For decades, a small set of major world languages have formed the basis of the vast majority of linguistic theory. However, minoritized languages can also provide fascinating contributions to our understanding of the human language faculty. This pioneering book explores the transformative effect minoritized languages have on mainstream linguistic theory, which, with their typically unusual syntactic, morphological and phonological properties, challenge and question frameworks that were developed largely to account for more widely-studied languages. The chapters address the four main pillars of linguistic theory - syntax, semantics, phonology, and morphology - and provide plenty of case studies to show how minoritized language can disrupt assumptions, and lead to modifications of the theory itself. It is illustrated with examples from a range of languages, and is written in an engaging and accessible style, making it essential reading for both students and researchers of theoretical syntax, phonology and morphology, and language policy and politics.

L'auteur concoit la modalite comme une categorie semantico-fonctionnelle, independante des elements qui l'expriment et du niveau de la structure grammaticale dont ils relevent. Pour definir la modalite, il tient compte egalement de ses caracteristiques structurelles ainsi que de phenomenes relevant de niveaux cognitifs plus hauts et plus bas. Cela permet de porter un regard critique sur les recherches anterieures, de developper un cadre theorique conciliant les differentes approches et d'analyser systematiquement les expressions de la modalite en francais (verbes et adverbes modaux, modes verbaux etc.). L'interaction entre plusieurs elements modaux dans le meme enonce peut declencher trois types d'interaction et produit des phenomenes modaux particulierement complexes.

Diese Monographie verfolgt das Ziel, die zentralen Begriffe der Semantik von Phraseologismen - ihre Idiomatizitat, Motiviertheit, Bildhaftigkeit, Bildlichkeit, Ambiguitat - aus kognitiver Perspektive zu beschreiben. Die Autorin arbeitet ein Verfahren heraus und erprobt es in korpusbasierten Detailstudien, mit dem semantische Aspekte der Idiome in ihrer Komplexitat und Vielfalt anhand eines kongruenten Instrumentariums, unter koharenten theoretischen Pramissen, erlautert werden. Der wissenschaftliche Wert des Buches liegt in seiner Interdisziplinaritat: Hier treffen die empirisch breit abgesicherten Theorien zu Metapher und Metonymie, kognitiver Semantik, mentalen Reprasentationen, literaler und figurativer Sprache, mit der Korpuslinguistik und Phraseologie zusammen.

Las formas de tratamiento en el ambito hispanico y lusofono representan uno de los temas mas complejos y, a la vez, mas estudiados. La diversidad de alternativas y usos a ambos lados del Atlantico es bien conocida, aunque la mayoria de estudios se concentra en casos aislados de una ciudad o region muy determinada, o bien muestra un analisis descriptivo de los pronombres de cortesia. Ademas, los especialistas han prestado mas atencion a la casuistica de las variedades americanas y menos a la situacion del espanol y portugues europeos. Este estudio pretende dar cuenta de la evolucion de las formas de tratamiento en la Peninsula Iberica en los ultimos cien anos, con un especial enfasis en el fenomeno de nivelacion que se atestigua en la zona suroccidental. De forma pionera, se expone el comportamiento geolinguistico, sociolinguistico y gramatical de dicha nivelacion, aplicando metodos estadisticos y los programas de cartografia mas actuales. Todo ello, auspiciado por una metodologia innovadora y un corpus cuantitativo que refleja la estrecha relacion que guardan el espanol y el portugues, no solo en la cortesia, sino a nivel linguistico, derivando en un Sprachbund que tiene como foco el suroccidente de la Peninsula Iberica.

There is debate about how coarticulation is represented in speakers' mental grammar, as well as the role that coarticulation plays in explaining synchronic and diachronic sound patterns across languages. This Element takes an individual-differences approach in examining nasal coarticulation in production and perception in order to understand how coarticulation is used phonologically in American English. Experiment 1 examines coarticulatory variation across 60 speakers. The relationship between speaking rate and coarticulation is used to classify three types of coarticulation. Experiment 2 is a perception study relating the differences in realization of coarticulation across speakers to listeners' identification of lexical items. The author demonstrates that differences in speaker-specific patterns of coarticulation reflect differences in the phonologization of vowel nasalization. Results support predictions made by models that propose an active role by both speakers and listeners in using coarticulatory variation to express lexical contrasts and view coarticulation as represented in an individual's grammar.

Warren Maguire examines Mid-Ulster English as a key case of new dialect formation, considering the roles of language shift and dialect contact in its phonological development. He explores the different processes which led to the development of MUE through contact between dialects of English, Scots and Irish and examines the history of a wide range of consonantal and vocalic features. In addition to determining the phonological origins of MUE, Maguire shows us why the dialect developed in the way that it did and considers what the phonology of the dialect can tell us about the nature of contact between the input language varieties. In doing so, he demonstrates the kinds of analysis and techniques that can be used to explain the development of extra-territorial varieties of English and colonial dialects in complex situations of contact, and shows that Irish English provides a useful testing-ground for models of new dialect formation. As one of the oldest 'new' extra-territorial varieties of English, one which developed in a context of language and dialect contact, MUE provides an excellent opportunity to study how new dialects develop in situations of settlement colonisation.

The first description of voice quality production in forty years, this book provides a new framework for its study: The Laryngeal Articulator Model. Informed by instrumental examinations of the laryngeal articulatory mechanism, it revises our understanding of articulatory postures to explain the actions, vibrations and resonances generated in the epilarynx and pharynx. It focuses on the long-term auditory-articulatory component of accent in the languages of the world, explaining how voice quality relates to segmental and syllabic sounds. Phonetic illustrations of phonation types and of laryngeal and oral vocal tract articulatory postures are provided. Extensive video and audio material is available on a companion website. The book presents computational simulations, the laryngeal and voice quality foundations of infant speech acquisition, speech/voice disorders and surgeries that entail compensatory laryngeal articulator adjustment, and an exploration of the role of voice quality in sound change and of the larynx in the evolution of speech.

The discovery of sound laws by comparing attested languages is the method which has unlocked the history of European languages stretching back thousands of years before the appearance of written records, e.g. Latin p- corresponds to English f- (pes, foot; primus, first; plenus, full). Although Burmese, Chinese, and Tibetan have long been regarded as related, the systematic exploration of their shared history has never before been attempted. Tracing the history of these three languages using just such sound laws, this book sheds light on the prehistoric language from which they descend. Written for readers with little linguistic knowledge of these languages, but fully explicit and copiously indexed for the specialist, this work will serve as the bedrock for future progress in the study of these languages.

The linguistic study of Chinese, with its rich morphological, syntactic and prosodic/tonal structures, its complex writing system, and its diverse socio-historical background, is already a long-established and vast research area. With contributions from internationally renowned experts in the field, this Handbook provides a state-of-the-art survey of the central issues in Chinese linguistics. Chapters are divided into four thematic areas: writing systems and the neuro-cognitive processing of Chinese, morpho-lexical structures, phonetic and phonological characteristics, and issues in syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse. By following a context-driven approach, it shows how theoretical issues in Chinese linguistics can be resolved with empirical evidence and argumentation, and provides a range of different perspectives. Its dialectical design sets a state-of-the-art benchmark for research in a wide range of interdisciplinary and cross-lingual studies involving the Chinese language. It is an essential resource for students and researchers wishing to explore the fascinating field of Chinese linguistics.

Malay is one of the major languages in the world, but there has been relatively little detailed research on its phonetics. This Element provides an overview of existing descriptions of the pronunciation of Standard Malay before briefly considering the pronunciation of some dialects of Malay. It then introduces materials that may be used for studying the phonetics of Malay: a short text, the NWS passage; and a map-task, to generate conversational data. Based on recordings using these materials by two female and two male consultants who are academics at Universiti Brunei Darussalam, the Element next offers an acoustic analysis of the consonants and vowels of Malay, the syllable structure arising from fast speech processes, as well as the rhythm and intonation of the Standard Malay that is spoken in Brunei. Finally, it suggests directions for further research on the phonetics of Malay.

This textbooks introduces the main arguments for an innate, domain specific capacity to learn human language. It guides you through the growth of language in a typically developing child and also discusses a range of viewpoints, introducing the central controversies in the field of language acquisition. Taking models and analyses from generative phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, the author describes children's language acquisition using examples from a wide variety of languages. She explores the connections between language and other aspects of human cognition, the role of environment in learning, and the role in language development of mechanisms for speech production and speech comprehension. Extensively illustrated with models and figures, each chapter is also followed by a summary box, exercises and questions for discussion. An appendix of research techniques and suggestions for further reading is also included, to provide a Chomskyan introduction to language acquisition for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in linguistics and cognitive science.

Der Band enthalt Beitrage zum Phrasemgebrauch im oeffentlichen Raum und in den Medien sowie zu phraseographischen und phraseodidaktischen Fragestellungen. Phraseologie ist ein Forschungsfeld, das standig erweitert und erneuert wird, sowohl bezuglich des Gegenstandsbereichs, der Untersuchungsmethoden und Zugange als auch hinsichtlich der angestrebten Anwendungsbereiche der erzielten Ergebnisse. Die Beitrage in diesem Buch wie auch in Band I sind das Ergebnis eines internationalen Austausches zum Thema "Phraseologie als Schnittstelle von Lexik, Grammatik, Pragmatik und Kultur", organisiert an der Jagiellonen-Universitat Krakow.

Das Buch lasst die Problematik der Gliederung des syntaktischen Umfelds des deutschen Verbs in einem voellig neuen Licht erscheinen. Der Autor weist nach, dass das bislang im Bereich der Differenzierung und Klassifizierung der Begleiter des Verbs angenommene Gerust, das sich auf die Dichotomie bestehend aus Erganzungen und Angaben stutzt, nicht tragt. Dieses Gerust ist daher aufzugeben und durch ein quaternares System, das sich in die Bestandteile der Mitgaben, Beigaben, Zugaben und Angaben verzweigt, zu ersetzen. Der Autor zeigt daruber hinaus, wie sich das dort erarbeitete und neu erstellte theoretische Konzept lexikographisch aufbereiten und im Rahmen eines Valenz- und Konstruktionswoerterbuchs verwerten lasst.

Ziel dieses Buchs ist es, die Kontextprofile der deutschen Abtoenungspartikeln mithilfe der Konstruktionsgrammatik, Satztyp- und Sprechakttheorie empirisch herauszuarbeiten. Dadurch erstellt die Autorin eine korpusbasierte, konkrete UEbersicht uber die in der Literatur oft als "hoch kompliziert" dargestellten Partikelverwendungen. Zusatzlich erarbeitet sie differenziert die chinesischen Entsprechungen der Abtoenungspartikeln. Dafur wird parallel zur Feststellung der hochfrequenten Konstruktionen eine unidirektional ausgerichtete kontrastive Untersuchung Deutsch-Chinesisch durchgefuhrt. Auf diese Weise erstellt diese Studie die Kontextprofile von zehn deutschen Abtoenungspartikeln und arbeitet ihre chinesischen AEquivalente heraus.

Of all of the African language families, the Chadic languages belonging to the Afroasiatic macro-family are highly internally diverse due to a long history and various scenarios of language contact. This pioneering study explores the development of the sound systems of the 'Central Chadic' languages, a major branch of the Chadic family. Drawing on and comparing field data from about 60 different Central Chadic languages, H. Ekkehard Wolff unpacks the specific phonological principles that underpin the Chadic languages' diverse phonological evolution, arguing that their diversity results to no little extent from historical processes of 'prosodification' of reconstructable segments of the proto-language. The book offers meticulous historical analyses of some 60 words from Proto-Central Chadic, in up to 60 individual modern languages, including both consonants and vowels. Particular emphasis is on tracing the deep-rooted origin and impact of palatalisation and labialisation prosodies within a phonological system that, on its deepest level, recognises only one vowel phoneme */a/.

A Grammar of Upper Tanana, Volume 1 provides a linguistically accurate written record of the endangered Upper Tanana language. Serving as a descriptive grammar of Upper Tanana, the book meticulously details a language that is currently fluently spoken by approximately fifty people in limited parts of Alaska's eastern interior and Canada's Yukon Territory. As part of the Dene (Athabascan) language group, Upper Tanana embodies elements of both the Alaskan and Canadian subgroups of Northern Dene. This is the first comprehensive grammatical description of any of the Alaskan Dene languages. With the goal of preserving a language no longer consistently taught to younger generations, Olga Lovick's foundational study is framed within the traditional form of linguistic theory that allows linguists and nonspecialists alike to study a vulnerable language that exists outside the dominant Indo-European mainstream. This text provides a substantive bulwark to protect a language acutely threatened by near-term extinction. In its expansive detailing of the Upper Tanana language, this volume is methodologically oriented toward structural linguistics through approaches focusing on phonology, lexical classes, and morphology. With attention to both detail and thoroughness, Lovick's comparative approach provides solid grounding for the future survival of the Upper Tanana language.

This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.

This is the first full-scale discussion of English phonology since Chomsky and Halle's seminal The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). The book enphasizes the analysis using ordered rules and builds on SPE by incorporating lexical and metrical and prosodic analysis and the insights afforded by Lexical Phonology. It provides clear explanations and logical development throughout, introducing rules individually and then illustrating their interactions. These features make this influential theory accessible to students from a variety of backgrounds in linguistics and phonology. Rule-ordering diagrams summarize the crucial ordering of approximately 85 rules. Many of the interactions result in phonological opacity, where either the effect of a rule is not evident in the output or its conditions of application are not present in the output, due to the operation of later rules. This demonstrates the superiority of a rule-based account over output oriented approaches such as Optimality Theory or pre-Generative structuralist phonology.