This volume contains a series of papers originally presented at the Symposium on Polymer Gels organized and sponsored by the Research Group on Polymer Gels, The Society of Polymer Science of Japan and co-sponsored by the Science and Technology Agency (ST A) and MIT , Japan. The Symposium took place at Tsukuba Science City on 18th and 19th September, 1989. Recognized experts in their fields were invited to speak and there was a strong attendance from government, academic and industrial research centers. The purpose of the Symposium was to review the state of the art and to present and discuss recent progress in the understanding of the behavioral properties of polymer gels and their application to biomedical, environmental and robotic fields. Most of the papers and related discussions concentrated on the swelling behavior of hydrogels and chemomechanical systems, both artificial and naturally occurring, in which external stimuli of a physical or chemical nature control energy transformation or signal transduction. The recent great interest in chemomechanical systems based on polymer gels has stimulated considerable effort towards the development of new sensors and actuators, controllable membrane separation processes, and delivery systems in which the functions of sensing, processing and actuation are all built into the polymeric network device. Artificial chemomechanical systems, through the use of environmentally sensitive polymer gels, are emerging as interesting materials for mimicking basic processes previously only confined to the biological world, and commercially viable applications are also foreseen in the not-too-distant future

These volumes, 3 and 4, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics con stitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the frac ture mechanics of ceramics held at the Pennsylvania State Univer sity, University Park, PA on July 27, 28, and 29, 1977. Volumes 1 and 2 were published previously as the proceedings of a sympo sium of the same name held July 11, 12, and 13, 1973, also at Penn State. All four volumes published to date concentrate on the fracture aspects of the mechanical behavior of brittle'ceramics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial as sistance for the symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the Energy Research and Development Administration, and the Army Research Office. Without their support the quality and mag nitude of this conference simply would not have been possible. Numerous individuals contributedto the success of the con ference, but unfortunately they cannot all be listed here. However the program chairmen would especially like to recognize the contri butions of Penn State Conference Coordinator, Mr. Ronald Avillion, whose expertise in planning and organization was indispensable; Dr. Fred R. Matson for his interesting after dinner speech; and Drs. A. M. Diness, J. C. Hurt, and D. W. Readey for their en couragement and valuable suggestions regarding the program. Finally, we wish to also thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these proceedings to press."

The goal of this monograph is to summarize the different quantum mechanical methods developed in the last 20 years to treat the electronic structure of polymers. Owing to the nature of the problem, these methods consist of a mixture of quantum-chemical and solid-state physical tech niques. The theory described in Part I treats, besides the Hartree-Fock problem, the. electron correlation, and it has also been developed for disordered polymeric systems. Though for obvious reasons the book could not include all the existing calculations, each new method des cribed is illustrated by a few applications, with a discussion of the numerical results obtained. Far more details see the Introduction to Part I. The second part contains the theoretical calculation of different properties of polymers based on the methods systematically introduced in the first part. The properties calculated include the electronic and vibrational spectra of polymers, and the computation of their transport, magnetic, and mechanical properties. In cases where reliable ex perimental data are available, the theoretical results are compared with them."

The growing public concern about environmental matters has prompted widespread discussion in the media. Unfortunately much of this public debate has been characterized more by ardour than by information, and often the wildest speculations are pro mulgated with the same appearance of veracity as hard scientific facts. It is an important, and often neglected, duty of scientific societies to make sure that the public is properly informed regard ing the technical aspects of matters of public interest, and to assure that policy decisions of governmental and other agencies are made with due regard to the scientific and technical facts, so far as they are ascertainable. For a variety of reasons, not all of which are related to the magnitude of the problems, a great deal of public attention has been focused on the environmental aspect s of the chemical industry. Because of this the American Chemical Society has wisely decided to sponsor a number of symposia at national scientific meetings where these issues can be raised and information supplied regarding their technical and scientific aspects."

These volumes, 3 and 4, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics con stitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the frac ture mechanics of ceramics held at the Pennsylvania State Univer sity, University Park, PA on July 27, 28, and 29, 1977. Volumes 1 and 2 were published previously as the proceedings of a sympo sium of the same name held July 11, 12, and 13, 1973, also at Penn State. All four volumes published to date concentrate on the fracture aspects of the mechanical behavior of brittle ceramics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial as sistance for the symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the Energy Research and Development Administration, and the Army Research Office. Without their support the quality and mag nitude of this conference simply would not have been possible. Numerous individuals contributed to the success of the con ference, but unfortunately they cannot all be listed here. However the program chairmen would especially like to recognize the contri butions of Penn State Conference Coordinator, Mr. Ronald Avillion, whose expertise in planning and organization was indispensable; Dr. Fred R. Matson for his interesting after dinner speech; and Drs. A. M. Diness, J. C. Hurt, and D. W. Readey for their en couragement and valuable suggestions regarding the program. Finally, we wish to also thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these proceedings to press."

The first edition of this book (1958) described an analytical situation which had existed for a number of years for maintaining quality control on vulcanizates of natural rubber although the situation had recently been disturbed by the introduction of a range of synthetic rubbers which required identification and quantitative estimation. For the former purpose 'wet' chemistry, based on various imperfectly understood organic reactions, was pressed into service. Alongside this was the first introduction of instrumental analysis, using the infrared spectra of either the polymers or, more usually, their pyrolytic products to 'fingerprint' the material. The identification of a range of organic accelerators, antioxidants and their derivatives which had been intro duced during the 1920s and 30s was, in the first edition, dealt with by a combination of column chromatography and infrared spectroscopy or by paper chromatography. Quantitative procedures were, however, still classical in the tradition of gravimetric or volumetric assays with an initially weighed sample yielding, after chemical manipulation, a carefully precipitated, dried and weighed end product, or a solution of known composition whose weight or titre, as a percentage of the initial sample, quantified the function being determined. The second edition of this work (1968) consolidated the newer techni ques which had been introduced in the first without adding to them although, in other applications of analytical chemistry, instrumental analysis had already brought about a transformation in laboratory practice."

In a way the MOTECC-89 project started in the early sixties at the IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California. The six years of post-doctoral research, first with Giulio Natta on conductive polymers, with Michael Kasha on spin-orbit effects, with Kenneth S. Pitzer on high temperature molecules and thermo dynamics and with R. S. Mulliken in the quantum chemistry of small molecules had demonstrated pragmatically the importance of a broad-based research and also let me taste some of the excitement to be derived from interdisciplinarity. Thus when I started to gather a department in the newly opened IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California, I purposely named it "Large Scale Scientific Computation Department," avoiding reference to chemistry, physics, statistical mechanics or fluid dynamics, which were our main tasks. In the sixties interdisciplinarity was more and more recognized as a most important if not nec essary avenue to cope with the technical needs of our society. However, at that time interdisciplinarity was synonymous with "team work," and true interdisciplinarity was a formidably difficult objective. Although I headed an excellent group of scientists with different backgrounds and there was much progress and creativity, still each one of us was more or less conducting his own research in his own field with occasional cross-field partnerships and with some of the computational techniques as our common base. Later, in 1974, I made a second attempt, this time starting a new department at the Donegani Institute, Montedison, in Novara, Italy."

Alloy is a term commonly associated with metals and implies a composite which may be sinqle phase (solid solution) or heterophase. Whichever the case, metallic alloys generally exist because they exhibit improved properties over the base metal. There are numer ous types of metallic alloys, including interstitial solid solutions, substitutional solid solutions, and multiphase combinations of these with intermetallic compounds, valency compounds, electron compounds, etc. A similar situation exists with polymers. There are numerous types of composites, or "alloys" of polymers in existence today with new ones being created continuously. Polyblends are simple physical mixtures of the constituent polymers with no covalent bonds occuring between them. As with metals, these may be homogeneous (single phase) solid solytions or heterogeneous (multiple phase) mixtures. With polymers, the latter case is by far the most prevalent situation due to the thermodynamic incompatibility of most polymers. This is due to the relatively small gain in entropy upon mixing the polymers due to contiguity restrictions imposed by their large chain length."

The biological and biomedical applications of polymeric materials have increased greatly in the past few years. This book will detail some, but not all, of these recent developments. There would not be enough space in this book to cover, even lightly, all of the major advances that have occurred. Some earlier books and summaries are available by two of this book's Editors (Gebelein & Carraher) and these should be consul ted for additional information. The books are: "Bioactive Polymeric Systems" (Plenum, 1985); "Polymeric Materials In Medication" (Plenum, 1985); "Biological Acti vi ties of Polymers" (American Chemical Society, 1982). Of these three, "Bioacti ve Polymeric Systems" should be the most useful to a person who is new to this field because it only contains review articles written at an introductory level. The present book primarily consists of recent research results and applications, with only a few review or summary articles. Bioactive polymeric materials have existed from the creation of life itself. Many firmly believe that life could not even exist unless poly meric materials are used to form the basic building blocks. Although this assumption can not be rigorously proven, it is a fact that most, if not all, of the major biochemical pathways involve polymeric species, such as the proteins (including enzymes), polysaccharides and nucleic acids."

Both an introductory course to broadband dielectric spectroscopy and a monograph describing recent dielectric contributions to current topics, this book is the first to cover the topic and has been hotly awaited by the scientific community.

Modular Chemistry: the First Steps In recent years, there has been increasing interest among chemists, physicists, materials scientists, biologists, engineers, and others in the assembly of well defmed, relatively large functional structures from repetitive units that themselves are molecules of some complexity. Using the dictionary defmition of a module (a detachable section, compartment, or unit with a specific purpose or function, and in electronics, a compact assembly functioning as a component of a larger unit) [1], we feel that this newly emerging field of endeavor could be called "modular chemistry" [2]. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Modular Chemistry that was held on September 9 to 12, 1995, at Aspen Lodge near Estes Park, Colorado, was meant to bring together prominent contributors to modular chemistry as it is being born, and to examine the associated birth pangs. It was concluded that although real, these are not nearly as bad as giving birth to a hedgehog tail first, and that the ultimate rewards were likely to be far more satisfying in terms of new ideas and enabling methodology. The level of excitement about the possibilities that are opening up for modular chemists, and also the challenge involved, are perhaps best documented by noting that the planned discussion periods at the workshop were as long as the oral presentation periods, and yet, each discussion ran over the allocated time.

The study of the electrical properties of polymers constitutes a substantial fraction of the total research interest in macro molecular behavior. Because of the increasing attention now being paid to theoretical and experimental aspects of the phenomena encountered, a symposium focusing particularly on dielectric behavior was held at the l6lst National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Los Angeles, California, March, 1971. The authoritative papers in this volume were all presented at this symposium, which was sponsored by the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society. An obvious advantage of such a collection is that it keep together closely related material which would otherwise tend to be dispersed amongst different journals; a further factor of which most authors represented here have taken advantage is that it gives an opportunity to present research in less attenuated form than is now normally possible in journals. I wish to thank all the authors for their uniformly excellent contributions and for their cooperation in the publication of this volume. Thanks are also due to Dr. S. Matsuoka for chairing one of the sessions at the symposium. September, 1971 Frank E. Karasz v LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS B. Baysal, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire Richard H. Boyd, Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah M. G. Broadhurst, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C."

The International Winter School on Electronic Properties of Polymers and Re- lated Compounds, held March 11-18, 1989, in Kirchberg (Austria), was a sequel to two meetings on similar subjects held there two and four years be- fore. The 1989 winter school was again organized in cooperation with the "Bundesministerium flir Wissenschaft und Forschung" in Austria, and with the "Bundesministerium fUr Forschung und Technologie" in the Federal Republic of Germany. The basic idea of the meeting was to provide an opportunity for experienced scientists from universities and industry to discuss their most recent results and for students and young scientists to become familiar with the present status of research and applications in the field. Like the previous winter schools, this one concentrated on the electronic structure and application potentialities of polymers. A purely tutorial contribu- tion on high-temperature supercondutors was included. Special attention was paid this time to our present theoretical understanding of the electronic struc- ture of polymers in general, the role of disorder and the nature of the doping process in particular. Accordingly, two discussion meetings were held on the stability of quasiparticles in conjugated polymers and on the thermochromic phase transition in alkylated thiophenes. As a general result, disorder and con- jugation length were recognized as fundamental properties, not only for the stability of the quasiparticles but also for linear and nonlinear optics, transport, phototransport, magnetic properties, lattice dynamics, etc.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which has evolved only within the last 20 years, has become one of the very important tools in chemistry and physics. The literature on its theory and application has grown immensely and a comprehensive and adequate treatment of all branches by one author, or even by several, becomes increasingly difficult. This series is planned to present articles written by experts working in various fields of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and will contain review articles as well as progress reports and original work. Its main aim, however, is to fill a gap, existing in literature, by publishing articles written by specialists, which take the reader from the introductory stage to the latest development in the field. The editors are grateful to the authors for the time and effort spent in writing the articles, and for their invaluable cooperation. The papers presented here are condensed versions of the main contributions to the 7th Colloquium on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, which was made possible by the generous support of the Freunde der Aachener Hoch schule (FAHO). The RWTH is indebted to the FAHO and to all the participants who contributed to the success of the Colloquium."

The 1992 Chinese Peptide Symposium was held at Hangzhou, China on November 3--6, 1992 with 152 participants, including 46 from abroad, representing 10 countries. The three days conference was both intense and spiritually rewarding. The Biennial Chinese Peptide Symposium was aimed to provide a forum for advancing the exchange of knowledge, cooperation and friendship between the international and Chinese scientific communities. In order to exchange ideas and review the latest progress in depth, the scientific sessions were held at the mornings and evenings, while afternoons were devoted to social interaction and sightseeing of the unparalleled beauty of Westlake. For realizing the goal to catch up with a fast evolving and fascinating field, the Program Committee arranged eight sessions with 45 oral presentations and 72 posters on topics relating to peptide conformation, design, hormone and bioactive peptides, neuropeptides, recognition, synthesis and methodology in the Symposium and selected 94 articles for publication in this proceedings. As an organizer I was greatly encouraged by the active response of invited speakers and moved by enthusiastic cooperation and excellent contributions which led to the great success of the Symposium, since their presentations were of high quality and represented the latest advances in all aspects of peptide chemistry and peptide biology. Many authors concentrated their attention to a great challenge which peptide chemists have nowadays to face, i. e.

To the biochemist, water is, of course, the only solvent worthy of consideration, because natural macromolecules exhibit their remarkable conformational properties only in aqueous media. Probably because of these remarkable properties, biochemists do not tend to regard proteins, nucleotides and polysaccharides as polymers in the way that real polymer scientists regard methyl methacrylate and polyethylene. The laws of polymer statistics hardly apply to native biopolymers. Between these two powerful camps, lies the No-man's land of water soluble synthetic polymers: here, we must also include natural polymers which have been chemically modified. The scientific literature of these compounds is characterized by a large number of patents, which is usually a sign of little basic understanding, of 'know-how' rather than of 'know-why'. Many of the physical properties of such aqueous solutions are intriguing: the polymer may be completely miscible with water, and yet water is a 'poor' solvent, in terms of polymer parlance. ~kiny of the polymers form thermorever sible gels on heating or cooling. The phenomena of exothermic mixing and salting-in are common features of such systems: neither can be fully explained by the available theories. Finally, the eccentric behaviour of polyelectrolytes is well documented. Despite the lack of a sound physico-chemical foundation there is a general awareness of the importance of water soluble vinyl, acrylic, polyether, starch and cellulose derivatives, as witnessed again by ~he vast patent literature.

Microbes are known to live in an enormous range of environments. Their ability to survive and proliferate in diverse industrial systems is often a surprise to those not exposed to these problems in their work. These systems contain a range of potential carbon sources, one common theme being surfactants. Surfactants are often not the components most prone to spoilage since some systems contain highly susceptible natural components, such as starch and xanthum gum, but the surfactant is a key part of the formulation, and its extensive breakdown usually means that the material is beyond recovery. The aim of this book is to describe in detail all aspects of the preservation of surfactant containing materials. The book should be viewed as being in three discrete sections. * chapters 1-5 deal with and summarise essential background information * chapters 6-11 discuss in detail various end use applications * chapters 12-15 outline the regulatory and toxicology implication associated with the safe handling of preservatives Given the format of the book there is inevitably some duplication of information in the middle section with different authors describing essentially the same phenomena but on different substrates. I hope the reader will find that although different chapters touch on the same topics the information around these areas is sufficiently different to justify their inclusion in this book and to be of interest. It should also demonstrate what can be the most useful source of information, the hard practical experience of the authors.

Materials that can mold the ?ow of elastic waves of certain energy in certain directions are called phononic materials. The present thesis deals essentially with such phononic systems, which are structured in the mesoscale (\1 lm), and with their individual components. Such systems show interesting phononic properties in the hypersonic region, i.e., at frequencies in the GHz range. It is shown that colloidal systems are excellent model systems for the realization of such phononic materials. Therefore, different structures and particle architectures are investigated by Brillouin light scattering, the inelastic scattering of light by phonons. Both the mechanical properties of the individual colloidal particles, which manifest in their resonance vibrations (eigenmodes), as well as the acoustic propagation in colloidal structures have been investigated. The measurement of the eigenmodes allows for new insights into physical properties at the mesoscale, e.g., con?nement effects, copolymer behavior, or the non-destructive determination of nanomechanical properties of core-shell particles, supporting the working groups aim to achieve a deeper understanding of 'soft mechanics' at small length scales. Another novel contribution assigned to this thesis is the ?rst experimental rea- zation of a phononic band gap arising from the interaction of these particle - genmodes with the effective medium band (hybridization gap). This ?nding already gave new impulses to the whole ?eld of phononics.

Keynote and lectures from invited speakers given at the Se- cond Pacific Polymer Conference in Otsu, Japan, are collec- ted in this book. Eminent Polymer Scientists from both aca- demic and industrial fields around the Pacific Basin contri- buted on the following topics: - Polymer Synthesisand Ractions - Polymer Characterization - Structure-Property-Relationships - High Performance Polymers - Bio-Related Polymers With contributions by H.R. Allcock, R.G. Davidson, T. Inoue, Y.H. Kim, E.A. McCullough, J.E. McGrath, G.F. Meijs, T. Nishi, Y.Nishida, I. Noda, R.M. Nowak, M. Okamoto, R.E. Prud'homme, J.P. Riggs, D.N. Schulz, D.H. Solomon, J. Sunamoto, M. Takayanagi, a.o.

Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused stimulants and together with amphetamine has led to serious social problems. Numerous papers in the fields of medicine, toxicology, pharmacology, sociology, etc. have appeared. In Japan for example about 20,000 to 22,000 persons have been arrested in recent years on suspicion of abuse, smuggling or illegal manufacture of drugs. In other countries, stimulant drugs also present social problems and efforts have been directed toward prevention. Although marked development of analytical techniques in the field of forensic sciences has been achieved, there is a need for a continuous review of recent advances. A review of studies on methamphetamine has therefore been made from the standpoint of forensic toxicology and legal medicine. Attention has been directed to biological samples because analyses and interpretation for the purpose of t.oxicological and As a detailed survey on abuse drugs involving clinical practice are important. 1 methamphetamine and amphetamine has been made by Fishbein and covered the time before 1980, we refer only to data and events appearing after 1980.

Tradi tionally, the International lTV - Conferences on Biomate rials are focussing on problems in Biomedical Engineering, problems, which are still unsolved, of main interest, and which are of interdisciplinary character. In 1983, the Division of Biomedical Engineering of the Institute of Textile Technology and Chemical Engineering, Denkendorf, started wi th a conference about the use of polyurethanes in biomedicine. Three years later, . in 1986, progress in development and use of polyurethanes was selected as conference topic. It had to be realized that degradation problems were still dominating the discussions. The main discussion topics were: What are the causes for the degradation? How can one prevent them? What are the degradation products, and do they affect the human body? How can one simu late the degradation? How can one accelerate the in vitro tests and how can the results predict the in vivo behaviour of the material? How do in vitro tests correlate with animal tests and the behaviour in the human body? At the third conference in 1989, the speakers focused on the use of textiles in medicine. Again the problem of degradation was discussed intensively and demonstrated by the failure of textile implants, the degradation of aramide polymers or the degradation of resorbable suture materials. The examples make clear, that degradation may be a desired or undesired property of an implant."

Modern polymer materials are designed by applying principles of correlation between chemical structure, physical macrostructure and technological properties. Fundamentals of polymer physics are explained in this book without excessive use of calculations. Four main sections treat relaxation of polymers, melting and crystallization, the mechanism of deformation in thermoplastics, elastomers and multiphase systems, and thermodynamics of mixing and swelling of polymers and polymer networks. The book presents the theoretical models of polymer physics in a comprehensive style and relates their applicability to real polymer systems in terms of the available experimental observations.

These volumes constitute the Proceedings of a Symposium ort the Fracture Mechanics of Cerarnics, held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11, 12, and 13, 1973. The theme of the symposium focussed on the mechanical behavior of brittle cerarnics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The 52 contributed papers by 87 authors, present an overview of the cur rent understanding of the theory and application of fracture mechan ics to brittle cerarnics. The prograrn chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsyl vania State University, the Materials Research Center of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvana and Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Special appreciation is extended to the expert organization provided by the J. Orvis Keller Conference Center of the Pennsyl vania State Conference Center of the Pennsylvania State University. In particular, Mrs. Patricia Ewing should be acknowledged for the excellent prograrn organization and planning. Dean Harold J. O'Brien, who was featured as the after-dinner speaker and who presented a most stimulating talk on the cornrnunication between people, also contrib uted to the success of the meeting. Finally, we also wish to thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these Proceedings to press. University Park R. C. Bradt Bethlehem D. P. H. Hasseiman Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. F. Lange July, 1973 v CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 Contents of Volume 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This volume contains a series of papers originally presented at the symposium on Water Soluble Polymers: Solution Properties and Applications, sponsored by the Division of Colloids and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. The symposium took place in Las Vegas City, Nevada on 9 to 11th September, 1997 at the 214th American Chemical Society National Meeting. Recognized experts in their - spective fields were invited to speak. There was a strong attendance from academia, g- ernment, and industrial research centers. The purpose of the symposium was to present and discuss recent developments in the solution properties of water soluble polymers and their applications in aqueous systems. Water soluble polymers find applications in a number of fields of which the following may be worth mentioning: cosmetics, detergent, oral care, industrial water treatment, g- thermal, wastewater treatment, water purification and reuse, pulp and paper production, sugar refining, and many more. Moreover, water soluble polymers play vital role in the oil industry, especially in enhanced oil recovery. Water soluble polymers are also used in ag- culture and controlled release pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, a fundamental kno- edge of solution properties of these polymers is essential for most industrial scientists. An understanding of the basic phenomena involved in the application of these polymers, such as adsorption and interaction with different substrates (i. e. , tooth enamel, hair, reverse - mosis membrane, heat exchanger surfaces, etc. ) is of vital importance in developing high performance formulations for achieving optimum efficiency of the system.