Dear Readers, Since the ground-breaking, Nobel-prize crowned work of Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa on molecularly doped polymers and polymers with an alternating bonding structure at the end of the 1970s, the academic and industrial research on hydrocarbon-based semiconducting materials and devices has made encouraging progress. The strengths of semiconducting polymers are currently mainly unfolding in cheap and easily assembled thin ?lm transistors, light emitting diodes, and organic solar cells. The use of so-called "plastic chips" ranges from lightweight, portable devices over large-area applications to gadgets demanding a degree of mechanical ?exibility, which would overstress conventionaldevices based on inorganic,perfect crystals. The ?eld of organic electronics has evolved quite dynamically during the last few years; thus consumer electronics based on molecular semiconductors has gained suf?cient market attractiveness to be launched by the major manufacturers in the recent past. Nonetheless, the numerous challenges related to organic device physics and the physics of ordered and disordered molecular solids are still the subjects of a cont- uing lively debate. The future of organic microelectronics will unavoidably lead to new devi- physical insights and hence to novel compounds and device architectures of - hanced complexity. Thus, the early evolution of predictive models and precise, computationally effective simulation tools for computer-aided analysis and design of promising device prototypes will be of crucial importance.

The concept for a treatise covering selected natural polymer systems was initiated during a national meeting in cell biology in 1978. The challenge to the editor was to organize a book dealing principally but not exclusively with cellulose. A brief background may help to provide the reader with information to understand the reasons for the specific selections within this volume. better During the past decade, we have witnessed significant changes in the sciences as well as the day-to-day life styles of our citizens. It will not be forgotten that during the early seventies, a significant change was to take many Americans by surprise. The oil embargo on The United States caused unexpected shortages of fuels. The long gasoline lines impressed in the minds of Americans that our energy-rich future with non-renewable resources is limited. The modelling of ecosystems, population growth, urban development, etc., have continued to raise our awareness that life on earth, including renewable resources, is indeed fragile. Contrary to popular belief, even wood and wood products are not limitless.

Investigation of the structure and function of biological molecules through spectroscopic methods is a field rich in revealing, clever techniques and demanding experiments. It is most gratifying to see that the basic concepts are applied to more and more complex systems, making feasible the study of the behaviour of whole systems in relation to molecular disturbances. The analytical potential of spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging enables species identification of bacteria and tissue recognition. Clear opportunities for in vivo applications become apparent in the medical field. The methods developed in biophysics start to generate spin-off in the direction of biotechnology, where in previous years we have seen this happen for biochemical techniques. New directions are manifest. Tools are being developed to investigate the behaviour of single molecules in interaction with their environment. Individual interactions can now be investigated and individual molecules in complexes can be visualized. Processes that were previously unobservable as a result of ensemble averaging can now be investigated on a single molecule level. Completely new information with regard to molecular behaviour is obtained in this way. The insights amaze us and the prospect that this development will continue is exciting. The 8th European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules is proud to have contributed to the dissemination of these new directions. This proceedings book is an appropriate reflection of the progress obtained so far in the spectroscopy of biological molecules.

The first edition was produced at a time when the advantages of studying oriented polymers were just becoming apparent. From a sci entific stand point it had been demonstrated that greater insight into both structure and properties could be obtained if an oriented polymer was prepared. From a technological viewpoint, major advances were under way, especially in high modulus and high strength fibres. Twenty years later, it is possible to review the scientific advances which have been made in this area and to provide much wider perspectives for the technology. As in the case of the first edition, the emphasis is on the methodologies available for characterizing oriented polymers and their mechanical behaviour. It is a particular pleasure to thank the contributing authors for their cooperation and Dr Philip Hastings of Chapman & Hall for his support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Professors A. H. Windle and D. C. Bassett for their respective contributions to sections 1. 3. 1 and 1. 3. 4. Although this chapter has been extensively revised, the contribution of the late Leslie Holliday to the first edition of this book is also acknowledged. Introduction 1 I. M. Ward 1. 1 THE PHENOMENON OF ORIENTATION Orientation in polymers is a phenomenon of great technical and theo retical importance. The word orientation itself conveys a number of ideas."

A molecular view on the fundamental issues in polymer physics is provided with an aim at students in chemistry, chemical engineering, condensed matter physics and material science courses. An updated translation by the author, a renowned Chinese chemist, it has been proven to be an effective source of learning for many years. Up-to-date developments are reflected throughout the work in this concise presentation of the topic. The author aims at presenting the subject in an efficient manner, which makes this particularly suitable for teaching polymer physics in settings where time is limited, without having to sacrifice the extensive scope that this topic demands.

This volume contains a series of papers originally presented at the Symposium on Polymer Gels organized and sponsored by the Research Group on Polymer Gels, The Society of Polymer Science of Japan and co-sponsored by the Science and Technology Agency (ST A) and MIT , Japan. The Symposium took place at Tsukuba Science City on 18th and 19th September, 1989. Recognized experts in their fields were invited to speak and there was a strong attendance from government, academic and industrial research centers. The purpose of the Symposium was to review the state of the art and to present and discuss recent progress in the understanding of the behavioral properties of polymer gels and their application to biomedical, environmental and robotic fields. Most of the papers and related discussions concentrated on the swelling behavior of hydrogels and chemomechanical systems, both artificial and naturally occurring, in which external stimuli of a physical or chemical nature control energy transformation or signal transduction. The recent great interest in chemomechanical systems based on polymer gels has stimulated considerable effort towards the development of new sensors and actuators, controllable membrane separation processes, and delivery systems in which the functions of sensing, processing and actuation are all built into the polymeric network device. Artificial chemomechanical systems, through the use of environmentally sensitive polymer gels, are emerging as interesting materials for mimicking basic processes previously only confined to the biological world, and commercially viable applications are also foreseen in the not-too-distant future

This book is intended to fill a gap between the theoretical studies and the practical experience of the processor in the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers. The former have provided a basis for numerical design of extruders and their components, but generally give scant attention to the practical performance, especially to the conflict between production rate and product quality. In practice extruders are frequently purchased to perform a range of duties; even so, the operator may have to use a machine designed for another purpose and not necessarily suitable for the polymer, process or product in hand. The operator's experience enables him to make good product in unpromising circumstances, but a large number of variables and interactions often give apparently contradictory results. The hope is that this book will provide a logical background, based on both theory and experience, which will help the industrial processor to obtain the best performance from his equipment, to recognize its limitations, and to face new problems with confidence. Mathematics is used only to the extent that it clarifies effects which cannot easily be expressed in words; ifit is passed over, at least a qualitative understanding should remain. The approximate theory will not satisfy the purist, but this seems to the authors less important than a clear representation of the physical mechanisms on which so much of the polymer processing industry depends. M. J. STEVENS J. A.

In spite of all the activity in coating process wide range of available methods or to invent a research, there is no preceding comprehensive new one. Then, of course, the details of the text that summarizes results obtained in various coatingequipmentmustbespecifiedanddesigned, placesaroundtheworldandpublishedindifferent and feasibility of the process selected must be technicaljournals. Inparticular,thereisnosingle demonstrated for a desired range of operating textthatsystematicallyinterpretsallthe physical conditions. For anexistingproduct,on theother mechanisms that control coating processes, and hand, the most pressing issues are often to that explains implications ofscientific principles expand the range of successful operation, for on industrial coating applications. This is not to instance to higher coating speeds, thinner wet saythatnobooksorreviewsoncoatingtechnology layers, or more layers coated simultaneously; to have been written in the past. However, they all eliminate coating imperfections or defects that focus oneithercoatingequipment(Higgins 1965; degrade product quality; and to increase the Booth 1970; Weiss 1977; Satas 1984); on just a yield, or the fraction ofsalable material from an fewparticularcoatingmethods(Middleman 1977; entire lot coated. Coating engineers, together Ruschak 1985);oronparticularaspectsofcoating with formulation chemists, also respond to technology such as numerical methods (Kistler never-endingquests to improve the performance and Scriven 1983), process control (Frost and ofthe final products which, in some instances in Gutoff 1991), or wettability (Blake 1984; Berg very subtle ways and in others to a significant 1993). The recent volumes edited by Cohen and extent, depend on careful control of the micro- Gutoff(1992)and Benkreira(1993)emergedfrom structure or surface properties imparted on the shortcourseson coating technology. They cover coatedlayersbythecoatingflowprocessupstream.

Forty years after Ziegler's discovery of the "Aufbaureaktion" and low-pressure ethene polymerization, transition metal catalyzed olefin and diolefin polymerization continues to represent one of the most active and exciting areas. Since the 1980s, outstanding scientific innovations and process improvements have revolutionized polyolefin technology and greatly simplified polymerization processes. Well-defined catalyst systems are now at hand and facilitate the understanding of basic reaction mechanisms and correlations between catalyst structures, polymer microstructures, and polymer properties. This book reviews some of the modern approaches in organometallic chemistry, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, polymerization processes, design of novel materials, and the modelling in catalyst and process development.

The growing public concern about environmental matters has prompted widespread discussion in the media. Unfortunately much of this public debate has been characterized more by ardour than by information, and often the wildest speculations are pro mulgated with the same appearance of veracity as hard scientific facts. It is an important, and often neglected, duty of scientific societies to make sure that the public is properly informed regard ing the technical aspects of matters of public interest, and to assure that policy decisions of governmental and other agencies are made with due regard to the scientific and technical facts, so far as they are ascertainable. For a variety of reasons, not all of which are related to the magnitude of the problems, a great deal of public attention has been focused on the environmental aspect s of the chemical industry. Because of this the American Chemical Society has wisely decided to sponsor a number of symposia at national scientific meetings where these issues can be raised and information supplied regarding their technical and scientific aspects."

The goal of this monograph is to summarize the different quantum mechanical methods developed in the last 20 years to treat the electronic structure of polymers. Owing to the nature of the problem, these methods consist of a mixture of quantum-chemical and solid-state physical tech niques. The theory described in Part I treats, besides the Hartree-Fock problem, the. electron correlation, and it has also been developed for disordered polymeric systems. Though for obvious reasons the book could not include all the existing calculations, each new method des cribed is illustrated by a few applications, with a discussion of the numerical results obtained. Far more details see the Introduction to Part I. The second part contains the theoretical calculation of different properties of polymers based on the methods systematically introduced in the first part. The properties calculated include the electronic and vibrational spectra of polymers, and the computation of their transport, magnetic, and mechanical properties. In cases where reliable ex perimental data are available, the theoretical results are compared with them."

Although plastics are extremely successful commercially, they would never reach acceptable performance standards either in properties or processing without the incorporation of additives. With the inclusion of additives, plastics can be used in a variety of areas competing directly with other materials, but there are still many challenges to overcome. Some additives are severely restricted by legislation, others interfere with each other-in short their effectiveness varies with circumstances. Plastics Additives explains these issues in an alphabetical format making them easily accessible to readers, enabling them to find specific information on a specific topic. Each additive is the subject of one or more articles, providing a suffinct account of each given topic. An international group of experts in additive and polymer science, from many world class companies and institutes, explain the recent rapid changes in additive technology. They cover novel additives (scorch inhibitors, compatibilizers, surface-modified particulates etc.), the established varieties (antioxidants, biocides, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, fillers, fibres, impact modifiers, plasticizers) and many others, the articles also consider environmental concerns, interactions between additives and legislative change. With a quick reference guide and introductory articles that provide the non-specialist and newcomer with relevant information, this reference book is essential reading for anyone concerned with plastics and additives.

In a way the MOTECC-89 project started in the early sixties at the IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California. The six years of post-doctoral research, first with Giulio Natta on conductive polymers, with Michael Kasha on spin-orbit effects, with Kenneth S. Pitzer on high temperature molecules and thermo dynamics and with R. S. Mulliken in the quantum chemistry of small molecules had demonstrated pragmatically the importance of a broad-based research and also let me taste some of the excitement to be derived from interdisciplinarity. Thus when I started to gather a department in the newly opened IBM Research Laboratory in San Jose, California, I purposely named it "Large Scale Scientific Computation Department," avoiding reference to chemistry, physics, statistical mechanics or fluid dynamics, which were our main tasks. In the sixties interdisciplinarity was more and more recognized as a most important if not nec essary avenue to cope with the technical needs of our society. However, at that time interdisciplinarity was synonymous with "team work," and true interdisciplinarity was a formidably difficult objective. Although I headed an excellent group of scientists with different backgrounds and there was much progress and creativity, still each one of us was more or less conducting his own research in his own field with occasional cross-field partnerships and with some of the computational techniques as our common base. Later, in 1974, I made a second attempt, this time starting a new department at the Donegani Institute, Montedison, in Novara, Italy."

Alloy is a term commonly associated with metals and implies a composite which may be sinqle phase (solid solution) or heterophase. Whichever the case, metallic alloys generally exist because they exhibit improved properties over the base metal. There are numer ous types of metallic alloys, including interstitial solid solutions, substitutional solid solutions, and multiphase combinations of these with intermetallic compounds, valency compounds, electron compounds, etc. A similar situation exists with polymers. There are numerous types of composites, or "alloys" of polymers in existence today with new ones being created continuously. Polyblends are simple physical mixtures of the constituent polymers with no covalent bonds occuring between them. As with metals, these may be homogeneous (single phase) solid solytions or heterogeneous (multiple phase) mixtures. With polymers, the latter case is by far the most prevalent situation due to the thermodynamic incompatibility of most polymers. This is due to the relatively small gain in entropy upon mixing the polymers due to contiguity restrictions imposed by their large chain length."

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the Symposium on Particles on Surfaces: Detection, Adhesion and Removal held under the auspices of the Fine Particle Society in San Francisco, July 28-August 2, 1986. The study of particles on surfaces is extremely important in many areas of human endeavor (ranging from microelectronics to optics to biomedical). A complete catalog of modern precision and sophisticated technologies where particles on surfaces are of cardinal importance will be prohibitively long, but the following eclectic examples should underscore the concern about particles on a variety of surfaces. In the semiconductor world of shrinking dimensions, particles which, a few years ago, were cosmetically undesirable but functionally innocuous can potentially be killer defects now. As the device sizes get smaller, there will be more and more concern about smaller and smaller particles. In the information storage technology, the gap between the head and the disk is very narrow, and if a particle is trapped in the gap that can have very grave consequences. The implications of particulate contamination on sensitive optical surfaces is all too manifest. So the particulate contamination on surfaces is undesirable from functional, yield and reliability points of view. This symposium was organized with the following objectives in mind: to bring together active practitioners in this field; to provide a forum for discussion of the latest research and development activities in this area; to provide opportunity for cross-pollination of ideas; and to highlight topics which needed intensified effort.

This book on "Polymer Fracture" might as well have been called "Kinetic Theory of Polymer Fracture." The term "kinetic theory," however, needs some de finition or, at least, some explanation. A kinetic theory deals with and particu larly considers the effect of the existence and discrete size, of the motion and of the physical properties of molecules on the macroscopic behavior of an ensemble, gaseous or other. A kinetic theory of strength does have to consider additional aspects such as elastic and anelastic deformations, chemical and physical reactions, and the sequence and distribution of different disintegration steps. In the last fifteen years considerable progress has been made in the latter do mains. The deformation and rupture of molecular chains, crystals, and morphologi cal structures have been intensively investigated. The understanding of the effect of those processes on the strength of polymeric materials has especially been furthered by the development and application of spectroscopical methods (ESR, IR) and of the tools offracture mechanics. It is the aim of this book to relate the conventional and successful statistical, parametrical, and continuum mechanical treatment of fracture phenomena to new results on the behavior of highly stressed molecular chains."

Survey of Industrial Chemistry arose from a need for a basic text dealing with industrial chemistry for use in a one semester, three-credit senior level course taught at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. This edition covers all important areas of the chemical industry, yet it is reasonable that it can be covered in 40 hours of lecture. Also an excellent resource and reference for persons working in the chemical and related industries, it has sections on all important technologies used by these industries: a one-step source to answer most questions on practical, applied chemistry. Young scientists and engineers just entering the workforce will find it especially useful as a readily available handbook to prepare them for a type of chemistry quite different than they have seen in their traditional coursework, whether graduate or undergraduate.

Both an introductory course to broadband dielectric spectroscopy and a monograph describing recent dielectric contributions to current topics, this book is the first to cover the topic and has been hotly awaited by the scientific community.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which has evolved only within the last 20 years, has become one of the very important tools in chemistry and physics. The literature on its theory and application has grown immensely and a comprehensive and adequate treatment of all branches by one author, or even by several, becomes increasingly difficult. This series is planned to present articles written by experts working in various fields of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and will contain review articles as well as progress reports and original work. Its main aim, however, is to fill a gap, existing in literature, by publishing articles written by specialists, which take the reader from the introductory stage to the latest development in the field. The editors are grateful to the authors for the time and effort spent in writing the articles, and for their invaluable cooperation. The papers presented here are condensed versions of the main contributions to the 7th Colloquium on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, which was made possible by the generous support of the Freunde der Aachener Hoch schule (FAHO). The RWTH is indebted to the FAHO and to all the participants who contributed to the success of the Colloquium."

The 1992 Chinese Peptide Symposium was held at Hangzhou, China on November 3--6, 1992 with 152 participants, including 46 from abroad, representing 10 countries. The three days conference was both intense and spiritually rewarding. The Biennial Chinese Peptide Symposium was aimed to provide a forum for advancing the exchange of knowledge, cooperation and friendship between the international and Chinese scientific communities. In order to exchange ideas and review the latest progress in depth, the scientific sessions were held at the mornings and evenings, while afternoons were devoted to social interaction and sightseeing of the unparalleled beauty of Westlake. For realizing the goal to catch up with a fast evolving and fascinating field, the Program Committee arranged eight sessions with 45 oral presentations and 72 posters on topics relating to peptide conformation, design, hormone and bioactive peptides, neuropeptides, recognition, synthesis and methodology in the Symposium and selected 94 articles for publication in this proceedings. As an organizer I was greatly encouraged by the active response of invited speakers and moved by enthusiastic cooperation and excellent contributions which led to the great success of the Symposium, since their presentations were of high quality and represented the latest advances in all aspects of peptide chemistry and peptide biology. Many authors concentrated their attention to a great challenge which peptide chemists have nowadays to face, i. e.

The study of the electrical properties of polymers constitutes a substantial fraction of the total research interest in macro molecular behavior. Because of the increasing attention now being paid to theoretical and experimental aspects of the phenomena encountered, a symposium focusing particularly on dielectric behavior was held at the l6lst National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Los Angeles, California, March, 1971. The authoritative papers in this volume were all presented at this symposium, which was sponsored by the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society. An obvious advantage of such a collection is that it keep together closely related material which would otherwise tend to be dispersed amongst different journals; a further factor of which most authors represented here have taken advantage is that it gives an opportunity to present research in less attenuated form than is now normally possible in journals. I wish to thank all the authors for their uniformly excellent contributions and for their cooperation in the publication of this volume. Thanks are also due to Dr. S. Matsuoka for chairing one of the sessions at the symposium. September, 1971 Frank E. Karasz v LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS B. Baysal, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire Richard H. Boyd, Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah M. G. Broadhurst, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C."

The International Winter School on Electronic Properties of Polymers and Re- lated Compounds, held March 11-18, 1989, in Kirchberg (Austria), was a sequel to two meetings on similar subjects held there two and four years be- fore. The 1989 winter school was again organized in cooperation with the "Bundesministerium flir Wissenschaft und Forschung" in Austria, and with the "Bundesministerium fUr Forschung und Technologie" in the Federal Republic of Germany. The basic idea of the meeting was to provide an opportunity for experienced scientists from universities and industry to discuss their most recent results and for students and young scientists to become familiar with the present status of research and applications in the field. Like the previous winter schools, this one concentrated on the electronic structure and application potentialities of polymers. A purely tutorial contribu- tion on high-temperature supercondutors was included. Special attention was paid this time to our present theoretical understanding of the electronic struc- ture of polymers in general, the role of disorder and the nature of the doping process in particular. Accordingly, two discussion meetings were held on the stability of quasiparticles in conjugated polymers and on the thermochromic phase transition in alkylated thiophenes. As a general result, disorder and con- jugation length were recognized as fundamental properties, not only for the stability of the quasiparticles but also for linear and nonlinear optics, transport, phototransport, magnetic properties, lattice dynamics, etc.

This symposium was held at the l6lst ACS National Meeting, Los Angeles, March/April 1971. It represents a contribution to the discussion of problems connected with the state of water near macromolecules. Some papers are only peripheral to the problem of water structure but may become quite pertinent in specific cases. Questions concerned with water structure, rate of hydration, and similar problems are of importance for biological processes and are still not yet well understood. It is hoped that the papers presented here will be of some help in the clarification of problems in this area. H. H. G. Jellinek Department of Chemistry Clarkson College of Technology Potsdam, New York September, 1971 v CONTRIBUTORS S. Ablett, Unilever Research Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford, England M. Anbar, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California F. W. Cope, Biochemistry Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, U. S. Naval Air Development Center, Warminster, Pennsylvania B. Crist, Camille Dreyfus Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina F. Franks, Unilever Research Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford, England H. R, Gloria, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California G. W. Gross, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico H. R. Hansen, The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio R. S. Kaiser, Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York N. Laiken, Department of Chemistry, The University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon C. E. Lamaze, Camille Dreyfus Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina G. N.

Today, young cosmetics researchers who have completed their graduate studies and have entered a cosmetics company are put through several years of training before they become qualified to design cosmetics formulations themselves. They are trained so that they can design formulas not by a process of logic but by heart, like craftsmen, chefs, or carpenters. This kind of training seems a terrible waste of labor and time. To address this issue and allow young scientists to design novel cosmetics formulations, effectively bringing greater diversity of innovation to the industry, this book provides a key set of skills and the knowledge necessary for such pursuits. The volume provides the comprehensive knowledge and instruction necessary for researchers to design and create cosmetics products. The book's chapters cover a comprehensive list of topics, which include, among others, the basics of cosmetics, such as the raw materials of cosmetics and their application; practical techniques and technologies for designing and manufacturing cosmetics, as well as theoretical knowledge; emulsification; sensory evaluations of cosmetic ingredients; and how to create products such as soap-based cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, creams, and others. The potential for innovation is great in Japan's cosmetics industry. This book expresses the hope that the high level of dedicated research continues and proliferates, especially among those who are innovators at heart.

Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused stimulants and together with amphetamine has led to serious social problems. Numerous papers in the fields of medicine, toxicology, pharmacology, sociology, etc. have appeared. In Japan for example about 20,000 to 22,000 persons have been arrested in recent years on suspicion of abuse, smuggling or illegal manufacture of drugs. In other countries, stimulant drugs also present social problems and efforts have been directed toward prevention. Although marked development of analytical techniques in the field of forensic sciences has been achieved, there is a need for a continuous review of recent advances. A review of studies on methamphetamine has therefore been made from the standpoint of forensic toxicology and legal medicine. Attention has been directed to biological samples because analyses and interpretation for the purpose of t.oxicological and As a detailed survey on abuse drugs involving clinical practice are important. 1 methamphetamine and amphetamine has been made by Fishbein and covered the time before 1980, we refer only to data and events appearing after 1980.