clients. In Expert Speaker, ExpertSpeaker.com founder Majeed Mogharreban draws from his ten years of experience as a professional speaker to help readers build their brands, grow their business, and amplify their message in a way that makes a difference. Expert Speaker teaches those who are serious about public speaking what to say to get booked, how to give a speech that builds authority, how to negotiate their speaker fee, and so much more. Majeed walks readers through every aspect of public speaking so they too can amplify their message and take control over the big stage of their career.

La estructura del espanol es un repaso integro del espanol para estudiantes a nivel universitario. Ha sido concebido para estudiantes de herencia de habla hispana que no han recibido instruccion formal. Este texto tanto se puede usar en un nivel basico como a nivel intermedio, porque ha sido aumentado, con nuevas lecturas, nuevos ejercicios y un lenguaje mas inclusivo. Sus 15 capitulos han sido corregidos y modificados con vistas hacia un mejor y mas facil entendimiento del material, teniendo en cuenta la poblacion estudiantil para la que ha sido concebido. Es por esto que cada capitulo se presenta con minimas, pero precisas, explicaciones. Ademas de abarcar temas especificos de gramatica, este libro tambien incluye areas clave en el uso de consonantes o en la confusion entre ciertos pares de palabras y frases que suenan de forma muy parecida pero se escriben de modo muy distinto y no tienen el mismo significado. Se ha resaltado el estudio de cognados espanol/ingles ayudando asi a que el/la estudiante mejore la escritura de esas palabras. Se han incluido ejercicios adicionales en los que el/la estudiante puede poner a prueba su conocimiento de las reglas ortograficas. Este libro rinde mejores resultados cuando se emplea en cursos secuenciales a nivel de universidad y elimina la necesidad de comprar un libro de lectura adicional. Los/las estudiantes invierten en un libro de texto que integra en un solo volumen material adecuado y de calidad que provee una base firme para una sub-especializacion o para una carrera en espanol.

Articulatory Phonetics presents a concise and non-technical introduction to the physiological processes involved in producing sounds in human speech. * Traces the path of the speech production system through to the point where simple vocal sounds are produced, covering the nervous system, and muscles, respiration, and phonation * Introduces more complex anatomical concepts of articulatory phonetics and particular sounds of human speech, including brain anatomy and coarticulation * Explores the most current methodologies, measurement tools, and theories in the field * Features chapter-by-chapter exercises and a series of original illustrations which take the mystery out of the anatomy, physiology, and measurement techniques relevant to speech research * Includes a companion website at www.wiley.com/go/articulatoryphonetics with additional exercises for each chapter and new, easy-to-understand images of the vocal tract and of measurement tools/data for articulatory phonetics teaching and research * Password protected instructor s material includes an answer key for the additional exercises

In der generativen Phonologie lasst sich im Unterschied zur generativen Syntax der Wechsel von einem derivationellen Modell nicht so leicht dokumentieren. Phonologische Reprasentationen werden in diesem Band nicht als notarielle Variante zur linearen Phonologie verstanden, sondern als Ebene, auf der universelle Beschrankungen gelten.Folgende Problembereiche werden u.a. behandelt: - die phonetische Beschrankung phonologischer Segmente- universelle Beschrankungen suprasegmentaler Strukturen- Modelle der Interaktion von Phonologie und Morphologi

"Phonetic Data Analysis" examines the procedures involved in describing the sounds of a language and illustrates the basic techniques of experimental phonetics, most of them requiring little more than a tape recorder, a video camera, and a computer.
Examines the procedures involved in describing the sounds of a language and illustrates the basic techniques of experimental phonetics.
Written by Peter Ladefoged, one of the world's leading phoneticians.
Enables readers to work with a speaker in class or go out into the field and make their own discoveries about how the sounds of a language are made.
Provides full descriptions of techniques that are readily available and do not require the resources of a major phonetics laboratory.
Includes enlightening comments throughout about Ladefoged's own fieldwork experiences.

A broad range of competing theories, analytical strategies and notational systems are surveyed in a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of sound structure.