Gegenstand dieses Buches ist das um ca. 600 n. Chr. gesprochene Urslavische. Nach der historischen und geographischen Einordnung und der Bestimmung der soziolinguistischen Funktion dieser Sprache behandelt das Buch theoretisch und empirisch die Frage ihrer Einheitlichkeit. Es folgt die hauptsachlich auf die Lehnbeziehungen des mittelalterlichen Slavischen gestutzte Rekonstruktion der Phonetik des Urslavischen und der Lautung und Akzentuierung urslavischer Woerter. Danach werden Bereiche der Morphologie des Urslavischen, insbesondere der Wortbildung, detailliert behandelt, wobei im Wesentlichen auf die Methoden der "generativen Phonologie" zuruckgegriffen wird. Auch da wird die urslavische Akzentologie konsequent mitberucksichtigt.

Der Modus Konjunktiv ist einer der wichtigsten und komplexesten Modi vieler Weltsprachen. In dieser Publikation werden zwei nicht eng verwandte Sprachen einander kontrastiv gegenubergestellt und miteinander verglichen - das Spanische und das Russische. Primar ist das Ziel herauszufinden, ob sich die beiden untersuchten Sprachen im Konjunktivgebrauch ahneln, wenngleich sie verschiedenen Sprachstammen angehoeren. Es wird untersucht welche Differenzen und UEbereinstimmungen sie aufweisen. Die kontrastive Analyse des Konjunktivgebrauchs erfolgt anhand von Beispielsatzen aus dem Buch des kolumbianischen Schriftstellers Gabriel Garcia Marquez El amor en los tiempos del colera sowie des russischen Schriftstellers Boris Akunin Azazel' (und der entsprechenden russischen und spanischen UEbersetzung).

Der Sammelband dokumentiert Erkenntnisse der Tagungssektion "Sprachreflexion - Handlungsfelder und Erwerbskontexte" des 22. Symposium Deutschdidaktik in Hamburg und hat das Ziel, gegenwartige Perspektiven des Forschungsdiskurses darzustellen. Mit Blick auf aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse nehmen die einzelnen Beitrage den "Gegenstand" (was ist schulische Sprachreflexion?), die "Lernenden" (was sollen Schulerinnen und Schuler im Sprachunterricht "wissen" und "koennen"?) und den "Unterricht" (wie kann schulische Sprachreflexion gestaltet werden?) in den Blick. Hierbei ist der Sammelband nach vier inhaltlichen Themenfeldern gegliedert: "Grundlagen der Sprachreflexion", "Sprachreflexion und Mehrsprachigkeit/Heterogenitat", "Sprachreflexion und Sprachvarietaten" und "Sprachreflexion und Lesen".

This book aims to provide a clear description of key aspects of English phonology in order to help teachers diagnose and prioritize problem areas in pronunciation. It also aims to develop an awareness of current issues and relevant research in the field to inform teachers decisions, not only about what to teach, but how to teach pronunciation, particularly in EIL contexts. Specifically, it aims to enable readers to: * Understand key terms and concepts in phonology and phonetics *Become aware of current issues and debates in research and apply these to pronunciation teaching, particularly in EIL contexts *Conduct phonological analysis of learner language, including phonemic transcription *Diagnose and assess learner's pronunciation difficulties and needs *Plan a structured pronunciation syllabus The book assumes no prior knowledge and is a key resource for both newcomers and experienced practitioners in the fields of English Language Teaching as well as students of applied linguistics.

"Word Identification Strategies: Building Phonics into a Classroom Reading Program, Fifth Edition," gives pre- and in-service teachers essential information for planning and implementing effective word identification in elementary classroom reading programs-plus the tools to carry it out.

What is the relationship between phonetics and phonology? Are phonological features innate and universal, and do they have fixed phonetic correlates? These questions have recently received renewed prominence in theoretical debates, and this book explores them from a modular, substance-free perspective. This in-depth analysis of Breton serves not only to introduce previously underused data into the theoretical landscape but also to demonstrate the viability of a modular framework for phonology. The book introduces a minimalist system of phonological representations built up on a language-specific basis, without regard to the phonetic realisation of phonological objects, and integrates it with a fully-fledged computational framework and a stratal interface between phonology and morphosyntax, showcasing the numerous empirical and conceptual advantages of a substance free view of phonology.

In der Forschung zur Wortbildung sind auch in jungeren Publikationen einige Punkte strittig. Das betrifft im Deutschen die Fugenelemente sowie ihre Rolle bei der Komposition und im Polnischen die Interfixe -o-, -i-, -y-, die Wortbildungen aus dem prapositionalen Ausdruck sowie die sog. Wortgruppen. Dieses Buch liefert eine detaillierte Neuanalyse der einschlagigen nominalen Wortbildungsprozesse und einen Vergleich von Entsprechungen zwischen den beiden Sprachen. Es verwendet dabei den Rahmen der Integrativen Sprachwissenschaft in der Fassung von Hans-Heinrich Lieb (und enthalt einen Anhang zum Prozessmodell der Wortbildung von ihm). Untersuchungen zu bestimmten Problemen des Polnischen - insbesondere zur Wortakzentuierung und den Konjugationsklassen - fuhren zu neuen Ergebnissen. Dabei wird die Methode der genauen Analyse reprasentativer Beispiele verwendet.

Die Arbeit ist im Bereich der perzeptiven Phonetik angesiedelt und hat die Wahrnehmung von Sprachlauten zum Gegenstand. Der theoretische Teil beinhaltet einen historischen UEberblick uber die Geschichte der perzeptiven Phonetik und eine UEberarbeitung der Definition des Gegenstandsbereichs der Phonetik. Fur die experimentelle Untersuchung wurden Experimente zur kategorialen Wahrnehmung synthetisierter Silben entwickelt und die Ableitung unbewusster Reaktionen des autonomen Nervensystems sowie akustisch evozierter Potenziale mit einbezogen. Insgesamt belegt die Untersuchung, dass die Konstituierung von Sprachlauten auf einer Interaktion von aktueller Verarbeitung und Aktivierung langzeitgespeicherter Reprasentationen beruht und diese in verschiedenen Varianten auftritt. Konkret liefern die Ergebnisse Indizien fur die Existenz eines speziellen zentralnervoesen Sprachprozessors neben dem allgemein auditorischen Mechanismus, die beide fur die Sprachlauterkennung herangezogen werden koennen.

The term 'Maya', in Indian traditions, refers to our sensory perception of the world and, as such, to a superficial reality (or 'un-reality') that we must look beyond to find the inner reality of things. Applied to the study of language, we perceive sounds, a superficial reality, and then we seek structures, the underlying reality in what we call phonology, morphology, and syntax. This volume starts with an introduction by the editors, which shows how the various papers contained in the volume reflect the spectrum of research interests of Andrea Calabrese, as well as his influence on the work of colleagues and his students. Contributors, united in their search for the abstract structures that underlie the appearances of languages include linguists such as Adriana Belletti, Paola Beninca, Jonathan Bobaljik, Gugliemo Cinque, David Embick, Mirko Grimaldi, Harry van der Hulst, Michael Kenstowicz, Maria Rita Manzini, Andrew Nevins, Elizabeth Pyatt, Luigi Rizzi, Leonardo Savoia, Laura Vanelli, Bert Vaux, Susi Wurmbrand, as well as a few junior researchers including Mariachiara Berizzi, Giuliano Bocci, Stefano Canalis, Silvio Cruschina, Irina Monich, Beata Moskal, Diego Pescarini, Joseph Perry, Roberto Petrosino, and Kobey Schwayder.

According to well-established views, language has several subsystems where each subsystem (e.g. syntax, morphology, phonology) operates on the basis of hierarchically organised units. When it comes to the graphematic structure of words, however, the received view appears to be that linear structure is all that matters. Contrary to this view, a sub-field of writing systems research emerges that can be called non-linear or supra-segmental graphematics. Drawing on parallels with supra-segmental phonology, supra-segmental graphematics claims the existence and relevance of cross-linguistically available building blocks, such as the syllable and the foot, in alphabetical writing systems, such as the writing systems of German and English. This book explores the graphematic hierarchy with a special focus on the unit foot. Structural, experimental and databased evidence is presented in favour of this approach. In addition, analyses within the optimality theory framework are offered. This work shows that the supra-segmental graphematic approaches are superior to linear ones with respect to explanatory strength and even preciseness of the description. It is thus interesting for academics concerned with writing systems and orthography teaching.

A concise overview of key findings and ideas in sign language phonology and its contributions to related fields, including historical linguistics, morphology, prosody, language acquisition and language creation. Working on sign languages not only provides important new insights on familiar issues, but also poses a whole new set of questions about phonology, because of the use of the visual communication modality. This book lays out the properties needed to recognize a phonological system regardless of its modality. Written by a leading expert in sign language research, the book describes the current state of the field and addresses a range of issues that students and researchers will encounter in their work, as well as highlighting the significant impact that the study of sign languages has had on the field of phonology as a whole. It includes lists of further reading materials, and a full glossary, as well as helpful illustrations that demonstrate the important aspects of sign language structure, even to the most unfamiliar of readers. A text that will be useful to both specialists and general linguists, this book provides the first comprehension overview of the field.

In this book, some of today's leading neurolinguists and psycholinguists provide insight into the nature of phonological processing using behavioural measures, computational modeling, EEG and fMRI. The essays cover a range of topics including categorization, acoustic variability and invariance, underspecification, talker-specificity and machine learning, focusing on the acoustics, perception, acquisition and neural representation of speech.

The mechanism of speech is a very complex one and in order to undertake any analysis of language it is important to understand the processes that go to make up the message that a speaker transmits and a listener receives. Professor Fry therefore first takes the reader through the various stages of the speech chain: from language units to nerve impulses to muscle movements to sound waves, and vice versa as the message is received and decoded. He then explains the basic physical principles involved in the generation and propagation of sound energy and in the phenomenon of resonance. These principles are then applied to the speech mechanism itself and to the particular kinds of sound which constitute speech. There is a fully illustrated account of the use of the sound spectrograph in acoustic analysis and chapters dealing with the acoustic features of English sounds and with the way we recognise speech sounds by the acoustic cues inherent in a particular language. Professor Fry gave courses on the physics of speech to students of applied as well as theoretical linguistics and to speech therapists, and his clear account will therefore provide a basic textbook for such courses as well as being of interest to people working in departments of speech and in communications generally.

Why our use of language is highly creative yet also constrained We use words and phrases creatively to express ourselves in ever-changing contexts, readily extending language constructions in new ways. Yet native speakers also implicitly know when a creative and easily interpretable formulation-such as "Explain me this" or "She considered to go"-doesn't sound quite right. In this incisive book, Adele Goldberg explores how these creative but constrained language skills emerge from a combination of general cognitive mechanisms and experience. Shedding critical light on an enduring linguistic paradox, Goldberg demonstrates how words and abstract constructions are generalized and constrained in the same ways. When learning language, we record partially abstracted tokens of language within the high-dimensional conceptual space that is used when we speak or listen. Our implicit knowledge of language includes dimensions related to form, function, and social context. At the same time, abstract memory traces of linguistic usage-events cluster together on a subset of dimensions, with overlapping aspects strengthened via repetition. In this way, dynamic categories that correspond to words and abstract constructions emerge from partially overlapping memory traces, and as a result, distinct words and constructions compete with one another each time we select them to express our intended messages. While much of the research on this puzzle has favored semantic or functional explanations over statistical ones, Goldberg's approach stresses that both the functional and statistical aspects of constructions emerge from the same learning mechanisms.

A broad range of competing theories, analytical strategies and notational systems are surveyed in a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of sound structure.

The last three decades have witnessed a growth of interest in research on tasks from various perspectives and numerous books and collections of articles have been published focusing on the notion of task and its utility in different contexts. Nevertheless, what is lacking is a multi-faceted examination of tasks from different important perspectives. This edited volume, with four sections of three chapters each, views tasks and Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) from four distinct (but complementary) vantage points. In the first section, all chapters view tasks from a cognitive-interactionist angle with each addressing one key facet of either cognition or interaction (or both) in different contexts (CALL and EFL/ESL). Section two hinges on the idea that language teaching and learning is perhaps best conceptualized, understood, and investigated within a complexity theory framework which accounts for the dynamicity and interrelatedness of the variables involved. Viewing TBLT from a sociocultural lens is what connects the chapters included in the third section. Finally, the fourth section views TBLT from pedagogical and curricular vantage points.

Despite earlier work by Trubetzkoy, Jakobson and Greenberg, phonological typology is often underrepresented in typology textbooks. At the same time, most phonologists do not see a difference between phonological typology and cross-linguistic (formal) phonology. The purpose of this book is to bring together leading scholars to address the issue of phonological typology, both in terms of the unity and the diversity of phonological systems.

No book has ever been published on tonal change and neutralization, two closely related topics in tonal phonology. This will be the first book to be devoted to both. The articles collected in this volume analyze a wide range of data concerning tonal change and neutralization, including post-lexical neutralization which represents a new topic in prosodic research. The volume as a whole covers a wide range of tone and pitch-accent languages in Asia, Africa and Europe, with a main focus on Asian languages/dialects many of which are endangered now. In addition to presenting novel data and analyses about individual languages, it provides typological perspectives on tonal change and neutralization. This volume will serve as an indispensable source of data and analyses for a wide range of linguists interested in phonetics, phonology, prosody, historical linguistics, language typology, endangered languages, Japanese linguistics, and Chinese linguistics.

Although the illustrative material is drawn principally from English, general points are illustrated with a variety of languages to provide a new perspective on a confused and often controversial field of study.

This study draws on the theory and methodology of interactional linguistics to examine the effects of multilingualism on the syntax and prosody of young Germans of Turkish extraction in everyday conversation. The study concludes that prosodic categories such as rhythm and intonation are influential substrate elements. Yet the influence of Turkish is not one of mere transfer. New, rule-based forms have arisen that serve as resources for specific tasks in conversation.

This volume discusses all phonetic aspects of speech production: the articulatory apparatus and the way it is controlled, measurement and modeling of articulatory movements, segmental and prosodic aspects of articulation control. In addition, the author proposes a complete phonetic model of speech production proceeding from the level of articulation planning for utterances and charting the generation of articulatory movements, vocal tract geometries and acoustic speech signals.

Two research traditions dominate the phonological description of rhythm. One is the typology of syllabic and accentual languages, the other metrical phonology. The first of these approaches determines rhythmic quality in temporal terms, the second in terms of accent. The present monograph sets out to show that both these approaches are problematical for a universal phonology of rhythm seeking to place equal emphasis on time and accentual prominence and supported by evidence culled from phonetics, psycholinguistics, and a poetological approach to metre.

En esta obra se analiza la realizacion informativa, sintactica y entonativa de un tipo de acto de habla especialmente interesante en los intercambios dialogicos: la peticion de informacion. En una perspectiva intra- e interlinguistica, se comparan dos lenguas afines, el italiano y el espanol, con el objetivo de definir cuales son las estrategias y los recursos linguisticos empleados por los hablantes cuando necesitan solicitar una informacion. Pese a algunas analogias entre las dos lenguas, los mismos tipos de peticiones presentan una realizacion en italiano distinta a la del espanol, sobre todo en el nivel entonativo. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan datos utiles en el ambito de la ensenanza del italiano y del espanol como lenguas extranjeras.