This book presents a phenomenon-oriented survey of the interaction between phonology and morphology. It examines the ways in which morphology, i.e. word formation, demonstrates sensitivity to phonological information and how phonological patterns can be sensitive to morphology. Chapters focus on morphologically conditioned phonology, process morphology, prosodic templates, reduplication, infixation, phonology-morphology interleaving effects, prosodic-morphological mismatches, ineffability, and other cases of phonology-morphology interaction. The overview discusses the relevance of a variety of phenomena for theoretical issues in the field. These include the debate over item-based vs. realizational approaches to morphology; the question of whether cyclic effects can be subsumed under paradigmatic effects; whether reduplication is phonological copying or morphological doubling; whether infixation and suppletive allomorphy are phonologically optimizing, and more. The book is intended to be used in graduate or advanced undergraduate courses or as a reference for those pursuing individual topics in the phonology-morphology interface.

Research on sound change often focuses on vowels, yet consonantal sound change also offers fascinating insights into language development and variation. This pioneering book provides a detailed investigation of consonantal sound change in English, by analyzing a large corpus of specifically designed field recordings from Austin, Texas. It offers one of the most in-depth analyses of /str/-retraction to date, drawing comparisons with studies of change in the distinguishing phonetic features of other varieties of English, and with studies of /str/-retraction in other Germanic languages. It further deepens our understanding of sound change by including qualitative data to position the sound change in the social reality of Austin, showing that specific sound changes are universally driven by age, gender and ethnicity. The results provide a testing ground for models of sociolinguistic and sound change, and highlight the importance of the social fabric of language in modeling language change.

This book presents a comprehensive, contrastive account of the phonological structures and characteristics of Swedish. After an introduction on the history of the language and its relation to other Scandinavian languages, the book is divided into parts dealing with segmental phonology, lower prosodic phonology, stress and tone, morphology-phonology interactions, higher prosodic phonology, and intonation. The book concludes with concise accounts of phonotactics and the relationship between phonology and orthography. Tomas Riad's approach is data-oriented and, insofar as possible, theory-neutral. As well as making an important contribution to its subject, his book provides new insights into how morphology largely determines the distribution of stress in a Germanic language, and how tonal accent may signal wellformedness in word formation.

Co-published by Routledge and Edition Synapse

By the end of the nineteenth century, phonetics was increasingly recognized as a valid scientific discipline. While early experimental and instrumental research in speech science was concentrated in Germany, France, and the USA, in Britain thanks to the pioneering work of scholars such as Alexander Melville Bell, Isaac Pitman, Alexander J. Ellis, and Henry Sweet the emphasis was on what is now known as articulatory phonetics. (See further Phonetics of English in the Nineteenth Century (Routledge, 2006), compiled by the editors of the current collection.) These pioneers regarded their task as essentially one of observation and description. Although they were perfectly prepared to utilize scientific findings where these might assist their investigations, they did not consider experimental work to be their prime objective.

The twentieth century saw the consolidation of previous efforts. Many of these developments were centred round the work of what has come to be called the British School of phonetics under the leadership of Daniel Jones, Professor of Phonetics at University College London. (Jones s seminal contributions are documented in another set edited by Collins and Mees; see Daniel Jones: Selected Works (Routledge, 2002).) The present collection concentrates largely on the work of Jones s colleagues at University College, and also documents how the British School extended its influence further afield to Europe, North America, Japan and, effectively, worldwide.

Although articulatory phonetics provides the thread running through the publications now very difficult to obtain that have been brought together in this collection, they vary widely in their content. This is consistent with the view of Jones and his colleagues that phonetics should be considered as a practical science, with many potential applications helping to provide solutions to problems encountered in the real world. An area of prime importance was the teaching of pronunciation to language learners, and in particular the acquisition of English pronunciation by non-natives. Apart from works devoted to second-language acquisition, and in particular to the teaching of English as an acquired language, this emphasis also led to the production of important English pronunciation dictionaries, including the Afzelius dictionary reproduced as Volume I of this collection. Other areas covered in the following volumes include key foundational work on dialectology, intonation theory and practice, the growth of broadcasting and the influence of radio (especially the BBC) on the establishment of a de facto standard southern British English pronunciation.

Making readily available materials which have until now been very difficult for phoneticians, phonologists, and other linguists to locate and use, English Phonetics: Twentieth-Century Developments is a veritable treasure-trove. The gathered works are reproduced in facsimile, giving users a strong sense of immediacy to the texts and permitting citation to the original pagination. And with a substantial introduction, newly written by the editors, the collection is destined to be welcomed as a vital reference and research resource.

Why our use of language is highly creative yet also constrained We use words and phrases creatively to express ourselves in ever-changing contexts, readily extending language constructions in new ways. Yet native speakers also implicitly know when a creative and easily interpretable formulation-such as "Explain me this" or "She considered to go"-doesn't sound quite right. In this incisive book, Adele Goldberg explores how these creative but constrained language skills emerge from a combination of general cognitive mechanisms and experience. Shedding critical light on an enduring linguistic paradox, Goldberg demonstrates how words and abstract constructions are generalized and constrained in the same ways. When learning language, we record partially abstracted tokens of language within the high-dimensional conceptual space that is used when we speak or listen. Our implicit knowledge of language includes dimensions related to form, function, and social context. At the same time, abstract memory traces of linguistic usage-events cluster together on a subset of dimensions, with overlapping aspects strengthened via repetition. In this way, dynamic categories that correspond to words and abstract constructions emerge from partially overlapping memory traces, and as a result, distinct words and constructions compete with one another each time we select them to express our intended messages. While much of the research on this puzzle has favored semantic or functional explanations over statistical ones, Goldberg's approach stresses that both the functional and statistical aspects of constructions emerge from the same learning mechanisms.

This volume presents 14 experimental studies of lexical tone and intonation in a wide variety of languages. Six papers deal with the discriminability or the function of intonation contours and lexical tones in specific languages, as established on the basis of listener responses, as well as with brain activation patterns resulting from the perception of tonal and intonational stimuli. The remaining eight papers report on detailed phonetic findings on a variety of tonal phenomena in a number of languages, including declination in tone languages, final lowering, consonant-tone interactions and pitch target alignment.

The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of research, history and techniques in phonetics. With contributions from 41 prominent authors from North America, Europe, Australia and Japan, and including over 130 figures to illustrate key points, this handbook covers all the most important areas in the field, including: * the history and scope of techniques used, including speech synthesis, vocal tract imaging techniques, and obtaining information on under-researched languages from language archives; * the physiological bases of speech and hearing, including auditory, articulatory, and neural explanations of hearing, speech, and language processes; * theories and models of speech perception and production related to the processing of consonants, vowels, prosody, tone, and intonation; * linguistic phonetics, with discussions of the phonetics-phonology interface, sound change, second language acquisition, sociophonetics, and second language teaching research; * applications and extensions, including phonetics and gender, clinical phonetics, and forensic phonetics. The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics will be indispensable reading for students and practitioners in the fields of speech, language, linguistics and hearing sciences.

This book presents a comprehensive review of theoretical work on the linguistics and psycholinguistics of compound words and combines it with a series of surveys of compounding in a variety of languages from a wide range of language families. Compounding is an effective way to create and express new meanings. Compound words are segmentable into their constituents so that new items can often be understood on first presentation. However, as keystone, keynote, and keyboard, and breadboard, sandwich-board, and mortarboard show, the relation between components is often far from straightforward. The question then arises as to how far compound sequences are analysed at each encounter and how far they are stored in the brain as single lexical items. The nature and processing of compounds thus offer an unusually direct route to how language operates in the mind, as well as providing the means of investigating important aspects of morphology, and lexical semantics, and insights to child language acquisition and the organization of the mental lexicon. This book is the first to report on the state of the art on these and other central topics, including the classification and typology of compounds, and approaches to cross-linguistic research on the subject from generative and non-generative, synchronic and diachronic perspectives.

"Phonetic Science for Clinical Practice" is designed to serve as an introductory, one-term textbook for undergraduate phonetics courses in communication sciences and disorders. The text begins by introducing the fundamental tool of transcription-the International Phonetic Alphabet-while also presenting the science underlying that set of symbols. The goal of this text is to teach students how to "think about" the data being transcribed-in other words, how to think like a phonetician.Every chapter begins with Learning Objectives and an Applied Science problem and question-a research- or clinical-based question that can be answered by applying the phonetic science concepts covered in that chapter. By the end of the chapter, students will revisit the question and be asked to solve the problem posed. Students studying communication sciences and disorders and practicing speech-language pathologists or audiologists will be more successful in their clinical work if they understand the science that underlies the tool of transcription. In each chapter there are also several diverse clinical examples to review the application of concepts covered." Phonetic Science for Clinical Practice" covers exactly what students (and clinical speech-language pathologists and audiologists) need to know to be effective speech-language pathologists and audiologists in any setting where an understanding of speech sounds is needed.Key Features:*Focused on practical, clinical application, and the information needed for clinical practice;*A PluralPlus companion website that features sound files for IPA symbols and particular words;*Did You Get It? comprehension checks on the material throughout each chapter;*Flashcards for phonetic transcription practice

La sintaxis del espanol proporcionara a los estudiantes universitarios de gramatica espanola, asi como a aquellos cuya concentracion es el espanol, una fundacion solida para los estudios mas avanzados, como un Master o un Doctorado, a traves de un acercamiento directo. Este libro tambien es fundamental para los estudiantes que se especializan en Pedagogia, sobre todo en el campo de la Escuela Secundaria. Finalmente, y para aquellos que no estan en una carrera docente, este texto representa una fuente confiable para sus estudios de la lengua espanola. El objetivo principal de esta edicion es que el libro sea mas accesible para los estudiantes. Para eso hemos destacado las principales dificultades que enfrentan cuando estudian el idioma espanol. Para orientarlos mejor, comenzamos con un "Capitulo preliminar I" sobre los signos diacriticos o los acentos escritos, por lo general, material particularmente dificil para los estudiantes. Ampliamos el "Capitulo preliminar II" agregando explicaciones mas detalladas de todas las diferentes variantes que ocurren en el idioma espanol, como un estudio de cognados en espanol e ingles. Mejoramos todos los capitulos con explicaciones gramaticales mas comprensibles. Tambien agregamos ejercicios nuevos y mas cortos a todos los capitulos. Ademas, anadimos una seccion, "Resumen del capitulo", al final de cada uno que sintetiza el material estudiado. Tambien incluimos en cada uno un "Repaso practico final" que reune las partes mas importantes para que los estudiantes puedan ampliar sus conocimientos de una manera mas facil. Finalmente, tambien agregamos una composicion a cada capitulo. El libro concluye con tres Autoexamenes, uno cada cuatro capitulos y un Apendice sobre la morfologia del sistema verbal espanol.

This book looks at the range of possible syllables in human languages. The syllable is a central notion in phonology, yet basic questions about it remain poorly understood and phonologists are divided on even the most elementary issues. For example, the word city has been syllabified as ci-ty (the 'maximal onset' analysis), cit-y (the 'no-open-lax-V' analysis), and cit-ty (the 'geminate C' analysis).

San Duanmu explores and clarifies these and many other related issues through an in-depth analysis of the entire lexicons of several languages. Some languages, such as Standard and Shanghai Chinese, have fairly simple syllables, yet a minimal difference in syllable structure has led to a dramatic difference in tonal behavior. Other languages, such as English, German, and Jiarong, have long consonant clusters and have been thought to require very large syllables: San Duanmu shows that the actual syllable structure in these languages is much simpler. He bases his analyses on quantitative data, paying equal attention to generalizations that are likely to be universal. He shows that a successful analysis of the syllable must take into account several theories, including feature theory, the Weight-Stress Principle, the size of morpheme inventory, and the metrical representation of the syllable.

San Duanmu's clear exposition will appeal to phonologists and advanced students and will provide a new benchmark in syllabic and prosodic analysis. He also offers an answer to the intriguing question: how different can human languages be?

This book presents J rgen Rischel's most important work on language and sound structure. It includes some of the most original and groundbreaking research of four decades. The chapters focus on stress, syllabification, accent, and vowel harmony, and their interactions with other aspects of language. They include exemplary descriptions of the sound systems of a wide range of languages, cover both synchronic and diachronic analysis, and reflect the authors lifelong interest in typology. The book will interest phonologists, phoneticians, and language typologists throughout the world.

This book looks at the range of possible syllables in human languages. The syllable is a central notion in phonology but basic questions about it remain poorly understood and phonologists are divided on even the most elementary issues. For example, the word city has been syllabified as ci-ty (the 'maximal onset' analysis), cit-y (the 'no-open-lax-V' analysis), and cit-ty (the 'geminate C' analysis).
San Duanmu explores and clarifies these and many other related issues through an in-depth analysis of entire lexicons of several languages. Some languages, such as Standard and Shanghai Chinese, have fairly simple syllables, yet a minimal difference in syllable structure has lead to a dramatic difference in tonal behavior. Other languages, such as English, German, and Jiarong, have long consonant clusters and have been thought to require very large syllables: San Duanmu shows that the actual syllable structure in these languages is much simpler. He bases his analyses on quantitative data, paying equal attention to generalizations that are likely to be universal. He shows that a successful analysis of the syllable must take into account several theories, including feature theory, the Weight-Stress Principle, the size of morpheme inventory, and the metrical representation of the syllable.
San Duanmu's clear exposition will appeal to phonologists and advanced students and will provide a new benchmark in syllabic and prosodic analysis. He also offers an answer to the intriguing question: how different can human languages be?

This pioneering work introduces and presents the first full publication of the text of an unusual fourteenth-century Bulgarian gospel manuscript known as the Curzon Gospel. Volume I is an annotated transcription edition of the manuscript. Volume II is a comprehensive introduction and commentary volume analyzing its linguistic, orthographic, and textual features.
The Curzon Gospel c. 1354, is important both for the study of the development of the Bulgarian language and for understanding the medieval Slavic tradition of Gospel transmission. Unlike most medieval Slavic manuscripts, it is reliably datable and serves as a chronological reference point for other gospel manuscripts. Professor Vakareliyska's annotated transcription edition includes modern chapter and verse numeration and a line-by-line comparison of the text with a corpus of twelve other Church Slavonic manuscripts. It has an index verborum of all orthographic and morphological forms in the text and their locations. Professor Vakareliyska has written and designed her commentary volume for a general audience of linguists, medievalists, Byzantinists, and Church historians. She examines the Curzon Gospel's close relationship to the thirteenth and fourteenth-century Dobreisho and Banitsa gospels and, by comparing the three manuscripts, offers a broad reconstruction of their common ancestor. She includes a detailed discussion of the Curzon Gospel's calendar of saints, discussing its relation to the tenth-century Constantinople Typikon and Latin martyrologies, and its implications for the understanding of the medieval Slavic calendar tradition. The book is fully indexed.
These volumes offer a unique resource for the studyof the medieval Church Slavonic language and Gospel tradition, and the veneration of saints in the Slavic Eastern Orthodox tradition. Cynthia Vakareliyska's work will be treasured by generations of scholars.

An entertaining, informative, and elegantly designed guide that makes understanding punctuation marks and symbols simple and fun. A rollicking linguistic ride for fans of Eats, Shoots & Leaves and Just My Type. What is the purpose of the comma - perhaps the most used symbol in the English language - and what are the proper uses of the asterisk? Do quote marks go inside or outside punctuation? What about a quote within a quote - a quote from someone quoting someone else? How much space goes on either side of an ellipsis? What's the difference between an en dash and an em dash? Snails and Monkey Tails is a show-stopping guide with more than 75 uniquely designed two-colour spreads. Award-winning graphic designer Michael Arndt explores the typographic origins, names, and shapes of both common punctuation marks and symbols, as well as the proper and diverse usage of each. From the full stop to the question mark, the semicolon to the en dash, symbols and marks are an integral part of language.

Der Sammelband dokumentiert Erkenntnisse der Tagungssektion "Sprachreflexion - Handlungsfelder und Erwerbskontexte" des 22. Symposium Deutschdidaktik in Hamburg und hat das Ziel, gegenwartige Perspektiven des Forschungsdiskurses darzustellen. Mit Blick auf aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse nehmen die einzelnen Beitrage den "Gegenstand" (was ist schulische Sprachreflexion?), die "Lernenden" (was sollen Schulerinnen und Schuler im Sprachunterricht "wissen" und "koennen"?) und den "Unterricht" (wie kann schulische Sprachreflexion gestaltet werden?) in den Blick. Hierbei ist der Sammelband nach vier inhaltlichen Themenfeldern gegliedert: "Grundlagen der Sprachreflexion", "Sprachreflexion und Mehrsprachigkeit/Heterogenitat", "Sprachreflexion und Sprachvarietaten" und "Sprachreflexion und Lesen".

This book makes a fundamental contribution to phonology, linguistic typology, and the nature of the human language faculty. Distinctive features in phonology distinguish one meaningful sound from another. Since the mid-twentieth century they have been seen as a set characterizing all possible phonological distinctions and as an integral part of Universal Grammar, the innate language faculty underlying successive versions of Chomskyan generative theory. The usefulness of distinctive features in phonological analysis is uncontroversial, but the supposition that features are innate and universal rather than learned and language-specific has never, until now, been systematically tested. In his pioneering account Jeff Mielke presents the results of a crosslinguistic survey of natural classes of distinctive features covering almost six hundred of the world's languages drawn from a variety of different families. He shows that no theory is able to characterize more than 71 percent of classes, and further that current theories, deployed either singly or collectively, do not predict the range of classes that occur and recur. He reveals the existence of apparently unnatural classes in many languages. Even without these findings, he argues, there are reasons to doubt whether distinctive features are innate: for example, distinctive features used in signed languages are different from those in spoken languages, even though deafness is generally not hereditary.
The author explains the grouping of sounds into classes and concludes by offering a unified account of what previously have been considered to be natural and unnatural classes. The data on which the analysis is based are freely availablein a program downloadable from the publisher's web site.

This book makes a fundamental contribution to phonology, linguistic typology, and the nature of the human language faculty. Distinctive features in phonology distinguish one meaningful sound from another. Since the mid-twentieth century they have been seen as a set characterizing all possible phonological distinctions and as an integral part of Universal Grammar, the innate language faculty underlying successive versions of Chomskyan generative theory. The usefulness of distinctive features in phonological analysis is uncontroversial, but the supposition that features are innate and universal rather than learned and language-specific has never, until now, been systematically tested. In his pioneering account Jeff Mielke presents the results of a crosslinguistic survey of natural classes of distinctive features covering almost six hundred of the world's languages drawn from a variety of different families. He shows that no theory is able to characterize more than 71 percent of classes, and further that current theories, deployed either singly or collectively, do not predict the range of classes that occur and recur. He reveals the existence of apparently unnatural classes in many languages. Even without these findings, he argues, there are reasons to doubt whether distinctive features are innate: for example, distinctive features used in signed languages are different from those in spoken languages, even though deafness is generally not hereditary.
The author explains the grouping of sounds into classes and concludes by offering a unified account of what previously have been considered to be natural and unnatural classes. The data on which the analysis is based are freely availablein a program downloadable from the publisher's web site.