This book is about thin films; what they are, how they are prepared, how they are characterized, and what they are used for. The contents of this book not only showcase the diversity of thin films, but also reveals the commonality among the work performed in a variety of areas. The chapters in this volume are based on invited papers presented by prominent researchers in the field at a Symposium on "Thin Films: Preparation, Characterization, Applications" at the 221st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego, California. The coverage of the symposium was extensive; topics ranged from highly-ordered metal adlayers on well-defined electrode surfaces to bio-organic films on non-metallic nanoparticles. An objective of this book is for the readers to be able to draw from the experience and results of others in order to improve and expand the understanding of the science and technology of their own thin films systems.

The environmental problems caused by petroleum-based plastic and plastic waste have led to an increasing demand for biobased and biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). These polyesters are synthesized from carbon sources, e.g. sugar and plant oils, by various bacteria. This book highlights the potential of plant oils, especially palm oil, as a feedstock for PHA production. In addition, new PHA applications are discussed and the sustainability of PHA production from plant oils is critically examined.

As the demands put on the polymer/metal interface, particularly by the microelectronics industry, become more and more severe, the necessity for understanding this interface, its properties and its limitations, becomes more and more essential. This requires a broad knowledge of, and a familiarity with, the latest findings in this rapidly advancing field. At the very least, such familiarity requires an exchange of infonnation, particularly among those intimately involved in this field. Communications among many of us in this area have made one fact quite obvious: the facilities provided by existing organizations, scientific and otherwise, do not offer the forum necessary to accomplish this exchange of infonnation. It was for this reason that Jean-Jacques Pireaux, Steven Kowalczyk and I organized the first Metallization of Polymers, a symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society, which took place in Montreal, September 25-28, 1989; the Proceedings from that symposium were published as ACS Symposium Series 440, (1990). It is this same per ceived lack of a proper forum, and the encouragement of my colleagues, that prompted me to organize this meeting, so as to bring to the attention of the participants new instruments, materials, methods, advances, and, particularly, thoughts in the field of polymer metalliza tion. The meeting was designed as a workshop, with time being made available throughout for discussion and for the consideration of new findings."

This is the first broad treatment of carbohydrate chemistry in many years, and presents the structures, reactions, modifications, and properties of carbohydrates. Woven throughout the text are discussions of biological properties of carbohydrates, their industrial applications, and the history of the field of carbohydrate chemistry. Written for students as well as practising scientists, this textbook and handy reference will be of interest to a wide range of disciplines: biochemistry, chemistry, food and nutrition, microbiology, pharmacology, and medicine.

This volume contains written versions of the papers presented at the Second Inter national Conference on Amorphous and Crystalline Silicon Carbide and Related Materials (ICACSC 1988), which was held at Santa Clara University on Decem ber 15 and 16, 1988. The conference followed the First ICACSC held at Howard University, Washington DC, in December 1987 and continued to provide an in ternational forum for discussion and exchange of ideas and results covering the current status of research on SiC and related materials. ICACSC 1988 attracted 105 participants from five countries. The substantial increase in the number of papers compared with the previous year is an indication of the growing interest in this field. Of the 45 papers presented at the conference, 36 refereed manuscripts are included in this volume, while the remaining 9 appear as abstracts. The six invited papers provide detailed reviews of recent results on amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide materials and devices, as well as diamond thin films. The volume is divided into six parts, each covering an important theme of the conference.

With the exception of a slight hiccup during the height of the recent environmental movement (during the early 1990s), when for a year or two consumers were prepared to pay a price premium for lower quality recycled paper than for the virgin product, the inexorable improvement in the quality demanded of paper products continues. This demand for quality covers not only the aesthetics ofthe product but also its performance. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly the case that papers designed for a particular use must, as it were incidentally, also perform well in alternative applications. An example is that of office and printing papers, which are expected to perform as well in copier machines as in all the various forms of impact and non-impact printers. But even greater demands are made in other product areas, where board designed for dry foods can also be expected to protect moist and fatty materials and be made of 100% recycled fibre. The need to isolate foodstuffs from some of the contaminants that can affect recycled board is a* serious challenge. Thus, papermakers are constantly striving to meet a broadening spectrum of demands on their products; often while accepting declining quality of raw materials. The product design philosophy that has arisen in response to this is increasingly to isolate the bulk of a paper from its uses: to engineer the needed performance characteristics into the paper surfaces while more or less ignoring what happens inside.

E.S.R. techniques which are mature from a fundamental point of view. now constitute a routine investigation tool in chemistry as well as in biophysics in order to study and to follow the behaviour of radical species. Among the practical applications. let us mention for instance : -diffusion phenomena (solid -solid. liquid -solid such as the diffusion of molecules through membranes. films fibers ... ). -study of radical species to improve the elaboration of materials with high added value (composites). -detection of ionised food. -liquid crystals. polymers. -radiochemistry. -targetting of drugs. toxicology. A better understanding of basic phenomena allows to optimize industrial products and processes applied as well as in advanced fields as in well established ones. The high sensivity of ESR Spectroscopy and its derived specific techniques (spin labelling. spin probe. spin trapping ... ) offer information on the fme morphological structure of the matter as well as on its behaviour under various treatments otherwise not available. A Symposium was organized in Lyon (France) in January 1990 to promote the use of ESR. Its originality was to deal with the practical applications of ESR to organic and bioorganic materials. The scope of this meeting was to enlarge the field of application from basic research to more applied subjects and this may concern industrial as well as academic researchers. Moreover. the purpose of this symposium was to promote exchanges between European specialists working in public or private areas.

Although in nature the vast majority of polymers are condensation polymers, much publicity has been focused on functionalized vinyl polymers. Functional Condensation Polymers fulfills the need to explore these polymers which form an increasingly important and diverse foundation in the search for new materials in the twentyfirst century. Some of the advantages condensation polymers hold over vinyl polymers include offering different kinds of binding sites, their ability to be made biodegradable, and their different reactivities with various reagents under diverse reaction conditions. They also offer better tailoring of end-products, different tendencies (such as fiber formation), and different physical and chemical properties. Some of the main areas emphasized include dendrimers, control release of drugs, nanostructure materials, controlled biomedical recognition, and controllable electrolyte and electrical properties.

Glycosmis is a clearly defined genus within the tribe Clauseneae of the Aurantioideae subfamily of the family Rutaceae comprising about 40 species (1). Its range of distribution is centered in south and southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) and extends to south China and Taiwan as well as to New Guinea and north Australia. Exceptions are only cultivated species like the Chinese G. parvijiora (Sims) Little, formerly called G. citrifolia (Willd. ) Lindley, which became naturalized in tropical America and Africa (Angola) (1). The shrubs or small trees are unarmed and possess pinnate or simple leaves with translucent punctate glands emitting an aromatic odor when crushed. The axillary inflorescences are usually dispersed closed panicles with small white flowers. The fruits are mostly pink, reddish or white berries of about I cm in diameter with only one or two seeds. The genus name Glycosmis originates from the sweet smell of the flowers and the sweet taste of the fleshy pericarp of the fruits. A good field and herbarium character of the genus is that the buds of new leaves are usually covered with short rusty-red hairs. In spite of the good delimitation of Glycosmis from the other closely related Clauseneae genera Clausena, Micromelum, Murraya, and Merrillia and the already existing subrevisionary treatment by Stone (1), there are still many unresolved taxonomic problems at the species level.

Instrumental, especially spectrometric methods are widely used in analytical laboratories for identification and quantitative determination of complex organic systems. The author has shown this in earlier works for polymeric materials of all kind. In this book he describes the application of vibrational (FTIR, UV, Raman) and mass spectrometries and of other instrumental techniques for identification and structure elucidation of plastics additives, e.g., antioxidants, stabilisers, plasticisers, pigments, rubber chemicals. The state of the art is compressed in numerous tables and figures; these also allow the interpretation of spectra. Especially remarkable is a collection of the FTIR spectra of 780 selected additives, together with structures and legends. This book is especially useful for the practitioner in plastics processing and production as well as plastics additives industry for the quality control of educts.

The workshop on the "Molecular Basis of Polymer Networks", held October 5- 7, 1988 in 1iilich, FRG, continued a series of workshops jointly organized by the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, and the Institute of Solid State Physics of the KFA, 1iilich. The aim of this workshop was to provide a platform for discussions between theoreticians and experimentalists interested in the physics of polymer networks, in the hope that the two types of discussion would be synergistic. As revealed by the title of this workshop, the main focus of the lectures was on molecular aspects of the problem. The individual parts of these proceedings cover various approaches. Following quite general comments from a physicist examining the situation from "outside", various new theoretical concepts are developed. During the last decade the advent of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) has allowed the molecular structure of polymer networks to be studied and thus the reliability of the theories to be tested directly at the molecular level. Recent advances in this field are presented. The use of new techniques such as 2H NMR or QELS and the refinements of more classical, mechanical experimental measure ments have provided new information about the relation between the macroscopic behavior and the microscopic structure of polymer networks. Some recent results in this area are discussed for both chemically cross-linked networks and gels built by specific interchain interactions.

The book treats the C -hydrocarbons and their secondary products as a contribution 4 to chemical engineering economics, applying this field of teaching and research to the technical processes for making and processing this group of products, so important to the chemical industry. As early as tpe 1950s the then director of the Institute for Technical Chemistry of the Berlin Technical University, Professor Herbert Kolbel, took the' initiative in the domain of Chemical Engineering Economics and began systematic studies of Project Engineering and Cost Estimation in connection with chemical plants. He also started a course on technical chemical processes in 1966. Properties, production procedures, plant equipment, and also the uses of technically interesting products are the central features of Chemical Technology. The information is to be found in the large encyclopedias of Technical Chemistry. On the other hand, Chemical Engineering Economics deals with all the economic conditions of usage of the raw materials, possibilities of utilizing co-products, and the integration of these products into definite production programmes, from the stand point of the chemical and technical fundamentals of the processes. Further important viewpoints are the costs of the products, taking into consideration important and variable influences on these costs, the situation and development of the market for the products and, of increasing significance, also the ecological global conditions for procuring raw materials and the production and marketing of the particular products."

In 1906, Hermann Leuchs, a student of Emil Fischer, discovered the class of N-Carboxy-aminoacid-anhydrides, also known as Leuch's anhydrides, or abbreviated NCAs. These compounds are, even 80 years after their discovery, valuable intermediates in organic synthesis due to their reactivity: NCAs polymerize with the elimination of carbondioxide to yield polypeptides, model compounds for proteins. They can be used as starting material for a variety of pharmaceutically interesting products and for synthetic polymers (fibres and films). Ralph Hirschmann demonstrated the step by step synthesis of ribonuclease utilizing NCAs as monomers. The author of this monograph, Hans R. Kricheldorf, University Hamburg, is, on account of his own research in Freiburg and Hamburg, predestined to give the reader an insight into the organic chemistry of NCAs and related heterocycles as well as macromolecular chemistry, that is the synthesis of polypeptides and the structure-reactivity relationship. I predict a good accept- ance of this book about the class of cyclic aminoacid derivatives by scientists in various areas. Aachen, September 1986 Helmut Zahn Acknowledgment The author would like to express his gratitude to the american chemical society, the royal society of chemistry, Marcel Dekker Inc., John Wiley & Sons, Hiithig & Wepf Verlag and Kobunshi Gakkai for the permission to reproduce figures from their journals.

Experiments showinga rapid and reversible change ofcolor s eem likemagic and are always fascinating. The process involved, photochromism, has a few real and many potential applications. Photochromic glasses thatdarken int he s unlight (protecting eyes from excessive light intensity) and bleach ind im lighta re today a part ofe v eryday life. Organic photochromic compounds in plastic ophthalmic lenses, more comfortable to wear, are now competing with silversalts in glasses, despite the longer lifetime oft he inorganic system. This successful commercial application has given a new impetus to research in the general field of photo chromism, which had its most recent revival in the early eighties. The storyo forganic photochromism with its ups anddowns, from the breakthroughs oft he pioneering periodi n the fifties, through the hardtimes dueto the drawbacks of photodegradation, tot he recent successes is in many ways a saga. The upsurges in this domain were marked by an increasing flow of articles in scientific journals andt he publication of several books (in 1971, 1990, and 1992) that have collectedt he important accumulatedknowledge. Over this period, a considerable number ofpatents have been issued. International meetings have accompanied this activity, the most recent being held in 1993 (ISOP 93 atLes Embiez Island, France) and in 1996 (ISOP 96 inClearwater, Florida). Remark ably, these meetings had good representation from both academia and industry. The next ISOP is planned for 1999 in Fukuoka, Japan.

Lead-based paint has become a national issue and will continue to be a hi- priority focus ofnational, state, and local agencies until there is no lead-based paint in the United States. Lead-based paint has become a tremendous health hazard for people and animals. Lead-based paint has been in widespread use throughout Europe and the United States. Lead has been known to be a health hazard since the time ofPliny the Elder (A. D. 23-79), but it was deemed that the advantages of lead in paint outweighed the health hazards. There has been a change in outlook, and in 1973 the U. S. Congress banned all lead paint from residential structures. A voluminous number of law suits have been initiated since, and continue to be litigated with the purpose of determining the parties responsible for the lead poisoning of children and others and to exact the indemnities. Lead-based paint is still authorized for use on bridges and nonresidential structures, and thousands of city, state, military, and federal government housing projects still contain lead-based paint. This paint must be removed if these dwellings are to be safe living quarters, especially for children. Aba- ment techniques continue to be evaluated; some have been used successfully. Lead-based paint abatement will continue into the next century, and it is hoped that this comprehensive volume will serve as a guide for those seriously interested in this important subject.

Corrosion behaviour is one of the most poorly understood characteristics of ceramics. A balanced mixture of scientists from material science, metallurgy, physics, chemistry and mineralogy sum up the state of the art of measurement and modelling and reveal future research directions. The book reviews the theory of corrosion of ceramics, including the diffusion of gases and the predictions of thermodynamics; it discusses critically the kinetic models and representation tools for layer growths and material destruction. Corrosion of nitrides, carbides and oxides by simple and complex gases (O2, H2O, SO2, halides) and melts (ionic and metallic) reveal current measurement and modelling methods, advanced experimental techniques, such as laser diagnostics, TV holography, Raman spectroscopy and NDE surface methods. Frontier areas (e.g. the modelling of porous materials corrosion and protection) are revealed. For scientists and engineers in materials science, dealing with ceramics and their application. A valuable source for research students, solid state physicists and physical chemists.

Synthetic and semi-synthetic polymeric materials were originally developed for their durability and resistance to all forms of degradation including biodegradation. Such materials are currently widely accepted because of their ease of processability and amenability to provide a large variety of cost effective items that help to enhance the comfort and quality of life in the modern industrial society. However, this widespread utilization of plastics has contributed to a serious plastic waste burden, and the expectation for the 21st century is for an increased demand for polymeric material. This volume focuses on a more rational utilization of resources in the fabrication, consumption and disposal of plastic items, specifically: -Environmentally Degradable Polymeric Materials (EDPs); -Water-soluble/Swellable Biodegradable Polymers; -EDPs from Renewable Resources; -Biopolymers; -Bioresorbable Materials for Biomedical Applications; -Biorelated Polymers; -Standards and Regulations on EDPs.

In recent years the development of the NMR method has been closely linked to the creation of the theory of the NMR in solids and with the elaboration on their basic principles and methods of high resolution in solids. The aim of this volume is to explain simply and clearly the principles for the understanding of the NMR in solid polymers, to show what kind of information can be gained using NMR investigations of bulk polymers, and to demonstrate the ways of obtaining this information, their correctness and their place in comparison with other methods. The discussion is restricted to the most important and typical nuclei 1H, 13C, and (briefly) 2D, and, in connection with that, to the dipolar and quadrupolar interaction and to the chemical shift.

This and its companion Volumes 4 and 5 document the proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution held in Bordeaux, France, July 9-13, 1984. This symposium was the continuation of the series of symposia initiated in 1976 in Albany, New Vork under the title ""icellization, Solubilization and "icroemulsions." The next two symposia were labelled "Solution Chemistry of Surfactants" and "Solution Behavior of Surfactants: Theoretical and Applied Aspects" held in Knoxville, TN in 1978 and Potsdam, N. V. in 1980, respectively. In 19B2 at the time of the 4th Symposium in this series, it became amply evident that there was a definite need to have more a generic title to describe these biennial events, and after much deliberation it was decided that an appropriate title would be "Surfactants in Solution" as both the aggregation and adsorption aspects of surfactants were addressed. So the 4th Symposium was held in 1982 in Lund, Sweden, under this new rubric, and it was decided to continue these symposia in the future under this appellation. Naturally, the Bordeaux Symposium was dubbed as the 5th International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution, and our logo became SIS which is very apropos and appealing. It was in Bordeaux that the decision was made to hold the 6th SIS Symposium in New Delhi and it is scheduled for August 18-22, 1986 in the capital of India.

This book is a collection of the addresses of the keynote speakers and invited lecturers as well as manuscripts of a few outstanding papers which were delivered at the First Pacific Polymer Conference organized by the Pacific Polymer Federation in Maui, Hawaii, 12-15 December, 1989. The First Pacific Polymer Conference covered a wide variety of topics in macromolecular science, demonstrating the emphasis given to polymer research in the Pacific Rim countries. The keynote speakers and invited lecturers are excellent scientists and leaders of effort who covered their fields expertly and in many cases gave their own perspective on the future of polymer science and engineering. A panel discussion on the role of polymers in the arts interested the attendees and emphasized the pervasiveness of polymers in all facets of life. The meeting was attended by over 500 scientists from all over the world. The participants left the meeting with renewed feeling for the importance of polymers in the material sciences and impressed by the progress in polymer research and development. This book, therefore, provides a wide -angle snapshot of the polymer research as we enter the 1990's. It is a useful book for all scientists interested in polymers and the progress of our science in the countries of the Pacific Rim. We hope that many attendees were stimulated by the meeting and that new ideas and new collaborations will result which will further enrich research, and lead to new useful polymers for all countries.

This volume summarizes the papers presented at the First Osaka University Macromolecular Symposium OUMS'93 on "Ordering in Macromolecular Systems," which was held at Senri Life Science Center, Osaka, Japan, on June 3 through June 6, 1993. The symposium covered the three topics, (1) Crystallization and Phase Transitions, (2) Polymer Liquid Crystals and (3) Block Copolymers, Polymer Blends and Surfaces, and invited leading scientists in these fields. At present any of these topics is a hot issue in itself and frequently taken up separately in many occasions. It is noted however that all these topics are correlated with each other with the keyword "Ordering" and their combination provides a unique feature of the present symposium in reflecting the interactions among investigators working in these important fields with the common ground expressed by the keyword "Ordering." Nineteen invited lectures and 40 posters of both experiment and theory were presented at the symposium, and the eighteen lectures and ten poster presentations contribute to this volume. In the first topic crystal structures and their transitions were discussed from kinetic as well as static points of view; attention was paid to give a molecular-level interpretation of the structure, phase transition and physical properties, using theories and simulations. The second topic was mainly concerned with static structures and thermodynamic properties of polymer liquid crystals including phase behaviours.

This book has its origin in a proposal made a few years ago that I should collaborate with Dr H. J. Stern in the production of a third edition of his well-known text-book entitled Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. The sugges tion was that I should contribute a series of chapters on synthetic rubbers. Although, in the event, it has not proved possible to publish the full book in the form originally planned, it was apparent that, with some restructuring, the material which I had collected would be valuable as an independent summary of the chemistry and technology of synthetic rubbers. It is in this form that the material is now offered. The primary purpose of this book is to provide a brief up-to-date survey of the principal types of synthetic rubber which have been and are currently available. Two classes of material are included which are regarded by some as being thermoplastics rather than rubbers, namely, plasticised polyvinyl chloride and the thermoplastic synthetic rubbers. The topics which are covered for each main family of synthetic rubbers are (i) the sources of the monomers, (ii) polymerisation procedures and the effects of important polymerisation variables upon the rubber produced, (iii) the types of rubber currently available commercially, (iv) interesting aspects of the compounding of the rubbers, with special reference to such matters as vulcanisation, reinforcement, protection against degradation, and (where appropriate) plasticisation, and (v) an indication of applications."

Throughout most of this century, progress in Polymer Science took place by way of studies of dilute polymer solutions and of the solid state. More recently, attention has been focused on the semi-dilute regime. The elucidation of transi- ent network and temporal gel states under conditions of moderate concentra- tion by numerous hydrodynamic and optical techniques is now well established and a solid theoretical underpinning for these phenomena is in place. However, in most of the systems studied, interpolymer interactions are relatively weak forces, because in solutions oftypical polymers, strong interpolymer interactions lead to bulk phase separation. However, polymers that form highly associating structures in equilibrium solution now constitute an important class of synthetic macromolecules, and it is evident that strong intermacromolecular interactions - without accompanying phase separation - are prevalent in biopolymer sys- tems as well. This behavior is generally characteristic of amphiphilic polymers, which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic repeat units. It is also charac- teristic of systems in which two macromolecular species are complementary, such as hydrogen-bond-donating and hydrogen-bond-accepting polymers, or polycations and polyanions. Interest in associating polymer systems currently derives from both applied and fundamental questions. Synthetic water-soluble polymers bearing hydro- phobic groups exhibit special rheological properties that make them well-suited as thickeners and viscosity-modifiers. Drag-reduction effects may arise in such polymer solutions, and may also be observed in polymer complexes based on hydrogen-bonding.

Table of Contents -Shape-Memory Polymers and Shape-Changing Polymers By M. Behl, J. Zotzmann, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymer Composites By Samy A. Madbouly and Andreas Lendlein -Characterization Methods for Shape-Memory Polymers By W. Wagermaier, K. Kratz, M. Heuchel, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications By Christopher M. Yakacki and Ken Gall -Controlled Drug Release from Biodegradable Shape-Memory Polymers By ChristianWischke, Axel T. Neffe, and Andreas Lendlein