Die Autorin untersucht den seit Jakob Grimm in der Forschung diskutierten Gegenstand der Paarformel anhand der spatmittelalterlich-fruhneuzeitlichen Textsorte der Stadtrechtsbucher. Sie behandelt 20 Texte, die sich auf den gesamten deutschen Sprachraum verteilen und den Zeitraum vom 13.-15. Jahrhundert abdecken. Die Analyse ist nach sehr weit gefassten modernen Rechtsbegriffen wie "naturliche Person" oder "Koerperverletzung" strukturiert, die jenseits ihrer historischen Andersartigkeit als Grundtatsachen des menschlichen Lebens gelten koennen. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass Paarformeln als Mittel zur Erfassung rechtsrelevanter Begrifflichkeiten dienen, berucksichtigt die Autorin neben Verwendung und Bedeutung auch die Funktion von Paarformeln im jeweiligen Kontext.

This book is the first to explore the varied ways in which invented languages can be used to teach languages and linguistics in university courses. There has long been interest in invented languages, also known as constructed languages or conlangs, both in the political arena (as with Esperanto) and in the world of literature and science fiction and fantasy media - Tolkien's Quenya and Sindarin, Dothraki in Game of Thrones, and Klingon in the Star Trek franchise, among many others. Linguists have recently served as language creators or consultants for film and television, with notable examples including Jessica Coons work on the film Arrival Christine Schreyers Kryptonian for Man of Steel, David Adgers contributions to the series Beowulf, and David J. Peterson's numerous languages for Game of Thrones and other franchises. The chapters in this volume show how the use of invented languages as a teaching tool can reach a student population who might not otherwise be interested in studying linguistics, as well as helping those students to develop the fundamental core skills of linguistic analysis. Invented languages encourage problem-based and active learning; they shed light on the nature of linguistic diversity and implicational universals; and they provide insights into the complex interplay of linguistic patterns and social, environmental, and historical processes. The volume brings together renowned scholars and junior researchers who have used language invention and constructed languages to achieve a range of pedagogical objectives. It will be of interest to graduate students and teachers of linguistics and those in related areas such as anthropology and psychology.

This book provides an integrated account of the phonetic causes of the diachronic processes of palatalization and assibilation of velar and labial stops and labiodental fricatives, as well as the palatalization and affrication of dentoalveolar stops. While previous studies have been concerned with the typology of sound inventories and of the processes of palatalization and assibilation, this volume not only deals with the typological patterns but also outlines the articulatory and acoustic causes of these sound changes. In his articulation-based account, Daniel Recasens argues that the affricate and fricative outcomes of these changes developed via an intermediate stage, namely an (alveolo)palatal stop with varying degrees of closure fronting. Particular emphasis is placed on the one-to-many relationship between the input and output consonant realizations, on the acoustic cues that contribute to the implementation of these sound changes, and on the contextual, positional, and prosodic conditions that most favour their development. The analysis is based on extensive data from a wide range of language families, including Romance, Bantu, Slavic, and Germanic, and draws on a variety of sources, such as linguistic atlases, articulatory and acoustic studies, and phoneme identification tests.

Using an innovative approach, this book focuses on a widely debated area of phonetics and phonology: intonation, and specifically its relation to metrics, its interface with syntax, and whether it can be attributed more to phonetics or phonology, or equally to both. Drawing on data from six Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and Romanian), whose rich intonation patterns have long been of interest to linguists, Philippe Martin challenges the assumptions of traditional phonological approaches, and re-evaluates the data in favour of a new usage-based model of intonation. He proposes a unified description of the sentence prosodic structure, focusing on the dynamic and cognitive aspects of both production and perception of intonation in speech, leading to a unified grammar of Romance languages' sentence intonation. This book will be welcomed by researchers and advanced students in phonetics and phonology.

Das Buch analysiert Medientextsorten aus unterschiedlichen kulturellen Bereichen. Die Autoren untersuchen Profilierungstechniken im medialen Diskurs, Skandalisierungsphanomene, Topoi in der Argumentation sowie kultur- und sprachspezifische Divergenzen. Medienkommunikation ist ein Untersuchungsgegenstand, der neben sprach- und medienwissenschaftlichen Zugangen immer auch die Einbeziehung weiterer Ansatze und Methoden erfordert. Die besondere Thematisierung interlingualer und interkultureller Vergleiche macht ein interdisziplinares Vorgehen relevant.

Describing the English language between the years 1500 and 1700, this work covers the different varieties of the language, the attitudes of its speakers towards it, its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. It is intended for both students and non-specialists. In this edition, the system of phonetic notation has been modernized the section on grammar has been divided into morphology and syntax, the chapters arranged in a more logical order, additional texts for study have been included, and each chapter has been updated.

Du fait de leur intrigante variete formelle, les interrogatives totales et partielles du francais ont fait l'objet, au cours des annees ecoulees, d'une foule de recherches en syntaxe et en sociolinguistique, alors que d'autres courants tels que la rhetorique ou la pragmatique rivalisaient d'ingeniosite pour rendre compte de leur variabilite semantique. Afin d'enrichir le debat, le present ouvrage propose une reflexion a large spectre sur les tours interrogatifs du francais, leur marquage syntaxique et intonatif, les parametres linguistiques ou sociaux susceptibles de declencher, dans un contexte donne, le choix d'une variante interrogative plutot qu'une autre; l'ouvrage traite en outre des proprietes semantiques et inferentielles des interrogatives, ainsi que des fonctions discursives et narratologiques qui leur sont devolues. Les auteurs appuient leurs analyses sur des exemples attestes, parfois tires de corpus specifiques (dialogues de films de banlieue, textos, Fables de La Fontaine, bandes dessinees...). Ils manifestent un eclectisme theorique qui nous semble necessaire pour apprehender de maniere non reductrice cet objet complexe, aux multiples facettes.

This textbooks introduces the main arguments for an innate, domain specific capacity to learn human language. It guides you through the growth of language in a typically developing child and also discusses a range of viewpoints, introducing the central controversies in the field of language acquisition. Taking models and analyses from generative phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, the author describes children's language acquisition using examples from a wide variety of languages. She explores the connections between language and other aspects of human cognition, the role of environment in learning, and the role in language development of mechanisms for speech production and speech comprehension. Extensively illustrated with models and figures, each chapter is also followed by a summary box, exercises and questions for discussion. An appendix of research techniques and suggestions for further reading is also included, to provide a Chomskyan introduction to language acquisition for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in linguistics and cognitive science.

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit dem Passiv im Deutschen und Chinesischen und fuhrt einen korpusgestutzten Sprachvergleich durch. Passiv als eine Subkategorie des Genus Verbi tritt haufig in Fachtexten auf, deshalb liegt der Untersuchung eine Sammlung der Passivsatze aus chemischen Fachzeitschriften zugrunde. Durch parallele Analysen zum Passiv im Deutschen und Chinesischen analysiert die Autorin, welche Unterschiede und UEbereinstimmungen das Passiv in beiden Sprachen bei den lexikalisch-semantischen und syntaktischen Perspektiven besitzt. Die Ergebnisse dienen so auch den Sprachlehren und der Fachdidaktik.

The Germanic language family ranges from national languages with standardized varieties, including German, Dutch and Danish, to minority languages with relatively few speakers, such as Frisian, Yiddish and Pennsylvania German. Written by internationally renowned experts of Germanic linguistics, this Handbook provides a detailed overview and analysis of the structure of modern Germanic languages and dialects. Organized thematically, it addresses key topics in the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of standard and nonstandard varieties of Germanic languages from a comparative perspective. It also includes chapters on second language acquisition, heritage and minority languages, pidgins, and urban vernaculars. The first comprehensive survey of this vast topic, the Handbook is a vital resource for students and researchers investigating the Germanic family of languages and dialects.

This textbook introduces the main units and concepts you require to describe speech sounds accurately. By working through the book and the various exercises included, you will come to understand the need for a dedicated system of description and transcription for speech sounds, and for a degree of phonological abstraction to support our understanding of the behaviour of sounds in particular languages and varieties. You will learn to carry out elementary, broad phonetic transcription, and be able to establish contrastive vowel and consonant systems for your own varieties and to express simple generalisations reflecting the productive and predictable patterns of English sounds. At the end of the book there is a section guiding you through some of the exercises and there is also a detailed glossary which will be useful for assignments or revision during exams.

The Bloomsbury Companion To Phonetics is designed to be the essential one-volume resource. It gives an overview of key areas in phonetics. It offers a survey of current research areas and new directions in the field as well as featuring a manageable guide to beginning or developing research. The book gives readers practical guidance for study in the area. The volume covers all the most important issues, concepts, movements and approaches in the field, looking at both the core and applied domains of phonetics and speech science. It offers insights into areas as diverse as the acquisition, production and perception of speech, and clinical and forensic phonetics. There is a state of the art exploration of voice and phonation, tone and intonation, phonetic pedagogy, speech technology and phonetic universals.

Mit dem Buch und dem darin vorgestellten exemplarischen Valenz- und Konstruktionswoerterbuch deutscher Verben wird ein voellig neues Kapitel in der valenzorientierten Lexikographie aufgeschlagen. Die Neuerung besteht vor allem darin, dass die valenzgebundenen Begleiter des Verbs nicht mehr nur wie bisher in obligatorische und fakultative Erganzungen gespalten, sondern erstmals die syntaktisch nicht notwendigen Aktanten ihrerseits wiederum nach den Kriterien der semantischen Impliziertheit sowie der Redundanz in optionale und fakultative Mitgaben, ohnehin nur optionale Beigaben und die ebenfalls ausschliesslich durch das Merkmal der Optionalitat gepragten Zugaben geschieden und hinsichtlich ihres Status entsprechend gekennzeichnet werden.

Das Arzt-Patient-Gesprach wurde als das "Herz der Medizin" bezeichnet. Unbestritten ist die Bedeutung fur die Gesundung und das Wohlbefinden der Patientinnen und Patienten, aber auch der AErztinnen und AErzte selbst. Wie viel wissen wir uber Gesprachsverlaufe und Auswirkungen des sprachlichen Handelns von AErztinnen und AErzten? Diese Arbeit zeigt, mit welcher Methodik vielfaltige Befunde der Gesprachsforschung systematisch in einer ubergreifenden Synthese zusammengefuhrt werden koennen. Das Ergebnis zeigt sich als Entwurf einer Systematik des sprachlichen Handelns von AErztinnen und AErzten in neun Gesprachskomponenten, die in 46 Handlungstypen entfaltet werden. Die Fulle dokumentierter Gesprachsausschnitte und systemtheoretischer UEberlegungen macht das Buch zur Fundgrube fur Praxis, Lehre und weiterfuhrende Forschung.

Este libro aborda el tema de la contribucion del oyente y su importancia en la construccion de la conversacion espontanea. Se trata de un estudio que arroja luz sobre algunos fenomenos relacionados con el funcionamiento de la interaccion oral en italiano nativo y en espanol lengua extranjera. En particular, atiende a los turnos de apoyo (TA), esas emisiones del oyente que transmiten al hablante seguimiento y participacion activa en la conversacion. A partir de los postulados del Analisis de la Conversacion, se han analizado cualitativa y cuantitativamente los TA de conversaciones en dos niveles de dominio del espanol y en italiano. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido conocer, por un lado, la incidencia del nivel de dominio de la lengua extranjera sobre los mecanismos de produccion de TA verbales, por otro, la influencia de la lengua materna sobre la lengua meta y, por ultimo, determinar las especificidades linguisticas y culturales en la produccion de los TA de los italianos, respecto a las de los espanoles. Las diferencias de los estilos conversacionales halladas indican que se requiere la creacion de material didactico que facilite la comprension y el uso de los TA.

This long-awaited volume presents thirteen original contributions by some of the leading scholars in Systemic Phonology. The chapters present both theoretical and applied studies with analyses of wide-ranging texts including news readings, children's stories, literary classics, classroom discourse, and sung texts. The volume also includes some theoretical contributions, such as an explication of the generative model of intonation and punctuation of the Cardiff School of SFL. The last chapter in the volume is an interactive chapter where readers can listen to, read, and obtain a first-hand guided experience of analyzing texts using the systemic model of intonation. Systemic Phonology: Recent Studies in English is of value to scholars and students in the fields of phonology, phonetics, music studies, semiotics, and media studies, and is of particular interest to those working within the Systemic Functional model of language. This volume will also be of interest to any researchers analysing meaning in relation to sound and music.

El volumen ofrece nueve articulos en torno a la informacion sintactica en diccionarios tanto monolingues como bilingues del aleman y del espanol. La complementacion tanto del verbo como del nombre y del adjetivo, objetivo principal de ocho de los articulos, constituye un tema clave para la lexicografia si esta pretende ofrecer al usuario del diccionario una herramienta que vaya mas alla de una mera descripcion del significado en los diccionarios monolingues y de una mera traduccion de vocablos en los bilingues. Aparte de incidir en problemas lexicograficos concretos de la complementacion en ambas lenguas, se ofrecen propuestas de diccionarios para las tres categorias lexicas mencionadas, para presentar en el ultimo de los articulos una vision actual sobre el uso real de los diccionarios por parte de los destinatarios de los mismos.

In Ancient Egyptian Phonology. James Allen studies the sounds of the language spoken by the ancient Egyptians through application of the most recent methodological advances for phonological reconstruction. Using the internal evidence of the language, he proceeds from individual vowels and consonants to the sound of actual ancient Egyptian texts. Allen also explores variants, alternants, and the development of sound in texts, and touches on external evidence from Afroasiatic cognate languages. The most up to date work on this topic, Ancient Egyptian Phonology is an essential resource for Egyptologists and will also be of interest to scholars and linguists of African and Semitic languages.

Die Autorin betrachtet die franzoesische Sprache in frankophonen Zeitungen sudlich der Sahara (Subsahara-Afrika) im Vergleich zu der franzoesischen Sprache hexagonaler Zeitungen (Frankreich). Im Fokus der Untersuchung liegen feste Wendungstypen Funktionsverbgefuge, Redewendungen und Sprichwoerter. Das Buch fuhrt die Ergebnisse verschiedenster Forschungsarbeiten zusammen und fuhrt diese weiter aus. Die Autorin analysiert nicht nur wie wechselseitige Beziehungen und Verhaltnisse feste Wendungen beeinflussen, sondern betrachtet auch die Ursache hierfur. Ergebnis dieses umgreifenden quantitativ-statistischen und qualitativen Untersuchungsansatzes ist, dass die afrikanische Pressesprache im Unterschied zur hexagonalen Pressesprache feste Wendungen sowohl starker modifiziert als auch breiter ausdifferenziert.

When we speak, we configure the vocal tract which shapes the visible motions of the face and the patterning of the audible speech acoustics. Similarly, we use these visible and audible behaviors to perceive speech. This book showcases a broad range of research investigating how these two types of signals are used in spoken communication, how they interact, and how they can be used to enhance the realistic synthesis and recognition of audible and visible speech. The volume begins by addressing two important questions about human audiovisual performance: how auditory and visual signals combine to access the mental lexicon and where in the brain this and related processes take place. It then turns to the production and perception of multimodal speech and how structures are coordinated within and across the two modalities. Finally, the book presents overviews and recent developments in machine-based speech recognition and synthesis of AV speech.

'Uptalk' is commonly used to refer to rising intonation at the end of declarative sentences, or (to put it more simply) the tendency for people to make statements that sound like questions, a phenomenon that has received wide exposure and commentary in the media. How and where did it originate? Who are the most frequent 'uptalkers'? How much does it vary according to the speaker's age, gender and regional dialect? Is it found in other languages as well as English? These and other questions are the subject of this fascinating book. The first comprehensive analysis of 'uptalk', it examines its historical origins, geographical spread and social influences. Paul Warren also looks at the media's coverage of the phenomenon, including the tension between the public's perception and the views of experts. Uptalk will be welcomed by those working in linguistics, as well as anyone interested in the way we talk today.

How do you pronounce omega, tortoise and sloth? And why? Do charted and chartered sound the same? How do people pronounce the names Charon, Punjab, and Sexwale? In this engaging book, John Wells, a world-renowned phonetician and phonologist, explores these questions and others. Each chapter consists of carefully selected entries from Wells' acclaimed phonetics blog, on which he regularly posted on a range of current and widely researched topics such as pronunciation, teaching, intonation, spelling, and accents. Based on sound scholarship and full of fascinating facts about the pronunciation of Welsh, Swedish, Czech, Zulu, Icelandic and other languages, this book will appeal to scholars and students in phonetics and phonology, as well as general readers wanting to know more about language. Anyone interested in why a poster in Antigua invited cruise ship visitors to enjoy a game of porker, or what hymns can tell us about pronunciation, should read this book.

Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription is the first textbook to clearly describe Australian English speech patterns. Now in its second edition, this ground-breaking work addresses speech production characteristics and provides detailed instruction in both phonetic and phonemic transcription of the dialect. Each chapter features practical exercises to allow readers to develop skills and test their knowledge as they progress through the text. These exercises are complemented by an extensive companion website, which contains valuable explanatory materials, audio examples and accompanying activities for students. A new assessment bank includes exercises of varying difficulty, allowing lecturers to build unique assessment tasks tailored to their students' needs. Drawing on their extensive experience as teachers and researchers in phonetics and phonology, Felicity Cox and new author Janet Fletcher have crafted a comprehensive resource that remains essential reading for students, teachers and practitioners of linguistics, speech pathology and language education.

Die sprachlichen Verhaltnisse in der Republik Moldau befinden sich seit der Unabhangigkeit von der Sowjetunion in Veranderung. Massgeblich hierfur sind eine neue offizielle Sprache, die Foerderung der Minderheitensprachen und die Arbeitsmigration. Die Autorin untersucht die Frage, wie Sprecher*innen mit unterschiedlichen sprachlichen Repertoires mit diesen Veranderungen umgehen. Sie zeigt dies am Beispiel ausgewahlter Sprach- und Berufsbiographien in zwei exemplarischen Fallstudien: einem russisch-ukrainisches Lyzeum und einem italienischsprachigen Call-Center. Mit den Begriffen Erreichbarkeit und Reichweite leistet das Buch einen theoretischen Beitrag zur Diskussion um sprachliche Repertoires und sprachlichen Ausbau, indem sie den Zusammenhang zwischen gesellschaftlichen Veranderungen und den individuellen Aneignungsprozessen von Sprecher*innen zu begreifen helfen.

A detailed account of the struggle to cultivate connectedness out of the divisiveness of apartheid In Managing Vulnerability, Richard C. Marback analyzes the tension surrounding the transition from apartheid to democracy in South Africa through a rhetorical lens. Marback studies the heart of South Africa's desire for reconciliation and contends that this goal could be achieved only through the creation of a language of vulnerability in which former enemies become open to the influence of each other, to the constraints of their respective circumstances, and to the prospects of a shared future. Through a series of informative case studies, Marback illustrates how the cultivation of openness and the management of vulnerability take shape through the circulation of artifacts, symbols, and texts that give empowering expression to virtues of connectedness over the temptations of individual autonomy. Marback discusses the construction and impact of the narrative tours of Robben Island, the silencing of Robert Sobukwe, the debates over a proposed Freedom Monument, a brief gesture of ubuntu from Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela to Eugene de Kock, and the transformation of the title character in the film adaptation of the 1980 novel Tsotsi. Ultimately, Marback contends, finding a means to manage vulnerability is both the immediate success of and the ongoing challenge to South African democracy and is indicative of the nature of rhetoric in democracies in general and in contemporary civic life.