This work is a collection of short reviews on membranes and transport. It portrays the field as a mosaic of bright little pieces, which are interesting in themselves but gain full signif icance when viewed as a whole. Traditional boundaries are set aside and biochemists, biophysicists, physiologists, and cell biologists enter into a natural discourse. The principal motivation of this work was to ease the problems of communication that arose from the explosive growth and interdisciplinary character of membrane research. In these volumes we hope to provide a readily available comprehensive source of critical information covering many of the exciting, recent developments on the structure, biosyn thesis, and function of biological membranes in microorganisms, animal cells, and plants. The 182 reviews contributed by leading authorities should enable experts to check up on recent developments in neighboring areas of research, allow teachers to organize material for membrane and transport courses, and give advanced students the opportunity to gain a broad view of the topic. Special attention was given to developments that are expected to open new areas of investigation. The result is a kaleidoscope of facts, viewpoints, theories, and techniques, which radiates the excitement of this important field. Publication of these status reports every few years should enable us to follow progress in an interesting and easygoing format. I am grateful to the authors, to Plenum Publishing Corporation, and to several of my colleagues for their thoughtful suggestions and enthusiastic cooperation, which made this work possible.

Polymeric Nanoparticles of Chitosan Derivatives as DNA and siRNA Carriers, by Y. K. Kim, H. L. Jiang, Y. J. Choi, I. K. Park, M. H. Cho and C. S. Cho.- Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Drug Delivery Perspective, by T. A. Sonia and C. P. Sharma.- Chitosan-based Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy, by V.-K. Lakshmanan, K. S. Snima, J. D. Bumgardner, S. V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar.- Chitosan and Thiolated Chitosan, by F. Sarti and A. Bernkop-Schnurch.- Chitosan-Based Particulate Systems for Non-Invasive Vaccine Delivery, by S. enel.- Multifunctional Chitosan Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging and Therapy, by J. Y. Yhee, Heebeom Koo, Dong Eun Lee, Kuiwon Choi, Ick Chan Kwon and Kwangmeyung Kim.- Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Drug Delivery, by H. Arami, Z. Stephen, O. Veiseh and M. Zhang.- Chitosan: Its Applications in Drug-Eluting Devices, by Mei -Chin Chen, Fwu -Long Mi, Zi -Xian Liao and Hsing -Wen Sung.-"

Polymeric Bionanocomposites as Promising Materials for Controlled Drug, by M. Prabaharan, R. Jayakumar; Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, by R. Riva, H. Ragelle, A. des Rieux, N. Duhem, C. Jerome, and V. Preat; Chitosan: A Promising Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, by P. K. Dutta, K. Rinki and J. Dutta; Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, by X. Liu, L. Ma, Z. Mao and C. Gao; Use of Chitosan as a Bioactive Implant Coating for Bone-Implant Applications, by M. R. Leedy, H. J. Martin, P. A. Norowski, J. A. Jennings, W. O. Haggard, and J.D. Bumgardner; New Techniques for Optimization of Surface Area and Porosity in Nanochitins and Nanochitosans, by R. A. A. Muzzarelli; Production, Properties and Applications of Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Glucan, by N. New, T. Furuike, and H. Tamura;"

Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing: With Applications in Powder Metallurgy, Ink, and Paint describes the major manufacturing processes, such as slip casting, tape casting, injection molding, etc. The book covers each subject, including the ceramic processes, organic chemical structures, polymers, colloid science and others, starting from fundamental principles, with many literature references for further reading. After the fundamentals, detailed case studies from industrial applications are described for the optimization of solvents, dispersants, binders, plasticizers, lubricants and some minor additives. A wide range of information is covered, beginning with fundamental equations for students, and extending to advanced applications for development workers and factory problem solvers. Shanefield undertook this ambitious task only because of the previous lack of resources that address the growing need for detailed information on organic additives for ceramics. Suitable for use as a textbook and as a reference source for working ceramists and chemists who wish to supply the ceramics industry with additives.

Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers contains extensive data on the most important curatives and crosslinkers in use today. Forty groups of curatives/crosslinkers are included in the book. They include the following chemical groups of additives: acids, acrylamides, aldehydes, amides, amidoamines, amines, anhydrides, aziridines, borates, epoxy-functionalized polymers, carbamides, carbodiimides, chitosan derivatives, cyanamides, diols, glutarates, glycols, graphene oxide derivatives, hydantoin glycols, hydrazides, hydroxides, hydroxyl-containing moieties, imidazoles, isocyanates, isocyanurates, ketimines, maleimides, melamines, novolacs, peroxides, peroxyketals, phenols, polyols, salts, silanes, siloxanes, thiols, titanates, and ziconium derivatives. In total, 416 additives are included in the book.Information on each additive is divided into five sections: General Information, covering name, CAS #, active matter, amine nitrogen, chemical class, cure schedule, and more, Physical Properties, covering odor, color, density, freezing point, gel time, particle size, thin film set time, and more, Health and Safety, covering autoignition temperature, dermal LD50, exposure limits, flash point, and more, Ecological Properties, covering toxicity to algae, bacteria, and fish, sewage treatment, and more, and Use and Performance, offering information on manufacturers, outstanding properties, and more. To improve navigation throughout the book, four indices have been generated, as follows. The index of curative names is placed at the beginning of the book. Indices of the chemical composition of curatives/crosslinkers, their application for different polymers, and product applications can be found at the end of this book.

Das Buch enthalt Kapitel uber: W.-M. Kulicke, M. Kotter, Hamburg; H. Grager, Celle, FRG: "Das Phanomen der " "Fliessverbesserung unter besonderer Berucksichtigung " "homogener Polymerlosungen" M. Andreis, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, J.L. Koenig: "Anwendung der NMR-Spektroskopie auf vernetzten " "Polymersystemen""

This book deals with the organic chemistry of polymers which find technological use as adhesives, fibres, paints, plastics and rubbers. For the most part, only polymers which are of commercial significance are considered and the primary aim of the book is to relate theoretical aspects to industrial practice. The book is mainly intended for use by students in technical institutions and universities who are specializing in polymer science and by graduates who require an introduction to this field. Several excellent books have recently appeared dealing with the physical chemistry of polymers but the organic chemistry of polymers has not received so much attention. In recognition of this situation and because the two aspects of polymer chemistry are often taught separately, this book deals specifically with organic chemistry and topics of physical chemistry have been omitted. Also, in this way the book has been kept to a reasonable size. This is not to say that integration of the two areas of polymer science is undesirable; on the contrary, it is of the utmost importance that the inter-relationship should b~ appreciated. I wish to record my thanks to my colleagues with whom I have had many helpful discussions, particularly Mrs S. L. Radchenko. I also thank Miss E. Friesen for obtaining many books and articles on my behalf and Mr H. Harms for encouragement and assistance. I am also grateful to Mrs M. Stevens who skilfully prepared the manuscript. Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Technology, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, K. J. S.

Silicon in Polymer Synthesis gives the first concise overview of silicon used for the synthesis and modification of polymers. The first section gives an introduction to the topic. The subsequent chapters detail the current status both from the basic research as well as from the industrial application points of view.

The policy adopted in Volume 1 of this series of including a relatively small number of topics for detailed review has been continued here. The techniques selected have received considerable attention in recent years. F or this reason and because of the significance of the characterisation data, further coverage of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering is given in the first two chapters. In Chapter I a large part of the review describes the determination of monomer sequence distributions and configurational sequences in copolymers formed from more than one polymerisable monomer. The review on neutron scattering (Chapter 2) is directed towards the determination of the chain conformation in semi-crystaIIine polymers, which has provided important results for the interpretation of chain folding and morphology in crystaIIisable polymers. Laser Raman spectroscopy has also been used for morphological studies, and this application together with a description of the theoretical and experimental aspects of the technique is given in Chapter 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy because of its extreme sensitivity to surface characteristics has provided information on polymeric solids that could not be obtained by other techniques. The principles and practice of this ESCA technique, including its use for simple elemental analysis, structural elucidation and depth profiling, are described in Chapter 4. The final two chapters are mainly concerned with the chain conformation of polymers in dilute solution. Ultrasonic techniques (Chapter 5) show pmmise for observing the dynamics of conformational changes.

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The proceedings of the Twenty-First University Conference on Ceramic Science held at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA on July 17, 18 and 19, 1985 are compiled in this volume "Tailoring Multiphase and Composite Ceramics." This Conference emphasized the' discussion and analysis of the properties of multiphase ceramic materials in which the microstructure is deliberately tailored for specific applications or properties. Inter nationally recognized authorities presented keynote and invited lectures on topics dealing with processing and fabrication of multiphase and com posite electroceramics, fiber reinforced composites and high temperature multiphase ceramics. Results of recent research were presented in oral and poster sessions by leading researchers from several countries. This collection of papers represents the state of the art in our understand ing of the processing-structure-property interrelationships for these materials which possess unique and useful electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and thermal properties as a result of their multiphase nature. We are grateful for the financial support of the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scien tific Research, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for this conference. We gratefully acknowledge Prof. Robert Davis' leader ship role in steering and expanding this university conference series on ceramic science. We thank Ron Avillion and Linda Rose for their expert assistance in planning and coordinating the meeting. Thanks are due to Ms. Marian Reed, Ms. Judy Bell and Ms."

Erik Wischerhoff, Nezha Badi, Andre Laschewsky and Jean-Francois Lutz Smart Polymer Surfaces: Concepts and Applications in Biosciences; S. Petersen, M. Gattermayer and M. Biesalski Hold on at the Right Spot: Bioactive Surfaces for the Design of Live-Cell Micropatterns; Julien Polleux Interfacing Cell Surface Receptors to Hybrid Nanopatterned Surfaces: A Molecular Approach for Dissecting the Adhesion Machinery; Abigail Pulsipher and Muhammad N. Yousaf Self-Assembled Monolayers as Dynamic Model Substrates for Cell Biology; D. Volodkin, A. Skirtach and H. Moehwald LbL Films as Reservoirs for Bioactive Molecules; R. Gentsch and H. G. Boerner Designing Three-Dimensional Materials at the Interface to Biology; Joerg C. Tiller Antimicrobial Surfaces;

Holographic Interferometry provides a valuable and up-to-date source of information in the rapidly expanding field. The eight specialists` contributions cover the principles and methods currently in use. The scope of the book has been limited to the study of opaque object and ample space has been devoted to a comprehensive treatment of the phenomena of fringe formation, with a particular emphasis on the quantitative evaluation of the holographic interference fringe patterns. The emergence of computer-aided fringe analysis and phase-shifting techniques have simplified considerably the quantative real-time measurements of object shapes and deformations. The last two chapters provide a reasonably detailedoverview of full-field holographic methods for the measurement of shapes, displacements, dervatives, difference displacements and vibrations.

PEO Unsaturated Macromonomers ................... 21 PEO Saturated Macromonomers ..................... 24 PEO Block and Graft Copolymers .................... 25 Dispersion Polymerization of PEO Macromonomers ......... 27 Copolymerization of PEO Macromonomers with Styrene ...... 27 Copolymerization of PEO Macromonomers with Alkyl Acrylates and Methacrylates .................... 33 Emulsion Polymerization of PEO Macromonomers ......... 34 Homopolymerization of PEO Macromonomers ............ 34 Copolymerization of PEO Macromonomers with Styrene ...... 39 Copolymerization of PEO Macromonomers with Other Comonomers ............................ 45 Polymerization of PEO Macromonomers in Other Disperse Systems .......................... 48 Conclusion ................................. 50 References ................................. 52 List of Abbreviations and Symbols A acrylic group second virial coefficient A2 AA acrylic acid AVA 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acide) AIBN 2,2'-azobiisobutyronitrile B A butyl acrylate BzMA benzyl methacrylate BMA butyl methacrylate CAC critical association concentration concentration of monomer in water cw concentration of polymer micelle concentration CMC critical CFC critical flocculation concentration CFT critical flocculation temperature chain length (CL) Radical Polymerization of Polyoxyethylene Macromonomers in Disperse Systems 3 methyl Cl t-butyl tC4 chain transfer constant to stabilizer cs chain transfer to solvent css chain transfer constant for transfer to polymeric stabilizer CSP D particle diameter DLS dynamic light scattering volume median diameter D50 final particle diameter " f DBP dibenzoyl peroxide number average degree of polymerization DPn diffusion coefficient of the radical in water " w overall activation energy EO activation energy for propagation E activation energy for termination E t activation energy for decomposition of initiator Ed EO ethylene oxide unit f initiator efficiency monomer feed composition fw graft available G a graft required G r HLB hydrofile-lipophile balance

The second edition of this textbook is identical with its fourth German edi tion and it thus has the same goals: precise definition of basic phenomena, a broad survey of the whole field, integrated representation of chemistry, physics, and technology, and a balanced treatment of facts and comprehen sion. The book thus intends to bridge the gap between the often oversimpli fied introductory textbooks and the highly specialized texts and monographs that cover only parts of macromolecular science. The text intends to survey the whole field of macromolecular science. Its organization results from the following considerations. The chemical structure of macromolecular compounds should be inde pendent of the method of synthesis, at least in the ideal case. Part I is thus concerned with the chemical and physical structure of polymers. Properties depend on structure. Solution properties are thus discussed in Part 11, solid state properties in Part Ill. There are other reasons for dis cussing properties before synthesis: For example, it is difficult to understand equilibrium polymerization without knowledge of solution thermodynamics, the gel effect without knowledge of the glass transition temperature, etc. Part IV treats the principles of macromolecular syntheses and reactions."

This second edition has been designed to monitor the progress in develop ment over the past few years and to build on the information given in the first edition. It has been extensively revised and updated. My thanks go to all who have contributed to this work. D.F.W. May 1996 Preface to the first edition This book is the result of a group of development scientists feeling that there was an urgent need for a reference work that would assist chemists in understanding the science involved in the development of new products. The approach is to inform in a way that allows and encourages the reader to develop his or her own creativity in working with marketing colleagues on the introduction of new products. Organised on a product category basis, emphasis is placed on formulation, selection of raw materials, and the technology of producing the products discussed. Performance considerations, safety, product liability and all aspects of quality are covered. Regulations governing the production and sale of cosmetic products internationally are described, and sources for updated information provided. Throughout the book, reference is made to consumer pressure and environmental issues-concerns which the development scientist and his or her marketing counterpart ignore at their own, and their employer's peril. In recent years, many cosmetic fragrances and toiletry products have been converted from aerosols to mechanically press uri sed products or sprays, and these are described along with foam products such as hair conditioning mousses."

the chapters contained in this volume. Chapters dealing with pillared clays char- acterization and testing have been included to illustrate the importance of mod- em characterization techniques and of test reactions in understanding the prop- erties of these materials. A special acknowledgment is made of the generous financial contribution from industrial sponsors, to the many colleagues who acted as referees and to the authors for the time and effort they gave to presenting their research at the symposium and in preparing the camera ready manuscripts. We would also like to thank Professors A. Clearfield, T. J. Pinnavaia, Z. Gabelica, H. Kessler, S. Yamanaka, and to Doctors G. W. Skeel and D. E. W. Vaughan for helping to chair the symposium. Mario L. Occelli Yorba Linda, CA Harry E. Robson Baton Rouge, LA Expanded Clays and Other Microporous Solids 1 APPROACHES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF SUPER GALLERY PILLARED CLAYS Thomas J. Pinnavaia, Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Recent advances in the design of microporous pillared solids with "supergallery" structures are discussed. Supergallery derivatives are defined as intercalates in which the interlayer thickness is substantially larger than the thickness of the host layer. Three general classes of hosts are considered, namely, 2:1 smectite clays,layered double hydroxides (LDHs) , and layered silicic acids.

Historical Overview of (Mini)emulsion Polymerizations and Preparation of Hybrid Latex Particles, by A.M. van Herk;
*
Physical Methods for the Preparation of Hybrid Nanocomposite Polymer Latex Particles, by R. F.A. Teixeira and S. A.F. Bon;
*
Organic/Inorganic Composite Latexes: The Marriage of Emulsion Polymerization and Inorganic Chemistry, by Elodie Bourgeat-Lami and Muriel Lansalot;
*
Preparation of Hybrid Latex Particles and Core Shell Particles Through the Use of Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques in Aqueous Media, by Bernadette Charleux, Franck D Agosto, and Guillaume Delaittre;
*
Miniemulsion Polymerization as a Means to Encapsulate Organic and Inorganic Materials, by Clemens K.Weiss and Katharina Landfester;
*
Organic Inorganic Hybrid Magnetic Latex, by Md Mahbubor Rahman and Abdelhamid Elaissari"

The chemistry of transition metal carbyne complexes has become a highly attractive field during the past twenty years. In recent years its application to aspects of catalysis and metathesis has gained considerable interest from inorganic as well as organic chemists. In addition, organic synthesis by means of metal carbon multiple bond reagents offers the most sophisticated technology currently available. In consideration of these developments some of Professor E. O. Fischer's former coworkers and colleagues felt obliged to orga nize this NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes in the Bavarian Alps. They have been encouraged by the fact that most of the distinguished scientists in the field of metal-carbon multiple bond chemistry had finally agreed to participate and to present stimulating lectures. The organizers of the workshop are deeply grateful to the Scientific Affairs Division of the NATO for the generous financial support of the meeting in Wildbad Kreuth and for the preparation of this book. They also feel indebted to acknowledge the generous support from Wacker-Chemie, BASF, Peroxid-Chemie, Hoechst and Bayer. Finally they thank the staff of the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung in Wildbad Kreuth for providing a pleasant and stimu lating atmosphere during the meeting."

This volume is comprised of most of the papers presented at a symposium held in Miami Beach during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society in September, 1978. In a sense, it is a sequel to the first ACS symposium held on this topic and published under the title "Polymer Colloids" in 1971 by Plenum Press. That volume contained 12 papers, whereas "Polymer Colloids II" contains 33, an indication of the magnitude of the growth of the field in less than a decade. Increased sophistication probably best characterizes the changes which have taken place, especially in the realm of instru mentation. Ten years ago techniques such as quasielastic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS - also known as ESCA), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), ultrasonic absorption spectroscopy and hydrodynamic exclusion chromatography (REC) were unavailable to the polymer colloid chemist. Recent advances in all of these methods are described in this volume. Although the book deals primarily with "synthetic latexes" or "emulsion polymers" as colloids, there are a number of papers which deal with their synthesis: particle nucleation in emulsion polymer ization, the synthesis of emulsifier-free polymer colloids using novel reagents, molecular weight distributions derived from the kinetics of emulsion polymerization, and anionically polymerized non-aqueous polymer colloids. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the swelling of latex particles by monomers is also dealt with here."