There is debate about how coarticulation is represented in speakers' mental grammar, as well as the role that coarticulation plays in explaining synchronic and diachronic sound patterns across languages. This Element takes an individual-differences approach in examining nasal coarticulation in production and perception in order to understand how coarticulation is used phonologically in American English. Experiment 1 examines coarticulatory variation across 60 speakers. The relationship between speaking rate and coarticulation is used to classify three types of coarticulation. Experiment 2 is a perception study relating the differences in realization of coarticulation across speakers to listeners' identification of lexical items. The author demonstrates that differences in speaker-specific patterns of coarticulation reflect differences in the phonologization of vowel nasalization. Results support predictions made by models that propose an active role by both speakers and listeners in using coarticulatory variation to express lexical contrasts and view coarticulation as represented in an individual's grammar.

Das Buch lasst die Problematik der Gliederung des syntaktischen Umfelds des deutschen Verbs in einem voellig neuen Licht erscheinen. Der Autor weist nach, dass das bislang im Bereich der Differenzierung und Klassifizierung der Begleiter des Verbs angenommene Gerust, das sich auf die Dichotomie bestehend aus Erganzungen und Angaben stutzt, nicht tragt. Dieses Gerust ist daher aufzugeben und durch ein quaternares System, das sich in die Bestandteile der Mitgaben, Beigaben, Zugaben und Angaben verzweigt, zu ersetzen. Der Autor zeigt daruber hinaus, wie sich das dort erarbeitete und neu erstellte theoretische Konzept lexikographisch aufbereiten und im Rahmen eines Valenz- und Konstruktionswoerterbuchs verwerten lasst.

This book provides a complete, comparative, nongallocentric account of nasality in all the Romance languages. It demonstrates the central role of nasality in the history of sound changes in the languages of southern Europe. In doing so, it assembles a large amount of important philological and linguistic data previously dispersed and difficult to access, and organizes it in a way that allows the author (and will allow the reader) to analyse it systematically. Two introductory chapters discuss general principles of nasality and Romance nasalization. Subsequent chapters are then devoted to each language. The author considers all the standard varieties and a substantial range of non-standard varieties, and identifies broad characteristics of vowel nasalization in Romance. In the the final chapter he makes a clear bridge between the data-rich discussion of individual languages and the isolation of language universals. This is will be the standard work in its field for many years. It will be of central interest to linguists and philologists of Romance, as well as to those concerned more generally to understand the causes, patterns, and processes of sound change.

Thomas Spence (1750-1814) was a native of Newcastle upon Tyne who is best known for his political writings, and more particularly for his radical `Plan' for social reform involving common ownership of the land. One hitherto neglected aspect of Spence's Plan was his proposal to extend the benefits of reading and of `correct' pronunciation to the lower classes by means of a phonetic script of his own devising, first set out and used in Spence's Grand Repository of the English Language (1775). The Grand Repository was one of many English pronouncing dictionaries produced in the late eighteenth century to satisfy the growing demands for a clear guide to `correct' pronunciation. It differs from its contemporaries firstly in that it was intended primarily for the lower classes, and secondly in that it is the only eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionary of English to use a truly `phonetic' script in the sense of one sound = one symbol. In this fascinating and unique account, Beal pays particular attention to the actual pronunciations advocated by Spence and his contemporaries with a view to reconstructing what was felt to be `correct' pronunciation in eighteenth-century Britain. With broad appeal to linguists and historians alike, this study highlights the importance of pronouncing dictionaries as a resource for the historical phonologist, and provides a valuable addition to the limited body of knowledge on eighteenth-century pronunciation.

Ziel dieses Buchs ist es, die Kontextprofile der deutschen Abtoenungspartikeln mithilfe der Konstruktionsgrammatik, Satztyp- und Sprechakttheorie empirisch herauszuarbeiten. Dadurch erstellt die Autorin eine korpusbasierte, konkrete UEbersicht uber die in der Literatur oft als "hoch kompliziert" dargestellten Partikelverwendungen. Zusatzlich erarbeitet sie differenziert die chinesischen Entsprechungen der Abtoenungspartikeln. Dafur wird parallel zur Feststellung der hochfrequenten Konstruktionen eine unidirektional ausgerichtete kontrastive Untersuchung Deutsch-Chinesisch durchgefuhrt. Auf diese Weise erstellt diese Studie die Kontextprofile von zehn deutschen Abtoenungspartikeln und arbeitet ihre chinesischen AEquivalente heraus.

The first description of voice quality production in forty years, this book provides a new framework for its study: The Laryngeal Articulator Model. Informed by instrumental examinations of the laryngeal articulatory mechanism, it revises our understanding of articulatory postures to explain the actions, vibrations and resonances generated in the epilarynx and pharynx. It focuses on the long-term auditory-articulatory component of accent in the languages of the world, explaining how voice quality relates to segmental and syllabic sounds. Phonetic illustrations of phonation types and of laryngeal and oral vocal tract articulatory postures are provided. Extensive video and audio material is available on a companion website. The book presents computational simulations, the laryngeal and voice quality foundations of infant speech acquisition, speech/voice disorders and surgeries that entail compensatory laryngeal articulator adjustment, and an exploration of the role of voice quality in sound change and of the larynx in the evolution of speech.

The discovery of sound laws by comparing attested languages is the method which has unlocked the history of European languages stretching back thousands of years before the appearance of written records, e.g. Latin p- corresponds to English f- (pes, foot; primus, first; plenus, full). Although Burmese, Chinese, and Tibetan have long been regarded as related, the systematic exploration of their shared history has never before been attempted. Tracing the history of these three languages using just such sound laws, this book sheds light on the prehistoric language from which they descend. Written for readers with little linguistic knowledge of these languages, but fully explicit and copiously indexed for the specialist, this work will serve as the bedrock for future progress in the study of these languages.

Die Monografie umreisst die polonistische Textsortenforschung in ihren wichtigsten Stroemungen und Entwicklungslinien. Teil I fuhrt in den theoretischen Kontext ein und stellt das Begriffsinstrumentarium der Forschungsdisziplin vor. Es wird dabei eine integrative Herangehensweise an literarische und Gebrauchstexte gewahlt. Teil II schlagt eine einheitliche methodologische Herangehensweise an Textsorten vor, die ihre Typologie (Netzmodell), Mehrebenenstruktur, Determinanten und Wechselbeziehungen, ihre Kulturbedingtheit sowie die gegenwartige Tendenz zur Transgression und Hybridisierung umfasst. Abschliessend wird beispielhaft die Textsortencharakteristik des literarischen Textes Jadac do Babadag von A. Stasiuk herausgearbeitet, der Textsorteninterferenzen innerhalb einzelner AEusserungen aufweist.

En esta obra se analiza la realizacion informativa, sintactica y entonativa de un tipo de acto de habla especialmente interesante en los intercambios dialogicos: la peticion de informacion. En una perspectiva intra- e interlinguistica, se comparan dos lenguas afines, el italiano y el espanol, con el objetivo de definir cuales son las estrategias y los recursos linguisticos empleados por los hablantes cuando necesitan solicitar una informacion. Pese a algunas analogias entre las dos lenguas, los mismos tipos de peticiones presentan una realizacion en italiano distinta a la del espanol, sobre todo en el nivel entonativo. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan datos utiles en el ambito de la ensenanza del italiano y del espanol como lenguas extranjeras.

For the first time in over thirty years a revolution is happening in phonology, with the advent of constraint-based approaches which directly oppose the rule-and-derivation tradition of mainstream Generative Phonology. The success of Optimality Theory and the rapidity of its spread since its official launch in 1993 is remarkable even by the general standards of post-1950s linguistics. Many phonologists appear to have been caught up in the whirlwind, as witnessed by the substance of many current working papers and conferences the world over, and the recent contents of well-established journals. Two questions naturally arise: What is Optimality Theory about? In what way is Optimality Theory superior to traditional theory, if indeed it is? In this book, leading specialists and active researchers address these issues directly, and focus deliberately on the evaluation of the two competing approaches rather than on simple displays of their applicability to limited bodies of data.

Gegenstand dieses Buches ist das um ca. 600 n. Chr. gesprochene Urslavische. Nach der historischen und geographischen Einordnung und der Bestimmung der soziolinguistischen Funktion dieser Sprache behandelt das Buch theoretisch und empirisch die Frage ihrer Einheitlichkeit. Es folgt die hauptsachlich auf die Lehnbeziehungen des mittelalterlichen Slavischen gestutzte Rekonstruktion der Phonetik des Urslavischen und der Lautung und Akzentuierung urslavischer Woerter. Danach werden Bereiche der Morphologie des Urslavischen, insbesondere der Wortbildung, detailliert behandelt, wobei im Wesentlichen auf die Methoden der "generativen Phonologie" zuruckgegriffen wird. Auch da wird die urslavische Akzentologie konsequent mitberucksichtigt.

This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.

This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.

Of all of the African language families, the Chadic languages belonging to the Afroasiatic macro-family are highly internally diverse due to a long history and various scenarios of language contact. This pioneering study explores the development of the sound systems of the 'Central Chadic' languages, a major branch of the Chadic family. Drawing on and comparing field data from about 60 different Central Chadic languages, H. Ekkehard Wolff unpacks the specific phonological principles that underpin the Chadic languages' diverse phonological evolution, arguing that their diversity results to no little extent from historical processes of 'prosodification' of reconstructable segments of the proto-language. The book offers meticulous historical analyses of some 60 words from Proto-Central Chadic, in up to 60 individual modern languages, including both consonants and vowels. Particular emphasis is on tracing the deep-rooted origin and impact of palatalisation and labialisation prosodies within a phonological system that, on its deepest level, recognises only one vowel phoneme */a/.

Malay is one of the major languages in the world, but there has been relatively little detailed research on its phonetics. This Element provides an overview of existing descriptions of the pronunciation of Standard Malay before briefly considering the pronunciation of some dialects of Malay. It then introduces materials that may be used for studying the phonetics of Malay: a short text, the NWS passage; and a map-task, to generate conversational data. Based on recordings using these materials by two female and two male consultants who are academics at Universiti Brunei Darussalam, the Element next offers an acoustic analysis of the consonants and vowels of Malay, the syllable structure arising from fast speech processes, as well as the rhythm and intonation of the Standard Malay that is spoken in Brunei. Finally, it suggests directions for further research on the phonetics of Malay.

Der Sammelband umfasst (sprach-)wissenschaftliche Beitrage der Romanistik aus den Bereichen Lexikologie und -graphie; Philologie; Semantik, Pragmatik und Grammatik; Etymologie und Entlehnungen. In diesen Themenkomplexen hat sich Jutta Langenbacher-Liebgott durch ihre Forschung und ihr Wirken an der Universitat Paderborn in der internationalen Romanisten-Community fest etabliert. Zudem arbeiten in einer interdisziplinaren Sektion auch Wissenschaftler aus anderen Fachgebieten, wie beispielsweise der Rechtswissenschaft und der Politik, die Verbindung zur Sprache heraus. Diese Festschrift wurde anlasslich der Emeritierung und zu Ehren von Frau Professor Dr. Jutta Langenbacher-Liebgott von ihren langjahrigen Wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern, Anna-Susan Franke und Dr. Vicente Alvarez Vives, als Zeichen des Danks und Respekts herausgegeben.

The book is concerned with a particular set of Indo-European sounds, the laryngeals, and the effect they had on the sounds, forms and etymologies of the Germanic languages. It contains detailed introductions to all the fundamentals of laryngeal theory, together with an introduction to the problematic history of the laryngeal theory which can be read without specialist knowledge. Research into the Germanic languages has not previously taken account of laryngeal theory, but with it many a sound law, etymology and morphological development can be reformulated or made more precise.

Der Modus Konjunktiv ist einer der wichtigsten und komplexesten Modi vieler Weltsprachen. In dieser Publikation werden zwei nicht eng verwandte Sprachen einander kontrastiv gegenubergestellt und miteinander verglichen - das Spanische und das Russische. Primar ist das Ziel herauszufinden, ob sich die beiden untersuchten Sprachen im Konjunktivgebrauch ahneln, wenngleich sie verschiedenen Sprachstammen angehoeren. Es wird untersucht welche Differenzen und UEbereinstimmungen sie aufweisen. Die kontrastive Analyse des Konjunktivgebrauchs erfolgt anhand von Beispielsatzen aus dem Buch des kolumbianischen Schriftstellers Gabriel Garcia Marquez El amor en los tiempos del colera sowie des russischen Schriftstellers Boris Akunin Azazel' (und der entsprechenden russischen und spanischen UEbersetzung).

Der Autor erforscht Grunde fur das Entstehen sprachlicher Defekte in lokalisierten Oberflachen von Computerprogrammen. Dabei geht es nicht um Defizite in der Sprachkompetenz des UEbersetzers, sondern um erzwungene Normverstoesse, die dann entstehen, wenn der UEbersetzer die Kontrolle uber das Translat verliert. Der Fokus liegt deswegen auf dem technologischen und soziooekonomischen Kontext der Lokalisierungsleistung. Die Analyse zeigt, warum und wie die digitale Revolution das ubersetzerische Berufsbild verandern wird. Das Buch bietet neue UEberlegungen zur Zukunft des UEbersetzens und zur Ausbildung von UEbersetzern.