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Books > Science & Mathematics > Chemistry > Organic chemistry > Polymer chemistry
A. Grosberg, S. Nechaev Polymer Topology H.-W. Kammer, J. Kressler,
C. Kummerloewe Phase Behavior of Polymer Blends - Effects of
Thermodynamics and Rheology B. Hammouda Sans from Homogeneous
Polymer Mixtures: A Unified Overview E.T. Kang, K.G. Neoh, K.L. Tan
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Electroactive Polymers
Soft matter and biological systems pose many challenges for
theoretical, experimental and computational research. From the
computational point of view, these many-body systems cover
variations in relevant time and length scales over many orders of
magnitude. Indeed, the macroscopic properties of materials and
complex fluids are ultimately to be deduced from the dynamics of
the microsopic, molecular level. In these lectures, internationally
renowned experts offer a tutorial presentation of novel approaches
for bridging these space and time scales in realistic simulations.
This volume addresses graduate students and nonspecialist
researchers from related areas seeking a high-level but accessible
introduction to the state of the art in soft matter
simulations.
Thepolymerizationofole nsanddi-ole nsisoneofthemostimportanttargets
inpolymerscience.Thisreviewarticledescribesrecentprogressinthis
eldand deals with organo-transition metal complexes as
polymerization catalysts. - cent developments in organometallic
chemistry have prompted us to nd a precise description of the
mechanism of propagation, chain transfer, and
terminationstepsinthehomogeneouslymetal-assistedpolymerizationofole
ns anddiole
ns.Thus,thisdevelopmentprovidesanideafordesigninganycatalyst
systems that are of interest in industry. Recently,the agostic
interactionofalkylgroup(s)ontransitionmetalshas emerged as highly
basic and new concept and is found to be important in
understandingthemechanismofthemetal-catalyzedhomogeneousoligomer-
ation and polymerization of a-ole ns. Early transition metal alkyl
complexes generallyhavepartiallyionicM-C
bondsandshowa-agostichydrogeninter- tion that somewhat stabilizes
the catalytically active species by providing el-
tronsatavacantsite onthe metal.Thisisinsharp
contrasttothefactthatlate transition metal alkyl complexes show
mainly b-agostic hydrogen interaction that causes the hydrogen
transfer easily through b-hydrogen elimination and reductive
elimination, and that gives rise to the oligomerization of ole ns.
Organometalliccomplexesoftheearlyandlatetransitionmetalshavebeenused
as catalysts for ole n oligomerization and polymerization. The
mechanism involved in these catalyst systems depends very much upon
the kind of metal
centersaswellastheirco-ligands,andthusthedi?erentmechanismswhichcan
bedistinguishedbydetailedinvestigationsshouldbeassumedforearlyandlate
transition metal catalysts. In this contribution, we review the
mechanism of polymerization and oligomerization involving early
transition metals, taking as our basis recent
resultsinadvancedorganometallicchemistry.Firstofall,somerecentexamples
of the previous reviews concerning the Ziegler-Natta polymerization
are cited [1-10]. Then, relevant new reports are surveyed in a
systematic fashion.
The liquid crystalline state may be identified as a distinct and
unique state of matter which is characterised by properties which
resembles those of both solids and liquids. It was first recognised
in the middle of the last century through the study of nerve myelin
and derivatives of cholesterol. The research in the area really
gathered momentum, however, when as a result of the pioneering work
of Gray in the early 1970's organic compounds showing liquid
crystalline properties were shown to be suitable to form the basis
of display devices in the electronic products. The study of liquid
crystals is truly multidisciplinary and has attached the attention
of physicists, biologists, chemists, mathematicians and electronics
engineers. It is therefore impossible to cover all these aspects
fully in two small volumes and therefore it was decided in view of
the overall title of the series to concentrate on the structural
and bonding aspects of the subject. The Chapters presented in these
two volumes have been organised to cover the following fundamental
aspects of the subject. The calculation of the structures of liquid
crystals, an account of their dynamical properties and a discussion
of computer simulations of liquid crystalline phases formed by Gay
Berne mesogens. The relationships between molecular conformation
and packing are analysed in some detail. The crystal structures of
liquid crystal mesogens and the importance of their X ray
scattering properties for characterisational purposes are
discussed.
The Fifth Chinese Peptide Symposium, hosted by Lanzhou University,
was held at Lanzhou, China July 14-17, 1998, with 156 participants,
including 30 scientists from abroad, representing nine countries.
The four-day conference was both intense and spiritually rewarding.
Our goal for CPS-98 was to provide a forum for the exchange of
knowledge, cooperation and friendship between the international and
Chinese scientific communities, and we believe this goal was met.
The symposium consisted of 8 sessions with 42 oral and 90 poster
presentations, including synthetic methods, molecular diversity and
peptide libraries, structure and conformation of peptides and
proteins, bioactive peptides, peptide immunology, De Novo design
and synthesis of proteins and peptides, ligand-receptor
interactions, the chemistry-biology-interface and challenging
problems in peptides. The enthusiastic cooperation and excellent
contributions were gratifying and the active response of the
invited speakers contributed to the success of the symposium. The
presentations were of excellent caliber and represented the most
current and significant aspects of peptide science. Dr. Kit Lam of
the University of Arizona and Dr. Yun-Hua Ye of Peking University
were the recipients of "The Cathay Award" sponsored by the H. H.
Liu Education Foundation, offered for their seminal contribution in
peptide science and the Chinese Peptide Symposium. Four outstanding
young scientists were selected by the organizing committee to
receive awards sponsored by Haikou Nanhai Pharmaceutical Industry
Co. Ltd. (Zhong He Group).
Holographic Interferometry provides a valuable and up-to-date
source of information in the rapidly expanding field. The eight
specialists` contributions cover the principles and methods
currently in use. The scope of the book has been limited to the
study of opaque object and ample space has been devoted to a
comprehensive treatment of the phenomena of fringe formation, with
a particular emphasis on the quantitative evaluation of the
holographic interference fringe patterns. The emergence of
computer-aided fringe analysis and phase-shifting techniques have
simplified considerably the quantative real-time measurements of
object shapes and deformations. The last two chapters provide a
reasonably detailedoverview of full-field holographic methods for
the measurement of shapes, displacements, dervatives, difference
displacements and vibrations.
Pt. A: NMR and other Spectroscopic Methods. Pt. B: Mechanical
Methods
This book is derived from a Symposium held at the 190th National
American Chemical Society Meeting, which was held in the Fall of
1985, in Chicago, and was sponsored by the Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering. This Symposium was, in turn,
a follow-up on an earlier one held in Houston, TX, in the Spring of
1980, which was pub lished as the book *Biomedical and Dental
Applications of Polymers* [Plenum Press, New York, 1981]. In that
earlier book, our opening Preface passage quoted King David, *1
will praise Thee; for I am fearfully and made . ** * (Psalm
139:14). As we noted five years ago, sickness wonderfully of many
types does occur in our wonderfully made bodies, but much human
suffering can be aided by biomedical polymers. That earlier book
con sidered much of the fantastic progress that had been made in
biomedical polymers during the previous quarter century and brought
many of these topics up to date. That Symposium, and book, noted
that much help was available for the varied afflictions and
problems that sometimes beset, and upset, our God-given bodies, and
the promise of new and important advances was held out as a shining
ray of hope amidst the gloom of sickness and affliction. The
present volume is an update on the advances that have occurred
since the 1981 book and sets the stage for even greater advances in
the future.
Natural products like wool, leather or cotton are permeable to
water vapor. Their complex fibrous structure makes it difficult to
imitate this natural phenomenon by synthesis. This book discusses
ways to obtain water vapor permeability by microporosity or through
a hydrophilic structure. Various areas of application include the
medical sector for implants and dialysis, the industrial sector for
filtration or for processes requiring the slow release of
substances, and the consumer sector for leather substitutes or
performance textiles.
Erik Wischerhoff, Nezha Badi, Andre Laschewsky and Jean-Francois
Lutz Smart Polymer Surfaces: Concepts and Applications in
Biosciences; S. Petersen, M. Gattermayer and M. Biesalski Hold on
at the Right Spot: Bioactive Surfaces for the Design of Live-Cell
Micropatterns; Julien Polleux Interfacing Cell Surface Receptors to
Hybrid Nanopatterned Surfaces: A Molecular Approach for Dissecting
the Adhesion Machinery; Abigail Pulsipher and Muhammad N. Yousaf
Self-Assembled Monolayers as Dynamic Model Substrates for Cell
Biology; D. Volodkin, A. Skirtach and H. Moehwald LbL Films as
Reservoirs for Bioactive Molecules; R. Gentsch and H. G. Boerner
Designing Three-Dimensional Materials at the Interface to Biology;
Joerg C. Tiller Antimicrobial Surfaces;
The International Symposium on Colloid and Polymer Science was held
at Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan, in October 1996.
The program covered both the fundamental aspects as well as
technological applications of micelles, microemulsions, monolayers,
and biocolloids. Special emphasis was placed on formation and
dynamics of self-organized structures, including technical
developments, applications, general theory, and results of
investigations.
In a liquid crystal watch, the molecules contained within a thin
film of the screen are reorientated each second by extremely weak
electrical signals. Here is a fine example of soft matter:
molecular systems giving a strong response to a very weak command
signal. They can be found almost everywhere. Soft magnetic
materials used in transformers exhibit a strong magnetic moment
under the action of a weak magnetic field. Take a completely
different domain: gelatin, formed from col lagen fibres dissolved
in hot water. When we cool below 37 DegreesC, gelation occurs, the
chains joining up at various points to form a loose and highly
deformable network. This is a natural example of soft matter. Going
further, rather than consider a whole network, we could take a
single chain of flexible polymer, such as polyoxyethylene [POE =
(CH CH O)N, 2 2 5 where N rv 10 ], for example, in water. Such a
chain is fragile and may break under flow. Even though hydrodynamic
forces are very weak on the molecular scale, their cumulated effect
may be significant. Think of a rope pulled from both ends by two
groups of children. Even if each girl and boy cannot pull very
hard, the rope can be broken when there are enough children
pulling.
Printed Organic And Molecular Electronics was compiled to create a
reference that included existing knowledge from the most renowned
industry, academic, and government experts in the fields of organic
semiconductor technology, graphic arts printing, micro-contact
printing, and molecular electronics. It is divided into sections
that consist of the most critical topics required for one to
develop a strong understanding of the states of these technologies
and the paths for taking them from R&D to the hands of
consumers on a massive scale. As such, the book provides both
theory as well as technology development results and trends.
The 27th Europhysics Conference on Macromolecular Physics focused
on applications of scattering methods to the dynamics of polymer
dense systems and covered Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering and photon
correlation spectroscopy, quasi-elastic neutron scattering,
holographic methods, real time X-ray and neutron scattering
techniques as well as the treatment of theoretical models and
computer simulations of polymer dynamics.
This sourcebook is the detailed review of the chemistry,
manufacturing processes, and uses of resorcinol and its
derivatives. Citing over 1,900 references, the author clearly
explains the chemical s complex development, discussing the many
tests, techniques, and instruments used.
Striking a balance between the scientific and technological aspects
of radiation curing, this work includes both a summary of current
knowledge as well as many chapters which present the first
comprehensive accounts of their subjects.
The investigative assault upon the enigmatic asphaltenes has
recently resulted in sig nificant advances in many varied
disciplines. Taken individually, each discipline exposes certain
facets of asphaltenes, but each, alone, can never reveal
asphaltenes from all van tages. Even seemingly narrowly focused
issues such as the molecular structures of asphal tenes, or the
colloidal structures of asphaltenes require a confluence of many
lines of investigation to yield an understanding which differs from
truth by diminishing uncer tainty. An holistic treatment of the
asphaltenes is a powerful approach to evolve further their
understanding. For example, examination of asphaltenes at the
highest resolution yields molecular structure. A slight increase in
scale probes asphaltene colloidal structure. Weaving together
asphaltene studies performed at different length scales results in
a fabric which envelops an encompassing vision of asphaltenes. At
the same time, the interfaces of these hierarchical studies provide
additional constraints on imagination, more than investi gations at
individual length scales alone. These considerations shaped the
timing, format, and the content of our book. The editors are very
appreciative of the diligence and hard work manifest in each of the
contributed chapters herein. We thank the contributing authors for
making this project a success. Oliver C. Mullins Eric Y. Sheu vii
CONTENTS I. Asphaltenes: Types and Sources
...................................... ."
The role of high pressure experiments in the discovery of supercon
ducting materials with a T. above liquid nitrogen temperature has
demon strated the importance of such experiments. The same role
holds true in the tailoring of materials for optoelectronic
devices. In addition, much progress has been made recently in the
search for metallic hydro gen, and the application of high pressure
in polymer research has brought forth interesting results. These
facts together with the suc cess of previous small size meetings
(such as the "First International Conference on the Physics of
Solids at High Pressure", held in 1965 in Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A.
; "High Pressure and Low Temperature Physics", held in 1977 in
Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. ; and "Physics of Solids Under High
Pressure", held in 1981 in bad Honnef, Germany), motivated us to
organize a workshop with emphasis on the newest results and trends
in these fields of high pressure research. Furthermore, it was
intended to mix experienced and young scien tists to realize an
idea best expressed in a letter by Prof. Weinstein: "I think it is
an excellent idea. I have often felt that the number of excellent
young researchers in the high pressure field need an opportu nity
to put forward their work with due recognition. " Thanks to the
support of the key speakers, we were able to achieve this goal and
had more than 50\ young participants.
Many chemical processes that are important to society take place at
boundaries between phases. Understanding these processes is
critical in order for them to be subject to human control. The
building of theoretical or computational models of them puts them
into a theoretical framework in terms of which the behavior of the
system can be understood on a detailed level. Theoretical and
computational models are often capable of giving descriptions of
interfacial phenomena that are more detailed, on a molecular level,
than can be obtained through experimental observation. Advances in
computer hardware have also made possible the treatment of larger
and chemically more interesting systems. The study of interfacial
phenomena is a multi-disciplinary endeavor which requires
collaboration and communication among researchers in different
fields and across different types of institutions. Because there
are many important problems in this field much effort is being
expended to understand these processes by industrial laboratories
as well as by groups at universities. Our conference titled
"Theoretical and Computational Approaches to Interface Phenomena"
held at South Dakota State University, August 2-4, 1993 brought
together over thirty scientists from industry and academia and
three countries in the western hemisphere to discuss the modeling
of interfacial phenomena.
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