This book is concerned with the configuration of polymers at the interfacial zone between two other phases or immiscible components. In recent years, developments in technology combined with increased attention from specialists in a wide range of fields have resulted in a considerable increase in our understanding of the behavior of polymers at interfaces. Inevitably these advances have generated a wealth of literature and although there have been numerous reviews, a critical treatment with adequate descriptions of both theory and experiment, including detailed analysis of the two, has been missing. This text hopes to fill this gap, providing a timely and comprehensive account of the field as it stands today. This long needed work will be invaluable to experts as well as newcomers in the broad field of polymers, interfaces and colloids, both in industry and academia. Whilst industrial laboratories involved in this field will find it indispensable, it will be equally important to anyone with an interest in interfacial polymer or colloidal research.

This book is derived from a Symposium held at the 190th National American Chemical Society Meeting, which was held in the Fall of 1985, in Chicago, and was sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering. This Symposium was, in turn, a follow-up on an earlier one held in Houston, TX, in the Spring of 1980, which was pub lished as the book *Biomedical and Dental Applications of Polymers* [Plenum Press, New York, 1981]. In that earlier book, our opening Preface passage quoted King David, *1 will praise Thee; for I am fearfully and made . ** * (Psalm 139:14). As we noted five years ago, sickness wonderfully of many types does occur in our wonderfully made bodies, but much human suffering can be aided by biomedical polymers. That earlier book con sidered much of the fantastic progress that had been made in biomedical polymers during the previous quarter century and brought many of these topics up to date. That Symposium, and book, noted that much help was available for the varied afflictions and problems that sometimes beset, and upset, our God-given bodies, and the promise of new and important advances was held out as a shining ray of hope amidst the gloom of sickness and affliction. The present volume is an update on the advances that have occurred since the 1981 book and sets the stage for even greater advances in the future.

The Ninth Biennial Polymer Symposium, sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, was convened during November 18-22, 1978 at Key Biscayne, Florida. The symposium also marks the occasion when the Second Division of Polymer Chemistry Award was presented to Professor C. S. Marvel for his outstanding achievements in polymer chemistry. The proceedings of this Symposium are recorded in this volume. Carl Shipp Marvel, more popularly known as Speed Marvel, was born in Waynesville, Illinois in 1894. He received his A.B. and M.S. degrees at Illinois Wesleyan University, and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Illinois. After having completed his graduate education, Professor Harvel remained at the University as a member of the Chem istry faculty. He "retired" from Illinois in 1961, and moved to the University of Arizona where he continued his research in polymer chemistry. Out of the more than 500 publications, over 100 were from Arizona during his active retirement. Speed has so far trained 176 Ph.D. students and 128 postdoctoral fellows, and inspired countless young chemists to the science of macromolecules. No doubt these numbers will increase along with his scientific productivity. Professor Harvel has been honored on numerous ocasions prior to receiving the Division of Polymer Chemistry Award."

Thisbook continuesthe tradition ofproviding the scientificcommunity with infonnation on some ofthe most important advances reported at aseries ofconferences on Frontiers ofPolymers and Advanced Materials. The particular meeting covered in this proceedings volume was held in KualaLumpur, Malaysia, from January 16th through the 20th, 1995. It follows earlier proceedings, also published by Plenum, for a conference in New Delhi in 1991, and another in Jakarta in 1993. All of these conferences focused on the most recent and important advances in a wide range of carefully chosen subject areas dealing with advanced materials and new technologies. TheMalaysiaConference was organized by the Malaysian MinistryofScience, Technology and Environment; Malaysian Industry-Government Group for Higher Technology; Standards and Industrial Research Institute ofMalaysia; State University ofNew York at Buffalo; and Malaysian Plastic Manufacturers Association. The stated goals ofthe conference were: To highlight advances and new findings in Polymers and Advanced Materials To bring together leading international scientists, engineers and top level industrial managementfor discussionsonthe CUTTent status ofadvanced materials, new technologies and industrial opportunities To foster global communication in polymers and advanced materials technology. Tbe Malaysianconferencecoveredbytheseproceedingsemphasized"composites and blends," ''high-performance materials," ''materials for photonics," ''materials for electronics," ''biomaterials'', "recycling of materials," "sol-gel and processed materials," "advanced materials from natural products," and ''multifunctional and smart materials." There was also a separate symposium on ''business opportunities.""

Olefin Upgrading Catalysis by Nitrogen-based Metal Complexes II: State-of-the-art and Perspectives provides a critical review of the state-of-the-art developments in industrially relevant processes connected to efficient and selective olefin upgrading. Specific attention is devoted to catalysts containing imine- and amine-based ligands.

All the chapters in this book have been designed to provide a systematic account of the vast amount of information available for this type of catalyst as well as to highlight the factors that ultimately control the catalyst's performance and productivity. A comprehensive panorama of catalyst precursors is presented, spanning from group 10 -diimine complexes and iron and cobalt 2,6-bis(imino)pyridine derivatives, to vanadium, chromium, titanium, zirconium and lanthanide complexes supported by nitrogen-containing ligands. The authors of this collective work are currently involved in the development of imine-based catalysts for efficient and selective olefin upgrading and the majority of them have dedicated most of their scientific career to this important field. In writing this book, their major goal is to transfer as many ideas and experiences as possible to the global audience of scientists engaged in this area of research."

Armed Disarmed Effects in Carbohydrate Chemistry: History, Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies, by Bert Fraser-Reid and J. Cristobal Lopez
*
A Survey of Ley s Reactivity Tuning in Oligosaccharide Synthesis, by Ana M. Gomez
*
Active Latent Thioglycosyl Donors and Acceptors in Oligosaccharide Syntheses, by Tze Chieh Shiao and Rene Roy
*
Effect of Electron-Withdrawing Protecting Groups at Remote Positions of Donors on Glycosylation Stereochemistry, by Kwan Soo Kim and Dae-Hwan Suk
*
Influence of Protecting Groups on the Reactivity and Selectivity of Glycosylation: Chemistry of the 4,6-O-Benzylidene Protected Mannopyranosyl Donors and Related Species, by Sylvain Aubry, Kaname Sasaki, Indrajeet Sharma and David Crich
*
Superarmed and Superdisarmed Building Blocks in Expeditious Oligosaccharide Synthesis, by Hemali D. Premathilake and Alexei V. Demchenko
*
Programmable One-Pot Glycosylation, by Chung -Yi Wu and Chi -Huey Wong
*
Uronic Acids in Oligosaccharide and Glycoconjugate Synthesis, by Jeroen D. C. Codee, Alphert E. Christina, Marthe T. C. Walvoort, Herman S. Overkleeft and Gijsbert A. van der Marel"

This volume contains the proceedings of the Europhysics Conference on Gels, held in Balatonszeplak, Hungary, in September 1995.
Topics of the contributions cover fundamentals and applications of gels formed from inorganic and organic polymers, colloidal particles and surfactant systems, new powerful methods such as scattering techniques, rheology, atomic microscopy, swelling pressure and mechanical measurements, gels with sensitivity to changes in chemical and physical environment, novel technical and biomedical applications, computer simulation and new theoretical approaches.

In a liquid crystal watch, the molecules contained within a thin film of the screen are reorientated each second by extremely weak electrical signals. Here is a fine example of soft matter: molecular systems giving a strong response to a very weak command signal. They can be found almost everywhere. Soft magnetic materials used in transformers exhibit a strong magnetic moment under the action of a weak magnetic field. Take a completely different domain: gelatin, formed from col lagen fibres dissolved in hot water. When we cool below 37 DegreesC, gelation occurs, the chains joining up at various points to form a loose and highly deformable network. This is a natural example of soft matter. Going further, rather than consider a whole network, we could take a single chain of flexible polymer, such as polyoxyethylene [POE = (CH CH O)N, 2 2 5 where N rv 10 ], for example, in water. Such a chain is fragile and may break under flow. Even though hydrodynamic forces are very weak on the molecular scale, their cumulated effect may be significant. Think of a rope pulled from both ends by two groups of children. Even if each girl and boy cannot pull very hard, the rope can be broken when there are enough children pulling.

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the Third Symposium on Particles on Surfaces : Detection, Adhesion and Removal held as a part of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society in San Diego , California, August 21 - 25 , 1990 . The first two symposia i n t h i s series were held in 1986 and 1988 , respectively, and have been properly l documented ,2. Li ke its antecedent s the Third symposium was very well received, and the continuing success of these symposia reinforced our earlier belief that regular symposia on the topic of particles on surfaces were very much needed. Concomitantly, the fourth symposium in this series is planned in Las Vegas , July 13-17 , 199 2 . l As pointed out in the Preface to the earlier two volumes ,2, the topic of particles on surfaces is of tremendous interest and concern in a wide spectrum of technological areas . The objectives of the Third symposium were es s ent i a l ly the same as those of the earlier two and our intent her e was to provide an update on the research and development activities in the world of particles on surfaces . Apropos , there has been a deliberate attempt every time to s eek out new people to present their research results and we have been very succes s f ul in this mission.

Printed Organic And Molecular Electronics was compiled to create a reference that included existing knowledge from the most renowned industry, academic, and government experts in the fields of organic semiconductor technology, graphic arts printing, micro-contact printing, and molecular electronics. It is divided into sections that consist of the most critical topics required for one to develop a strong understanding of the states of these technologies and the paths for taking them from R&D to the hands of consumers on a massive scale. As such, the book provides both theory as well as technology development results and trends.

This volume includes a number of selected papers of the international conference "Colloidal Aspects of Lipids," held in June 1997 at Lund, Sweden. In conjunction with the conference Professor Kare Larsson, well-known and respected as a leading scientist in this field of food technology during the recent decades, was honored.

Multiscale Fibrous Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine, by Sowmya Srinivasan, R. Jayakumar, K. P. Chennazhi, Erica J. Levorson, Antonios G. Mikos and Shantikumar V. Nair; Stem Cells and Nanostructures for Advanced Tissue Regeneration, by Molamma P. Prabhakaran, J. Venugopal, Laleh Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, Dan Kai Guorui Jin and Seeram Ramakrishna; Creating Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Biomimetic Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration, by Eleni Katsanevakis, Xuejun Wen and Ning Zhang; Synthetic/Biopolymer Nanofibrous Composites as Dynamic Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, by J. A. Kluge and R. L. Mauck; Electrospun Fibers as Substrates for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration, by Jorg Mey, Gary Brook, Dorothee Hodde and Andreas Kriebel; Highly Aligned Polymer Nanofiber Structures: Fabrication and Applications in Tissue Engineering, by Vince Beachley, Eleni Katsanevakis, Ning Zhang, Xuejun Wen; Electrospinning of Biocompatible Polymers and Their Potentials in Biomedical Applications, by Pitt Supaphol, Orawan Suwantong, Pakakrong Sangsanoh, Sowmya Srinivasan, Rangasamy Jayakumar and Shantikumar V. Nair; Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds-Current Status and Prospects in Drug Delivery, by M. Prabaharan, R. Jayakumar and S. V. Nair.; Biomedical Applications of Polymer/Silver Composite Nanofibers, by R. Jayakumar, M. Prabaharan, K. T. Shalumon, K. P. Chennazhi and S. V. Nair.-"

The investigative assault upon the enigmatic asphaltenes has recently resulted in sig nificant advances in many varied disciplines. Taken individually, each discipline exposes certain facets of asphaltenes, but each, alone, can never reveal asphaltenes from all van tages. Even seemingly narrowly focused issues such as the molecular structures of asphal tenes, or the colloidal structures of asphaltenes require a confluence of many lines of investigation to yield an understanding which differs from truth by diminishing uncer tainty. An holistic treatment of the asphaltenes is a powerful approach to evolve further their understanding. For example, examination of asphaltenes at the highest resolution yields molecular structure. A slight increase in scale probes asphaltene colloidal structure. Weaving together asphaltene studies performed at different length scales results in a fabric which envelops an encompassing vision of asphaltenes. At the same time, the interfaces of these hierarchical studies provide additional constraints on imagination, more than investi gations at individual length scales alone. These considerations shaped the timing, format, and the content of our book. The editors are very appreciative of the diligence and hard work manifest in each of the contributed chapters herein. We thank the contributing authors for making this project a success. Oliver C. Mullins Eric Y. Sheu vii CONTENTS I. Asphaltenes: Types and Sources ...................................... ."

The role of high pressure experiments in the discovery of supercon ducting materials with a T. above liquid nitrogen temperature has demon strated the importance of such experiments. The same role holds true in the tailoring of materials for optoelectronic devices. In addition, much progress has been made recently in the search for metallic hydro gen, and the application of high pressure in polymer research has brought forth interesting results. These facts together with the suc cess of previous small size meetings (such as the "First International Conference on the Physics of Solids at High Pressure", held in 1965 in Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A. ; "High Pressure and Low Temperature Physics", held in 1977 in Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. ; and "Physics of Solids Under High Pressure", held in 1981 in bad Honnef, Germany), motivated us to organize a workshop with emphasis on the newest results and trends in these fields of high pressure research. Furthermore, it was intended to mix experienced and young scien tists to realize an idea best expressed in a letter by Prof. Weinstein: "I think it is an excellent idea. I have often felt that the number of excellent young researchers in the high pressure field need an opportu nity to put forward their work with due recognition. " Thanks to the support of the key speakers, we were able to achieve this goal and had more than 50\ young participants.

This volume documents the proceedings of the Second Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the aegis of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of the Electrochemical Society in Montreal, Canada, May 7-10, 1990. The first symposium on this topic was held in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988 and the proceedings of l which have been chronicled in a hard-bound volume l As pointed out in the Preface to the proceedings of the first symposium the metallized plastics find scores of applications ranging from very mundane to very sophisticated. Even a cursory look at the literature will convince that this field has sprouted; and there is every reason to believe that with all the research and development activities taking place, new and exciting applications of metallized plastics will emerge. The program for the second symposium was very comprehensive as it included 46 papers covering many aspects of metallized plastics. This symposium was a testimonial to the brisk research activity and keen interest in the topic of metallized plastics. The success of this symposium reinforced our earlier belief that there was a definite need to hold symposia on this topic on a regular basis. Concomitantly, the third symposium in this vein was held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 13-18, 1991 and the fourth is planned for May 16-21, 1993 in Honolulu, Hawaii. As regards the present volume, it contains a total of 35 papers covering a variety of topics ranging from very fundamental to very applied.

The art and science of macromolecular architecture is based on synthesis, analysis, processing, and evaluation of physical properties of polymers. The growing specificity of available synthetic methods and the increasing refinement of analytical and physical analysis are gradually providing a deeper insight into structure-property relationships of polymers, upon which many applications can be based. This book deals with recent methods for polymer synthesis. Those that lead to specific structures have been selected especially. Background, mechanism scope and limitations, and illustrative procedures are given for each method. With this layout the editor hopes that the book will provide a practical guideline, for the synthetic polymer chemist in industry or at a university graduate school, on how to apply the methods in the design of new polymer structures. The editor is grateful to the authors not only for their contributions containing interesting new developments in polymer synthesis, but also for the way they have fitted their text into the general framework of the book. The elegant chemistry described in the following chapters will, it is hoped, inspire more organic chemists to apply their skills to polymer synthesis, where the beauty of organic chemistry in terms of structural control and reactivity may be even more apparent than in the low molecular field.

Many chemical processes that are important to society take place at boundaries between phases. Understanding these processes is critical in order for them to be subject to human control. The building of theoretical or computational models of them puts them into a theoretical framework in terms of which the behavior of the system can be understood on a detailed level. Theoretical and computational models are often capable of giving descriptions of interfacial phenomena that are more detailed, on a molecular level, than can be obtained through experimental observation. Advances in computer hardware have also made possible the treatment of larger and chemically more interesting systems. The study of interfacial phenomena is a multi-disciplinary endeavor which requires collaboration and communication among researchers in different fields and across different types of institutions. Because there are many important problems in this field much effort is being expended to understand these processes by industrial laboratories as well as by groups at universities. Our conference titled "Theoretical and Computational Approaches to Interface Phenomena" held at South Dakota State University, August 2-4, 1993 brought together over thirty scientists from industry and academia and three countries in the western hemisphere to discuss the modeling of interfacial phenomena.

The idea for this book came from discussions among participants in a symposium on biotechnical applications at the "Pacifichem 89" meeting in Honolulu. It was the majority opinion of this group that a volume dedicated to biotechnical and biomedical applications of PEG chemistry would enhance research and development in this area. Though the book was conceived at the Honolulu meeting, it is not a proceedings of this symposium. Several groups who did not participate in this meeting are repre sented in the book, and the book incorporates much work done after the meeting. The book does not include contributions in all related areas to which PEG chemistry has been applied. Several invited researchers declined to parti.:ipate, and there is not enough space in this single volume to properly cover all submissions. Chapter I-an overview of the topic-discusses in brief applications not given detailed coverage in specifically devoted chapters. The following topics are covered: introduction to and fundamental properties of PEG and derivatives in Chapters 1-3; separations using aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning in Chapters 4-6; PEG-proteins as catalysts in biotechnical applications in Chapters 7 and 8; biomedical applications of PEG-proteins in Chapters 9-13; PEG modified surfaces for a variety of biomedical and biotechnical applications in Chapters 14-20; and synthesis of new PEG derivatives in Chapters 21 and 22.