The Germanic language family ranges from national languages with standardized varieties, including German, Dutch and Danish, to minority languages with relatively few speakers, such as Frisian, Yiddish and Pennsylvania German. Written by internationally renowned experts of Germanic linguistics, this Handbook provides a detailed overview and analysis of the structure of modern Germanic languages and dialects. Organized thematically, it addresses key topics in the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of standard and nonstandard varieties of Germanic languages from a comparative perspective. It also includes chapters on second language acquisition, heritage and minority languages, pidgins, and urban vernaculars. The first comprehensive survey of this vast topic, the Handbook is a vital resource for students and researchers investigating the Germanic family of languages and dialects.

Mit dem Buch und dem darin vorgestellten exemplarischen Valenz- und Konstruktionswoerterbuch deutscher Verben wird ein voellig neues Kapitel in der valenzorientierten Lexikographie aufgeschlagen. Die Neuerung besteht vor allem darin, dass die valenzgebundenen Begleiter des Verbs nicht mehr nur wie bisher in obligatorische und fakultative Erganzungen gespalten, sondern erstmals die syntaktisch nicht notwendigen Aktanten ihrerseits wiederum nach den Kriterien der semantischen Impliziertheit sowie der Redundanz in optionale und fakultative Mitgaben, ohnehin nur optionale Beigaben und die ebenfalls ausschliesslich durch das Merkmal der Optionalitat gepragten Zugaben geschieden und hinsichtlich ihres Status entsprechend gekennzeichnet werden.

Das Arzt-Patient-Gesprach wurde als das "Herz der Medizin" bezeichnet. Unbestritten ist die Bedeutung fur die Gesundung und das Wohlbefinden der Patientinnen und Patienten, aber auch der AErztinnen und AErzte selbst. Wie viel wissen wir uber Gesprachsverlaufe und Auswirkungen des sprachlichen Handelns von AErztinnen und AErzten? Diese Arbeit zeigt, mit welcher Methodik vielfaltige Befunde der Gesprachsforschung systematisch in einer ubergreifenden Synthese zusammengefuhrt werden koennen. Das Ergebnis zeigt sich als Entwurf einer Systematik des sprachlichen Handelns von AErztinnen und AErzten in neun Gesprachskomponenten, die in 46 Handlungstypen entfaltet werden. Die Fulle dokumentierter Gesprachsausschnitte und systemtheoretischer UEberlegungen macht das Buch zur Fundgrube fur Praxis, Lehre und weiterfuhrende Forschung.

Este libro aborda el tema de la contribucion del oyente y su importancia en la construccion de la conversacion espontanea. Se trata de un estudio que arroja luz sobre algunos fenomenos relacionados con el funcionamiento de la interaccion oral en italiano nativo y en espanol lengua extranjera. En particular, atiende a los turnos de apoyo (TA), esas emisiones del oyente que transmiten al hablante seguimiento y participacion activa en la conversacion. A partir de los postulados del Analisis de la Conversacion, se han analizado cualitativa y cuantitativamente los TA de conversaciones en dos niveles de dominio del espanol y en italiano. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido conocer, por un lado, la incidencia del nivel de dominio de la lengua extranjera sobre los mecanismos de produccion de TA verbales, por otro, la influencia de la lengua materna sobre la lengua meta y, por ultimo, determinar las especificidades linguisticas y culturales en la produccion de los TA de los italianos, respecto a las de los espanoles. Las diferencias de los estilos conversacionales halladas indican que se requiere la creacion de material didactico que facilite la comprension y el uso de los TA.

This book is the first to explore the varied ways in which invented languages can be used to teach languages and linguistics in university courses. There has long been interest in invented languages, also known as constructed languages or conlangs, both in the political arena (as with Esperanto) and in the world of literature and science fiction and fantasy media - Tolkien's Quenya and Sindarin, Dothraki in Game of Thrones, and Klingon in the Star Trek franchise, among many others. Linguists have recently served as language creators or consultants for film and television, with notable examples including Jessica Coons work on the film Arrival Christine Schreyers Kryptonian for Man of Steel, David Adgers contributions to the series Beowulf, and David J. Peterson's numerous languages for Game of Thrones and other franchises. The chapters in this volume show how the use of invented languages as a teaching tool can reach a student population who might not otherwise be interested in studying linguistics, as well as helping those students to develop the fundamental core skills of linguistic analysis. Invented languages encourage problem-based and active learning; they shed light on the nature of linguistic diversity and implicational universals; and they provide insights into the complex interplay of linguistic patterns and social, environmental, and historical processes. The volume brings together renowned scholars and junior researchers who have used language invention and constructed languages to achieve a range of pedagogical objectives. It will be of interest to graduate students and teachers of linguistics and those in related areas such as anthropology and psychology.

El volumen ofrece nueve articulos en torno a la informacion sintactica en diccionarios tanto monolingues como bilingues del aleman y del espanol. La complementacion tanto del verbo como del nombre y del adjetivo, objetivo principal de ocho de los articulos, constituye un tema clave para la lexicografia si esta pretende ofrecer al usuario del diccionario una herramienta que vaya mas alla de una mera descripcion del significado en los diccionarios monolingues y de una mera traduccion de vocablos en los bilingues. Aparte de incidir en problemas lexicograficos concretos de la complementacion en ambas lenguas, se ofrecen propuestas de diccionarios para las tres categorias lexicas mencionadas, para presentar en el ultimo de los articulos una vision actual sobre el uso real de los diccionarios por parte de los destinatarios de los mismos.

Die Autorin betrachtet die franzoesische Sprache in frankophonen Zeitungen sudlich der Sahara (Subsahara-Afrika) im Vergleich zu der franzoesischen Sprache hexagonaler Zeitungen (Frankreich). Im Fokus der Untersuchung liegen feste Wendungstypen Funktionsverbgefuge, Redewendungen und Sprichwoerter. Das Buch fuhrt die Ergebnisse verschiedenster Forschungsarbeiten zusammen und fuhrt diese weiter aus. Die Autorin analysiert nicht nur wie wechselseitige Beziehungen und Verhaltnisse feste Wendungen beeinflussen, sondern betrachtet auch die Ursache hierfur. Ergebnis dieses umgreifenden quantitativ-statistischen und qualitativen Untersuchungsansatzes ist, dass die afrikanische Pressesprache im Unterschied zur hexagonalen Pressesprache feste Wendungen sowohl starker modifiziert als auch breiter ausdifferenziert.

The Advanced Rhyming Dictionary represents the culmination of more than seven years of work. It is the first of its kind and is a compendium of two and three syllable multisyllabic rhyme schemes aimed at rappers, poets, educators and academics. Adam 'Shuffle T' Woollard has been a battle rapper for seven years, and is a UK Battle rap doubles champion, with his friend and long-time collaborator, Theo 'Marlo' Marlow. He has performed in the US, Canada, Australia and all over Europe. Jamie 'Bleez' Blackmore has been performing and creating rap for well over a decade and is a hidden gem of the UK hip-hop world, considered to be one of the best rhymers there is. He and Adam met in 2014 in Brighton and they have been working on this project ever since.

This handbook offers a comprehensive overview of the field of Persian linguistics, discusses its development, and captures critical accounts of cutting edge research within its major subfields, as well as outlining current debates and suggesting productive lines of future research. Leading scholars in the major subfields of Persian linguistics examine a range of topics split into six thematic parts. Following a detailed introduction from the editors, the volume begins by placing Persian in its historical and typological context in Part I. Chapters in Part II examine topics relating to phonetics and phonology, while Part III looks at approaches to and features of Persian syntax. The fourth part of the volume explores morphology and lexicography, as well as the work of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Part V, language and people, covers topics such as language contact and teaching Persian as a foreign language, while the final part examines psycho- neuro-, and computational linguistics. The volume will be an essential resource for all scholars with an interest in Persian language and linguistics.

Latin Grammarians on the Latin Accent offers a fresh perspective on a long-standing debate about the value of Latin grammarians writing about the Latin accent: should the information they give us be taken seriously, or should much of it be dismissed as copied mindlessly from Greek sources? This book focusses on understanding the Latin grammarians on their own terms: what they actually say about accents, and what they mean by it. Careful examination of Greek and Latin grammatical texts leads to a better understanding of the workings of Greek grammatical theory on prosody, and of its interpretation in the Latin grammatical tradition. It emerges that Latin grammarians took over from Greek grammarians a system of grammatical description that operated on two levels: an abstract level that we are not supposed to be able to hear, and the concrete level of audible speech. The two levels are linked by a system of rules. Some points of Greek thought on prosody were taken over onto the abstract level and not intended as statements about the actual sound of Latin, while other points were so intended. While this book largely sets aside the question whether the Latin grammarians tell us the truth about the Latin accent, focussing instead on understanding what they actually say, it begins to offer answers for those wishing to know when to 'believe' Latin grammarians in the traditional sense: the book shows which of their statements are intended - and which are not intended - as statements about the actual sound of Latin.

The Printed Voice of Victorian Poetry starts from a simple fact: our written language does not represent the way we speak. Intonation, accent, tempo, and pitch of utterance can be inferred from a written text but they are not clearly demonstrated there. The book shows the implications of this fact for linguists and philosophers of language and offers fundamental criticisms of some recent work in these fields. It aims principally to describe the ways in which nineteenth-century English poets-Tennyson, Browning, Hopkins-responded creatively to the ambiguities involved in writing down their own voices, the melodies of their speech. Original readings of the poets' work are given, both at a minutely detailed level and with regard to major preoccupations of the period-immortality, morbidity, marriage, social divisions, and religious conversions-and in this way Eric Griffiths offers a new map of Victorian poetry.

When we speak, we configure the vocal tract which shapes the visible motions of the face and the patterning of the audible speech acoustics. Similarly, we use these visible and audible behaviors to perceive speech. This book showcases a broad range of research investigating how these two types of signals are used in spoken communication, how they interact, and how they can be used to enhance the realistic synthesis and recognition of audible and visible speech. The volume begins by addressing two important questions about human audiovisual performance: how auditory and visual signals combine to access the mental lexicon and where in the brain this and related processes take place. It then turns to the production and perception of multimodal speech and how structures are coordinated within and across the two modalities. Finally, the book presents overviews and recent developments in machine-based speech recognition and synthesis of AV speech.

Die sprachlichen Verhaltnisse in der Republik Moldau befinden sich seit der Unabhangigkeit von der Sowjetunion in Veranderung. Massgeblich hierfur sind eine neue offizielle Sprache, die Foerderung der Minderheitensprachen und die Arbeitsmigration. Die Autorin untersucht die Frage, wie Sprecher*innen mit unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Repertoires mit diesen Veranderungen umgehen. Sie zeigt dies am Beispiel ausgewahlter Sprach- und Berufsbiographien in zwei exemplarischen Fallstudien: einem russisch-ukrainisches Lyzeum und einem italienischsprachigen Call-Center. Mit den Begriffen Erreichbarkeit und Reichweite leistet das Buch einen theoretischen Beitrag zur Diskussion um sprachliche Repertoires und sprachlichen Ausbau, indem sie den Zusammenhang zwischen gesellschaftlichen Veranderungen und den individuellen Aneignungsprozessen von Sprecher*innen zu begreifen helfen.

How do you pronounce omega, tortoise and sloth? And why? Do charted and chartered sound the same? How do people pronounce the names Charon, Punjab, and Sexwale? In this engaging book, John Wells, a world-renowned phonetician and phonologist, explores these questions and others. Each chapter consists of carefully selected entries from Wells' acclaimed phonetics blog, on which he regularly posted on a range of current and widely researched topics such as pronunciation, teaching, intonation, spelling, and accents. Based on sound scholarship and full of fascinating facts about the pronunciation of Welsh, Swedish, Czech, Zulu, Icelandic and other languages, this book will appeal to scholars and students in phonetics and phonology, as well as general readers wanting to know more about language. Anyone interested in why a poster in Antigua invited cruise ship visitors to enjoy a game of porker, or what hymns can tell us about pronunciation, should read this book.

In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird untersucht, welche akustischen Eigenschaften Fullpartikeln wie ah und ahm in spontansprachlichen Dialogen des Deutschen zeigen und welche linguistischen Kontexte dabei auf welche Weise ihre akustische Form beeinflussen. Malte Belz betrachtet hierfur die phonetischen Parameter Dauer, Tonhoehe, Vokalqualitat sowie Phonationsmodus und analysiert den Einfluss dreier granular verschiedener Kontextebenen auf die Form: die Mikroebene enthalt Annotationen der adjazenten Laut- oder Pausenumgebung, die Mesoebene erfasst Intonationsphrasen und auf der Makroebene sind dialogstrukturelle Einheiten wie Fragen oder Antworten annotiert. Der Intonationsphrasenkontext ubt den deutlichsten Effekt auf Fullpartikeln aus - so ist am Phrasenanfang ihr Vokal offener, wahrend am Phrasenende ihre Dauer langer und ihre Tonhoehe tiefer ist. Dieses Ergebnis wird komplementiert durch Effekte auf der Mikroebene, wahrend der Einfluss der Dialogstruktur inkonsistent bleibt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt damit, dass die Realisierung von Fullpartikeln - wie andere Woerter auch - allgemeinen prosodischen Prinzipien folgt.

Designed for students with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, this leading textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It teaches in a step-by-step fashion the logical techniques of phonological analysis and the fundamental theories that underpin it. This thoroughly revised and updated edition teaches students how to analyze phonological data, how to think critically about data, how to formulate rules and hypotheses, and how to test them. New to this edition: * Improved examples, over 60 exercises and 14 new problem sets from a wide variety of languages encourage students to practise their own analysis of phonological processes and patterns * A new and updated reference list of phonetic symbols and an updated transcription system, making data more accessible to students * Additional online material includes pedagogical suggestions and password-protected answer keys for instructors

Die Erforschung des Spektrums zwischen Dialekt und Standard, die Perzeptionslinguistik und die Analyse von Dialektsyntax sind Aufgaben einer Dialektologie, die sich als Regionalsprachenforschung versteht. In zwoelf Beitragen diskutieren Nachwuchswissenschaftler diese Fragestellungen aus der Perspektive neuerer variationslinguistischer Theorien. Die Themen reichen von der Namenkunde bis zur Perzeptionslinguistik und umfassen sowohl niederdeutsche als auch hochdeutsche Varietaten. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der Betrachtung sprachlicher Variation und Dynamik der phonologischen und morphologischen Ebene sowie von Methoden und Befunden sozio- und wahrnehmungsdialektologischer Untersuchungen. Beitrage zum altsachsischen Heliand und zur bairischen Namenkunde erweitern das Themenfeld.

Dieser Band untersucht die Bedeutung von Interpunktion aus sprachwissenschaftlichen, sprachdidaktischen und literaturwissenschaftlichen Perspektiven. Die Autor_innen greifen in ihren romanistischen, germanistischen und anglistischen Beitragen unterschiedliche Fragestellungen auf, die unter anderem die Funktionen von Interpunktionszeichen in literarischen oder politischen Texten betreffen. Die Artikel fokussieren zudem die Rolle von Interpunktionszeichenvarianten aus grammatischer Sicht, eroertern Interpunktion als narratologisches Gestaltungsmittel, diskutieren Phanomene des Wandels bzw. des moeglichen Wandels und perspektivieren daruber hinaus Interpunktion aus sprachdidaktischer Sicht - fur das Leseverstehen, das Verstehen von Prasentationen sowie fur Korrekturen von Texten.

This book provides thorough descriptive and theory-neutral coverage of the full range of phonological phenomena of Chichewa, a Malawian Bantu language. Bantu languages have played and continue to play an important role as a source of data illustrating core phonological processes such as vowel harmony, nasal place assimilation, postnasal laryngeal alternations, tonal phenomena such as High tone spread and the OCP, prosodic morphology, and the phonology-syntax interface. Chichewa, in particular, has been a key language in the development of theoretical approaches to these phenomena. In this volume, Laura Downing and Al Mtenje examine not only these well-known features of Chichewa but also less well-studied phonological topics such as positional asymmetries in the distribution of segments, the phonetics of tone, and intonation. They survey important recent theoretical approaches to phonological problems such as focus prosody, reduplication, and vowel harmony, where Chichewa data is routinely referred to in the literature. The book will serve as a resource for all phonologists interested in these processes, regardless of their theoretical background, as well as Bantu scholars and linguists working on interface issues.

Phonetics is a fundamental building block not just in linguistics but also in fields such as communication disorders. However, introductions to phonetics can often assume a background in linguistics, whilst at the same time overlooking the clinical and scientific aspects of the field. This textbook fills this gap by providing a comprehensive yet accessible overview of phonetics that delves into the fundamental science underlying the production of speech. Written with beginners in mind, it focuses on the anatomy and physiology of speech, while at the same time explaining the very basics of phonetics, such as the phonemes of English, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and phonetic transcription systems. It presents the sounds of speech as elements of linguistic structure and as the result of complex biological mechanics. It explains complicated terminology in a clear, easy-to-understand way, and provides examples from a range of languages, from disorders of speech, and from language learning.

The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Romance-speaking areas, including standard, non-standard, dialectal, and regional varieties of the Old and New Worlds. The book also offers a comprehensive comparative account of major topics, issues, and case studies across different areas of the grammar of the Romance languages. The volume is organized into 10 thematic parts: Parts 1 and 2 deal with the making of the Romance languages and their typology and classification, respectively; Part 3 is devoted to individual structural overviews of Romance languages, dialects, and linguistic areas, while Part 4 provides comparative overviews of Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. Chapters in Parts 5-9 examine issues in Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics and discourse, respectively, while the final part contains case studies of topics in the nominal group, verbal group, and the clause. The book will be an essential resource for both Romance specialists and everyone with an interest in Indo-European and comparative linguistics.

The BBC's Advisory Committee on Spoken English was set up to provide an authoritative guide to pronunciation and the use of language for BBC announcers. The results of its deliberations were published for general consumption in a series of pamphlets called Broadcast English. Based on primary sources, the compelling story of the Advisory Board during its crucial first 13 years is told here for the first time. It reveals how board members, including George Bernard Shaw and A. Lloyd James, soon discovered that standardization and regulation of spoken language is extremely challenging and highly controversial. The first two chapters describe the linguistic aspects of its work, particularly after it had taken on the role of standardizing spoken English, a task well beyond its mandate and the BBC Charter. The third and fourth chapters look at the challenges the Committee encountered in assuming their prescriptive role, the structural crisis which ensued, and the changes to linguistic policies which then followed. Chapter 5 and 6 document the final years of the Committee, explore the reasons for its failure in its role as guardian of 'properly' spoken English, and consider the legacy of the Committee in today's broadcasting. The book will appeal to linguists and historians generally, especially those interested in the English language and language policy.

This book provides an overview of phonological typology: the study of how sounds are distributed across the languages of the world and why they display these distributions and patterns. It examines major phonological phenomena such as phoneme inventories, syllable structure, phonological alternations, stress, tone, intonation, and prosodic morphology, and investigates issues including how common certain types of sounds are cross-linguistically and why; how many languages differentiate questions and statements using intonation; which areas of the world tend to be associated with more complex tone distinctions; and the relationship between cross-linguistic and language-internal frequency. Data are drawn from existing typologies, from the results of a survey of various phonological patterns in the 100-language sample from the World Atlas of Language Structures, and from corpora of individual languages. Matthew Gordon analyses these data and explores the correlations between different - often superficially unrelated - phonological properties to gain insight into the driving forces behind these phenomena. He provides an overview of synchronic and diachronic explanations for the patterns observed and discusses how formal phonological theory has attempted to model the typological data. One of relatively few typological works devoted to phonology, this book will be a valuable resource for phonologists and phoneticians from advanced undergraduate level upwards, as well all those with an interest in language typology.

Modernhebraisch und Deutsch wurden bislang in keiner Studie kontrastiv analysiert: und das, obwohl die Lander, in denen diese Sprachen gesprochen werden - Israel und Deutschland -, durch eine tragische, aber auch fruchtbringende Vergangenheit miteinander verbunden sind. Ziel der Arbeit war es daher, erstens das Modernhebraische soziolinguistisch, genetisch und typologisch zu beschreiben. Zweitens galt es, die prosodischen Merkmale dieser Sprache im Vergleich zum Deutschen zu eroertern. Schliesslich wurden drittens empirisch die prosodischen Auffalligkeiten modernhebraischer Muttersprachler im Deutschen analysiert. Methodisch lag dabei der Schwerpunkt auf auditiven Analysen sowie auf Methoden der Feldforschung, der Soziolinguistik und der Gesprachsanalyse.

Dieses Buch bietet einen Gesamtuberblick uber die Entwicklung der Dependenz- und Valenzgrammatik sowie des Valenzbegriffes. Veranschaulicht am Sprachenpaar Deutsch-Spanisch eroeffnet es neuartige Wege zur Beschreibung der Verbvalenz. Besonderen Eingang finden die unterschiedlichen Ansatze im Rahmen der Valenzgrammatik, der Zusammenhang zwischen der Valenztheorie und anderen Theorien, die haufig genannten Beschreibungsgrenzen der Valenztheorie und die damit zusammenhangenden Missverstandnisse. Neben der kontrastiven Darstellung der Verbvalenz unter Berucksichtigung lexikographischer und grammatischer Aspekte erlautern die Autoren das lexikographische Verfahren, das der Erstellung des "Verbvalenzlexikons Deutsch-Spanisch" im zweiten Band zugrunde liegt.