This book argues a fresh theory about the structure of tone. Bao investigates a wide range of tone sandhi data from various Chinese dialects and other Asian tone languages, providing empirical support for his proposal that tone is a formal entity which consists of register and contour. Bao establishes a clear typological distinction between register tone languages and contour tone languages whose contour tones have a more complex structure.

It has been traditional in phonetic research to characterize monophthongs using a set of static formant frequencies, i.e., formant frequencies taken from a single time-point in the vowel or averaged over the time-course of the vowel. However, over the last twenty years a growing body of research has demonstrated that, at least for a number of dialects of North American English, vowels which are traditionally described as monophthongs often have substantial spectral change. Vowel inherent spectral change has been observed in speakers' productions, and has also been found to have a substantial effect on listeners' perception. In terms of acoustics, the traditional categorical distinction between monophthongs and diphthongs can be replaced by a gradient description of dynamic spectral patterns. This book includes chapters addressing various aspects of vowel inherent spectral change (VISC), including theoretical and experimental studies of the perceptually relevant aspects of VISC, the relationship between articulation (vocal-tract trajectories) and VISC, historical changes related VISC, cross-dialect, cross-language, and cross-age-group comparisons of VISC, the effects of VISC on second-language speech learning, and the use of VISC in forensic voice comparison.

The Romanistische Arbeitshefte (Romance Studies Workbooks), edited by Georgia Veldre-Gerner and Volker Noll since 2004, have been constant and reliable companions for students of Romance Studies for fifty years. In their conception, they are designed as a reflection of the present state of research with an orientation towards application and the specific needs and difficulties of students. Thus they provide a reliable instrument for getting to grips with various areas of Romance linguistic studies and encourage students to utilise their newly-acquired knowledge with integrated exercises.

This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Theories are presented clearly in accessible language with the main purpose of shedding light on the data, rather than as a goal in themselves. The authors consistently draw on the best research available, thus utilizing and discussing both functionalist and generative theoretical approaches. Each chapter includes a summary, suggestions for further reading, and exercises. As such this is the ideal book for both beginning students of linguistics, or anyone in a related discipline looking for a first introduction to morphology.

Speech sound production is one of the most complex human activities: it is also one of the least well understood. This is perhaps not altogether surprising as many of the complex neurological and physiological processes involved in the generation and execution of a speech utterance remain relatively inaccessible to direct investigation, and must be inferred from careful scrutiny of the output of the system -from details of the movements of the speech organs themselves and the acoustic consequences of such movements. Such investigation of the speech output have received considerable impetus during the last decade from major technological advancements in computer science and biological transducing, making it possible now to obtain large quantities of quantative data on many aspects of speech articulation and acoustics relatively easily. Keeping pace with these advancements in laboratory techniques have been developments in theoretical modelling of the speech production process. There are now a wide variety of different models available, reflecting the different disciplines involved -linguistics, speech science and technology, engineering and acoustics. The time seems ripe to attempt a synthesis of these different models and theories and thus provide a common forum for discussion of the complex problem of speech production. Such an activity would seem particularly timely also for those colleagues in speech technology seeking better, more accurate phonetic models as components in their speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition systems.

The10th Public Relations World Congress "Between People andPower" washeldin Amsterdam, theNetherlands, from 3-7 June1985. Thecongress wassponsored by IPRA (International Public Relations Association), in conjunction with NGPR (Netherlands Association for Public Relations and Information). An Organising Committee was founded, which was responsible for preparing and executing this world congress forabout 1000participants from over50countries. Analysis Inpreparing theprofessional programme, theProgramme Committee hadchosen a new set-up: composing a first congress-book "Analysis", which was sent for comment to 150public relations professionals and80public relations organisations allover the world. In "Analysis", eightimportant trends havebeenidentified and described. Megatrends, which as Naisbitt oncestated, may actas an early warning system. It is particularly crucial in the communications profession, where the transfer ofinformation issoimportant, torecognise andunderstand developments at anearly stage. Theeight trends were described asfollows: "Alienation and resistance" : Mainly through thereceding of primary groups in society andthrough altered organisation structures a process of alienation hasgotten underway, which isdetrimental tothepersonal identity andthefeeling ofwell-being ofpeople. Cancommunication playanessential rolein stopping this process? What taskis given tothefunction of public relations within theorganisation? "Increasing complexity" : Theever increasing complexity of the information society andthescientific approach leadtoa knowledge gap; bridging thisgapis an assignment of public relations. "Specialisation and super-specialisation": Thegrowth ofknowledge and, atthe same time, its increasing compartmentalisation, lead to specialisation and even super-specialisation, a process in which the human scale is increasingly being endangered. Public relations hasa professional dedication to warn against negative developments intheinformation society. "Information paradox" : The development of information technology on a mondial scaleleads simultaneously andparadoxically totheneedforinformation on ahuman scale.

Syllable and Segment in Latin offers new and detailed analyses of five long-standing problems in Latin historical phonology. In so doing, it clarifies the relative roles of synchronic phonological structure and phonetics in guiding sound change. While the phenomena can predominantly be explained by a reductionist view of diachronic phonology, claiming that demands of speech production and perception alone motivate and constrain historical development, the author shows that synchronic structure played the pivotal role of governing significant (but not immediately apparent) categorical and gradient surface variants, and that some phonetically explicable developments were in fact initiated and constrained by structural analogy. Ranjan Sen considers examines clear and dark /l/; inverse compensatory lengthening; syllabification before stop + liquid in vowel reduction; vocalic epenthesis in stop + /l/; and consonantal assimilations. He ascertains the phonological conditions for each phenomenon, reconstructs the motivations for the changes, and develops a methodology for the appropriate use of evidence from non-current languages to evaluate theories of diachronic phonology. He evaluates the likely phonetic and phonological influences by investigating studies across languages, establishing a secure evidence base through detailed philological examination, and reconstructing the phonetics - through both general principles and pertinent experimental studies - and the relevant phonological structure of the language. The book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in historical linguistics, phonology, Classical philology, and Indo-European linguistics.

This is the first textbook on Functional Discourse Grammar, a recently developed theory of language structure which analyses utterances at four independent levels of grammatical representation: pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological. The book offers a very systematic and highly accessible introduction to the theory: following the top-down organization of the model, it takes the reader step-by-step though the various levels of analysis (from pragmatics down to phonology), while at the same time providing a detailed account of the interaction between these different levels. The many exercises, categorized according to degree of difficulty, ensure that students are challenged to use the theory in a creative manner, and invite them to test and evaluate the theory by applying it to the new data in various linguistic contexts. Evelien Keizer uses examples from a variety of sources to demonstrate how the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar can be used to analyse and explain the most important functional and formal features of present-day English. The book also contains examples from a wide variety of other typologically diverse languages, making it attractive not only to students of English linguistics but to anyone interested in linguistic theory more generally.

The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of research, history and techniques in phonetics. With contributions from 41 prominent authors from North America, Europe, Australia and Japan, and including over 130 figures to illustrate key points, this handbook covers all the most important areas in the field, including: * the history and scope of techniques used, including speech synthesis, vocal tract imaging techniques, and obtaining information on under-researched languages from language archives; * the physiological bases of speech and hearing, including auditory, articulatory, and neural explanations of hearing, speech, and language processes; * theories and models of speech perception and production related to the processing of consonants, vowels, prosody, tone, and intonation; * linguistic phonetics, with discussions of the phonetics-phonology interface, sound change, second language acquisition, sociophonetics, and second language teaching research; * applications and extensions, including phonetics and gender, clinical phonetics, and forensic phonetics. The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics will be indispensable reading for students and practitioners in the fields of speech, language, linguistics and hearing sciences.

"The Phonology of Contrast" argues that contrast is one of the central organizing principles of the grammar and provides a formal theory of contrast couched in the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004). The study of the role of contrast is a growing area of interest in linguistics and this monograph contributes to the debate on where contrast fits in the grammar. The key finding is that contrast exists as an independent principle in the grammar, which in the framework of Optimality Theory can be formulated as a family of rankable and violable constraints. A formal proposal of contrast is developed called Contrast Preservation Theory. This proposal is illustrated and supported with diverse contrast phenomena in the areas of phonology and at the phonology-morphology interface. Evidence is drawn from a number of languages including Finnish, Arabic, and Polish. Predictions of the proposal are discussed and compared with alternatives.

This book provides a fascinating account of the psycholinguistic and social factors behind variation in speech timing in US English. With detailed discussions of its methods and data, it also acts as a valuable model for conducting corpus (socio)phonetic research.

Interest in morphology has revived in recent years and the Yearbook of Morphology has provided great support for this revival, with its articles on topics that are central to the current theoretical debates. The Yearbook of Morphology 1997 focuses on the relationship between morphology and other modules of the grammar, especially phonology, syntax and semantics. Among the basic questions discussed are: how does morphology differ from other modules of the grammar, syntax in particular? What are the possible forms of interaction between the modules? How does semantics constrain formal variation in morphology? The evidence adduced is derived from a variety of languages. Audience: Theoretical, descriptive and historical linguists, morphologists, phonologists, and psycholinguists.

MARK ARONOFF The articles included in this section represent recent research on morpholog ical classes which has been independently performed by a number of investi gators. This work was presented at a symposium that was organized as part of the 1990-1991 annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in Chicago in January 1991. Our aim in presenting this work is twofold: on the one hand, we would like to encourage others interested in morphology to pursue the types of research that we present. This is especially important in the study of morphological classes, which, while they are widespread among the languages of the world, are also highly diverse and often quite complex. On the other hand, we hope to convince researchers in adjacent areas to provide a place for autonomous morphology in their general picture of the workings of language and to pay closer attention to the intricacies of the interactionbetweenmorphologyand theseareas."

In this monograph Katsura Aoyama presents a series of psycholinguistic investigations on consonantal distinctions in Finnish and Japanese. The author deftly describes differences in adult production, perception, and child acquisition of these distinctions. This is an important work for those interested in recent developments in theoretical and psycholinguistics.

This book gives a description of all the known ways in which the sounds of the world's languages differ. In doing so, it provides the empirical foundations for linguistic phonetics and phonology. Encapsulating the work of two leading figures in the field, it will be a standard work of reference for researchers in phonetics and linguistics for many years to come.

The scope of the book is truly global, with data drawn from nearly 400 languages, many of them investigated at first hand by the authors. A picture of the full range of possible contrasting phonetic categories is created by comparing families of similar sounds across many different languages.

Separate chapters deal with place of articulation, stops, nasals, fricatives, laterals, rhotics, clicks, vowels, and segments with multiple articulations. Each chapter is packed with illustrations documenting the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of the sounds discussed, and serving to illustrate the application of modern experimental techniques to descriptive phonetic studies.

The following is a passage from our application for NATO sponsorship: "In the main, the participants in this workshop on the Psychophysics of Speech Perception come from two areas of research: - one area is that of speech perception researc, h, in which the perception of speech sounds is investigated; - the other area is that of psychoacoustics, or auditory psychophysics, in which the perception of simple non-speech sounds, such as pure tones or noise bursts, is investigated, in order to determine the properties of the hearing mechanism. Al though there is widespread agreement among both speech researchers and auditory psychophysicists that there should be a great deal of co-operation between them, the two areas have, generally speaking, remained separate, each with its own research questions, paradigms, and above all, traditions. Psychoacousticians have, so far, continued to investigate the peripheral hearing organ by means of simple sounds, regarding the preoccupations of speech researchers as too many near-empty theories in need of a more solid factual base. Speech perception researchers, on the other hand, have continued to investigate the way human listeners classify vowels and consonants, claiming that psychoacoustics is not concerned with normal, everyday, human perception."

This introduction to the sounds of Korean is designed for English-speaking students with no prior knowledge of the language and includes online sound files, which demonstrate the sounds and pronunciation described. It will be an invaluable resource for students of Korean wanting to understand the basis of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology, as well as for those studying Korean linguistics. * Provides a complete and authoritative description and explanation of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology * Gives clear comparisons with English and provides practical advice on pronunciation * Provides a wealth of authentic Korean examples * Each chapter contains exercises and Did you know? sections to help students put their knowledge into practice.

It is well-known that phonemes have different acoustic realizations depending on the context. Thus, for example, the phoneme /t! is typically realized with a heavily aspirated strong burst at the beginning of a syllable as in the word Tom, but without a burst at the end of a syllable in a word like cat. Variation such as this is often considered to be problematic for speech recogni tion: (1) "In most systems for sentence recognition, such modifications must be viewed as a kind of 'noise' that makes it more difficult to hypothesize lexical candidates given an in put phonetic transcription. To see that this must be the case, we note that each phonological rule [in a certain example] results in irreversible ambiguity-the phonological rule does not have a unique inverse that could be used to recover the underlying phonemic representation for a lexical item. For example, . . . schwa vowels could be the first vowel in a word like 'about' or the surface realization of almost any English vowel appearing in a sufficiently destressed word. The tongue flap [(] could have come from a /t! or a /d/. " [65, pp. 548-549] This view of allophonic variation is representative of much of the speech recognition literature, especially during the late 1970's. One can find similar statements by Cole and Jakimik [22] and by Jelinek [50].

This book presents a collection of papers from the Spring 1995 Work shop on Computational Approaches to Processing the Prosody of Spon taneous Speech, hosted by the ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Re search Laboratories in Kyoto, Japan. The workshop brought together lead ing researchers in the fields of speech and signal processing, electrical en gineering, psychology, and linguistics, to discuss aspects of spontaneous speech prosody and to suggest approaches to its computational analysis and modelling. The book is divided into four sections. Part I gives an overview and theoretical background to the nature of spontaneous speech, differentiating it from the lab-speech that has been the focus of so many earlier analyses. Part II focuses on the prosodic features of discourse and the structure of the spoken message, Part ilIon the generation and modelling of prosody for computer speech synthesis. Part IV discusses how prosodic information can be used in the context of automatic speech recognition. Each section of the book starts with an invited overview paper to situate the chapters in the context of current research. We feel that this collection of papers offers interesting insights into the scope and nature of the problems concerned with the computational analysis and modelling of real spontaneous speech, and expect that these works will not only form the basis of further developments in each field but also merge to form an integrated computational model of prosody for a better understanding of human processing of the complex interactions of the speech chain."

This work is based on my 1983 doctoral dissertation submitted to the Department of Linguistics at Harvard University, although it represents an extensive revision and reorganization of that work. Large amounts of material that were not contained in the original have been added, and parts that address theoretical issues that, at least for the time being, have receded into the background, have been omitted. Many colleagues and friends have contributed to my sustained fascina tion with as well as my understanding of lroquoian linguistics. First of all, I am grateful to the Iroquois who have contributed their profound knowl edge and their friendship during my research: Elda Antone, Mercy Doxtator, Dayton Doxtator, Reg Henry, Frank Natawe, the late Georgina Nicholas, Catherine Norton, Mike Norton. the late Sanford Schenandoah, and Norma Sickles. I also deeply appreciate being part of a close-knit and supportive community of lroquoian linguists, and in particular I thank Cliff Abbott, Wallace Chafe, Mike Foster, Marianne Mithun, and Hanni Woodbury for providing comments on the dissertation. I have also benefited from, and value highly, extremely stimulating conversations with Floyd Lounsbury in the last few years. The influence of my advisers and friends will be evident throughout the work. I thank especially Nick Clements, Ives Goddard, Jochem Schindler, Robin Barr, Harry Bochner, Brian Doherty, Mark Hale, and Phil LeSourd."

Exponence refers to the mapping of morphosyntactic structure to phonological representations, a research area which is not only highly controversial, but also approached in fundamentally different ways in theoretical morphology and phonology. This volume brings together leading specialists from morphosyntax and morphophonology. The authors address common problems, questions and solutions in both areas, and formulate a coherent research program for exponence which integrates the central insights of the last decades and provides important new challenges for the future. The book is aimed at phonologists, morphologists, and syntacticians of all theoretical persuasions at graduate level and above.

This collection of articles deals with phonetic and phonological aspects of the prosodic concepts 'syllable cut' and 'tonal accent'. Syllable cut refers to the way in which a vowel is modified ('cut') by the consonant following it. As such, the concept of syllable cut is a prosodic approach representing a viable alternative to more segmentally defined concepts like vowel quantity or quality. Tonal accents establish lexical/phonological contrasts at word level with the help of contrasting intonation curves. The volume presents new findings on syllable cut and tonal accents from the following research fields: historical phonology and graphemics, dialectology, auto-segmental phonology, acoustical phonetics, language typology.

In this volumume prominent scholars from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds are brought together to review the empirical studies on the ability to reflect upon and manipulate the phonemic segments of speech, and to present their insights on the relationship of phonological aware- ness to the reading process.

Monografia integrada por veinticuatro trabajos pertenecientes a diversos ambitos de los estudios de traduccion, divididos en tres secciones: Traduccion literaria (12 contribuciones), Traduccion juridico-economica (7) y Traduccion cientifico-tecnica (5). Los investigadores que componen el volumen representan a buena parte de las Areas y Departamentos de Traduccion e Interpretacion de la universidad espanola: Cordoba, Salamanca, Alicante, Valladolid, Castilla La-Mancha, Univ. Complutense, Autonoma de Madrid, Extremadura, Malaga, Alcala de Henares y Sevilla. Los trabajos comprenden: analisis y traducciones de obras inglesas, francesas, alemanas, e italianas; estudios sobre convenios de correos entre paises; equivalencias entre sociedades mercantiles; reflexiones sobre textos vinicolas, etc. El conjunto conforma una variada miscelanea sobre estudios clasicos de traduccion y otros mas novedosos, que ayudaran a las nuevas generaciones de investigadores a afrontar nuevas orientaciones y lineas de trabajo.