Since the 1960s phonological theory has countenanced two levels of representation underlying and surface form linked by a multi-staged derivation. This model is now being challenged by approaches, such as Optimality Theory, which substitute surface constraints for rules and derivations. If accepted, this shift would amount to a major revolution in the field. In this volume, a team of leading specialists addresses the issue, specifically focusing on the comparison and evaluation of the two alternatives.

Modernhebraisch und Deutsch wurden bislang in keiner Studie kontrastiv analysiert: und das, obwohl die Lander, in denen diese Sprachen gesprochen werden - Israel und Deutschland -, durch eine tragische, aber auch fruchtbringende Vergangenheit miteinander verbunden sind. Ziel der Arbeit war es daher, erstens das Modernhebraische soziolinguistisch, genetisch und typologisch zu beschreiben. Zweitens galt es, die prosodischen Merkmale dieser Sprache im Vergleich zum Deutschen zu eroertern. Schliesslich wurden drittens empirisch die prosodischen Auffalligkeiten modernhebraischer Muttersprachler im Deutschen analysiert. Methodisch lag dabei der Schwerpunkt auf auditiven Analysen sowie auf Methoden der Feldforschung, der Soziolinguistik und der Gesprachsanalyse.

Die Erforschung des Spektrums zwischen Dialekt und Standard, die Perzeptionslinguistik und die Analyse von Dialektsyntax sind Aufgaben einer Dialektologie, die sich als Regionalsprachenforschung versteht. In zwoelf Beitragen diskutieren Nachwuchswissenschaftler diese Fragestellungen aus der Perspektive neuerer variationslinguistischer Theorien. Die Themen reichen von der Namenkunde bis zur Perzeptionslinguistik und umfassen sowohl niederdeutsche als auch hochdeutsche Varietaten. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der Betrachtung sprachlicher Variation und Dynamik der phonologischen und morphologischen Ebene sowie von Methoden und Befunden sozio- und wahrnehmungsdialektologischer Untersuchungen. Beitrage zum altsachsischen Heliand und zur bairischen Namenkunde erweitern das Themenfeld.

Remembering the Sound of Words is a major new studyof four of modern literature's most important writers--and the first serious attempt to account for complex sound effects in prose Adam Piette establishes fascinating new links between such sound effects and the representation of memory in literary texts. He sets out a workable taxonomy of sound-repetitions in prose and formulates, throught a theory of alternating-devices, the ways in which the reader's attention is drawn to the acoustic surface of the text. Through close analysis of Mallarm 'e's prose-poetry, Proust's musical syntax, Joyce's memory-rhymes (from the Portrait of the Artist through Ulysses to Finegan's Wake ), and Beckett's prose and drama, Piette demonstrates that sound effects act as intricate reminders of memory-traces in the text. Despite wide divergence in these four writers' representations of memory, the book shows that the use of this memory-rhyme technique is common to them all, and is emplyed in particular to express the textual migration of past key-words, self-centred comic tyranny, and the fitful unifaction of body and memory within the narrative voice. This book is intended for scholars and students of

Das Sprechen erfolgt durch die artikulatorische Realisation von Lauten und durch prosodische Merkmale, die sich unter anderem im verwendeten Tonhoehenverlauf aussern. Dem Tonhoehenbereich kommt als Ausdrucksmittel und Wikungsfaktor besondere Bedeutung zu und er ist fur die logopadische, sprech-erzieherische, phoniatrische und sprachdidaktische Arbeit relevant. Bisher wurde insbesondere die mittlere Sprechstimmlage beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wird der gesamte Tonhoehenumfang sowie die Haufigkeit der Verwendung einzelner Tonhoehenbereiche betrachtet und die Wirkung eines sensiblen Bereiches fur das Deutsche akustisch und auditiv untersucht. Im Russischen wird dieser Bereich anders funktionell verwendet, wodurch Interferenzen in der Wahrnehmung deutsch sprechender Russen moeglich sind. Zur Beschreibung wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen Phonationsmodus und dem verwendeten sprachenspezifischen Sprechbereich hergestellt. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit munden in Empfehlungen fur den Deutschunterricht fur russische Muttersprachler und fur eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der aktuellen Terminologie.

Die in diesem Band publizierten Beitrage stammen ausnahmslos von jungen Sprechwissenschaftlerinnen und Sprechwissenschaftlern, die als Absolventen des Seminars fur Sprechwissenschaft und Phonetik der Universitat Halle-Wittenberg Beitrage fur die Bereiche Phonetik, Rhetorik sowie Sprach-, Sprech- und Stimmstoerungen vorgelegt haben. Die Themenpalette reicht von artikulatorisch-phonetischen Detailuntersuchungen uber Fragen der Aussprachekodifizierung bis hin zum Rap, von antiken medizinischen Quellen zur Stimmgesundheit und uber rhetorische Themen wie "Obama als orator perfectus" bis zu Sir Peter Ustinov. Auch fach- und gebietsubergreifende Arbeiten sind unter den Beitragen, beispielsweise zur Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation, zu argumentativen Strukturen im Kabarett und zu AEusserungsparametern bei Patienten mit neurologischen Lasionen.

Humans instinctively form words by weaving patterns of meaningless speech elements. Moreover, we do so in specific, regular ways. We contrast dogs and gods, favour blogs to lbogs. We begin forming sound-patterns at birth and, like songbirds, we do so spontaneously, even in the absence of an adult model. We even impose these phonological patterns on invented cultural technologies such as reading and writing. But why are humans compelled to generate phonological patterns? And why do different phonological systems - signed and spoken - share aspects of their design? Drawing on findings from a broad range of disciplines including linguistics, experimental psychology, neuroscience and comparative animal studies, Iris Berent explores these questions and proposes a new hypothesis about the architecture of the phonological mind.

This introduction to the sounds of Korean is designed for English-speaking students with no prior knowledge of the language and includes online sound files, which demonstrate the sounds and pronunciation described. It will be an invaluable resource for students of Korean wanting to understand the basis of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology, as well as for those studying Korean linguistics. * Provides a complete and authoritative description and explanation of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology * Gives clear comparisons with English and provides practical advice on pronunciation * Provides a wealth of authentic Korean examples * Each chapter contains exercises and Did you know? sections to help students put their knowledge into practice.

The function of language is to transmit information from speakers to listeners. This book investigates an aspect of linguistic sound patterning that has traditionally been assumed to interfere with this function - neutralization, a conditioned limitation on the distribution of a language's contrastive values. The book provides in-depth, nuanced and critical analyses of many theoretical approaches to neutralization in phonology and argues for a strictly functional characterization of the term: neutralizing alternations are only function-negative to the extent that they derive homophones, and most surprisingly, neutralization is often function-positive, by serving as an aid to parsing. Daniel Silverman encourages the reader to challenge received notions by carefully considering these functional consequences of neutralization. The book includes a glossary, discussion points and lists of further reading to help advanced phonology students consolidate the main ideas and findings on neutralization.

At the heart of generative phonology lies the assumption that the sounds of every language have abstract underlying representations, which undergo various changes in order to generate the 'surface' representations; that is, the sounds we actually pronounce. The existence, status and form of underlying representations have been hotly debated in phonological research since the introduction of the phoneme in the nineteenth century. This book provides a comprehensive overview of theories of the mental representation of the sounds of language. How does the mind store and process phonological representations? Kramer surveys the development of the concept of underlying representation over the last 100 years or so within the field of generative phonology. He considers phonological patterns, psycholinguistic experiments, statistical generalisations over data corpora and phenomena such as hypercorrection. The book offers a new understanding of contrastive features and proposes a modification of the optimality-theoretic approach to the generation of underlying representations.

In most languages we find 'little words' which resemble a full word, but which cannot stand on their own. Instead they have to 'lean on' a neighbouring word, like the 'd, 've and unstressed 'em of Kim'd've helped'em ('Kim would have helped them'). These are clitics, and they are found in most of the world's languages. In English the clitic forms appear in the same place in the sentence that the full form of the word would appear in but in many languages clitics obey quite separate rules of placement. This book is the first introduction to clitics, providing a complete summary of their properties, their uses, the reasons why they are of interest to linguists and the various theoretical approaches that have been proposed for them. The book describes a whole host of clitic systems and presents data from over 100 languages.

Spelling matters to people. In America and Britain every day, members of the public write to the media on spelling issues, and take part in spelling contests. In Germany, a reform of the spelling system has provoked a constitutional crisis; in Galicia, a 'war of orthographies' parallels an intense public debate on national identity; on walls, bridges and trains globally, PUNX and ANARKISTS proclaim their identities orthographically. The way we spell often represents an attempt to associate with, or dissociate from, other languages. In Spelling and Society, Mark Sebba explores why matters of orthography are of real concern to so many groups, as a reflection of culture, history and social practices, and as a powerful symbol of national or local identity. This 2007 book will be welcomed by students and researchers in English language, orthography and sociolinguistics, and by anyone interested in the importance of spelling in contemporary society.

This book provides state-of-the-art coverage of research in laboratory phonology, an interdisciplinary research perspective which brings a wide range of experimental and analytic tools to bear on the central questions of how knowledge of spoken language is structured, learned, and used. The book presents works illustrating how laboratory phonology is practiced and highlights promising areas of current research.
Contributions address how laboratory phonology approaches and methodologies have provided insight into human speech and sound structure. Part one introduces the history, nature, and aims of laboratory phonology. The remaining four parts cover central issues in research done within this perspective, as well as methodological resources used for investigating these issues. This Handbook, the first specifically dedicated to the laboratory phonology approach, builds on the foundation of knowledge amassed in linguistics, speech research and allied disciplines. With the varied interdisciplinary contributions collected, the handbook showcases work in this vibrant field.

'Contrast' - the opposition between distinctive sounds in a language - is one of the most central concepts in linguistics. This book presents a fascinating account of the logic and history of contrast in phonology. It provides empirical evidence from diverse phonological domains that only contrastive features are computed by the phonological component of grammar. It argues that the contrastive specifications of phonemes are governed by language-particular feature hierarchies. This approach assigns a key role to abstract cognitive structures, challenging contemporary approaches that favour phonetic explanations of phonological phenomena. Tracing the evolution of the hypothesis that contrastive features play a special role in phonology, it shows how this insight has been obscured by misunderstandings of the role of the contrastive feature hierarchy. Questioning the widely held notion that contrast should be based on minimal pairs, Elan Dresher argues that the contrastive hierarchy is indispensable to illuminating accounts of phonological patterning.

'Markedness' refers to the tendency of languages to show a preference for particular structures or sounds. This bias towards 'marked' elements is consistent within and across languages, and tells us a great deal about what languages can and cannot do. This pioneering study presents a groundbreaking theory of markedness in phonology. De Lacy argues that markedness is part of our linguistic competence, and is determined by three conflicting mechanisms in the brain: (a) pressure to preserve marked sounds ('preservation'), (b) pressure to turn marked sounds into unmarked sounds ('reduction'), and (c) a mechanism allowing the distinction between marked and unmarked sounds to be collapsed ('conflation'). He shows that due to these mechanisms, markedness occurs only when preservation is irrelevant. Drawing on examples of phenomena such as epenthesis, neutralisation, assimilation, vowel reduction and sonority-driven stress, Markedness offers an important insight into this essential concept in the understanding of human language.

Two appendixes from Nabokov's famous edition of Eugene Onegin: his study of versification in English and Russian poetry, and his "term paper" on Pushkin's Ethiopian ancestor. Originally published in 1965. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This textbook is a basic introduction to phonetics as a subdiscipline of general linguistics. All areas of phonetics are presented in depth (phonation, articulation, acoustics, perception, etc.), along with a short history of the discipline. The main objective of this introduction is to present the phonetic phenomena observable in vocal communication and the processes associated with them in the physical world as use of our biological endowment for communicative purposes.

This book develops the ideas presented in "Children's Speech and Literacy Difficulties Book I: A Psycholinguistic Framework" by focussing on how the information gathered within a psycholinguistic framework can be used to plan intervention for children with speech, wordfinding and phonological awareness problems. It illustrates how the psycholinguistic approach has been implemented in different contexts and with different cases through a series of practical activities and discussion of current research relevant to practice.

When it was first published in 1968, this monograph was among the most important contributions to the area of phonetic research in Africa since the publication of Westermann and Ward's Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages in 1933. Drawing from a sample of sixty-one West African languages, Dr Ladefoged offers a description of the phonetic elements that cause differences in lexical and grammatical meaning. In particular, he focuses on unusual sounds, highlighting their linguistic function and providing a detailed account of their application in the languages concerned. Supplementing Dr Ladefoged's analyses are a number of helpful diagrams and illustrations as well as two appendices and a bibliography.

Whereas the phonic features of dialects have been studied for a long time, it is only recently that attention has turned to the analysis of typical regional intonations (sentence melodies). The present study provides a review of research on the subject and then turns to an analysis of Cologne German using data from spontaneous speech. It provides a sound formal analysis of typical Cologne intonation patterns and in addition shows how these are used by speakers in their linguistic interactions.

Thinking and speaking about time is ridden with puzzles and paradoxes. How do human beings conceptualize time? Why, for example, does the availability of tense vary in different languages? How do the lines of information from tense, aspect, temporal adverbs, and context interact in the mind? Does time describe events? If real time does not flow, where do the concepts of the past, present and future come from? Are they basic concepts or are they composed out of more primitive constituents? And, finally, what is the semantics of expressions with temporal reference? This book offers a new approach to the representation of meaning of temporally-located utterances and discourses. Temporality, the author suggests, should be taken to mean degrees of certainty, understood in turn as degrees of acceptability concerning the eventuality referred to in the speaker's utterance. She presents theoretical arguments and empirical evidence from Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages to show that speakers represent the past, present, and future as degrees of epistemic modality. She argues that temporality can be subsumed under the general label of acceptability or attitude and, rather like the semantic category of evidentiality, founded on the strength of evidence. In the approach she develops, modality provides basic conceptual building blocks for the concept of time and at the same time semantic building blocks for representing temporal expressions in her framework of Default Semantics. Dr Jaszczolt sets the results of her research in the context of linguistic and philosophical work in semantics and pragmatics.

Phonetically Based Phonology is centred around the hypothesis that phonologies of languages are determined by phonetic principles; that is, phonetic patterns involving ease of articulation and perception are expressed linguistically as grammatical constraints. This book brings together a team of scholars to provide a wide-ranging study of phonetically based phonology. It investigates the role of phonetics in many phonological phenomena - such as assimilation, vowel reduction, vowel harmony, syllable weight, contour line distribution, metathesis, lenition, sonority sequencing, and the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) - exploring in particular the phonetic bases of phonological markedness in these key areas. The analyses also illustrate several analytical strategies whereby phonological sound patterns can be related to their phonological underpinnings. Each chapter includes a tutorial discussion of the phonetics on which the phonological discussion is based. Diverse and comprehensive in its coverage, Phonetically Based Phonology will be welcomed by all linguists interested in the relationship between phonetics and phonological theory.