Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused stimulants and together with amphetamine has led to serious social problems. Numerous papers in the fields of medicine, toxicology, pharmacology, sociology, etc. have appeared. In Japan for example about 20,000 to 22,000 persons have been arrested in recent years on suspicion of abuse, smuggling or illegal manufacture of drugs. In other countries, stimulant drugs also present social problems and efforts have been directed toward prevention. Although marked development of analytical techniques in the field of forensic sciences has been achieved, there is a need for a continuous review of recent advances. A review of studies on methamphetamine has therefore been made from the standpoint of forensic toxicology and legal medicine. Attention has been directed to biological samples because analyses and interpretation for the purpose of t.oxicological and As a detailed survey on abuse drugs involving clinical practice are important. 1 methamphetamine and amphetamine has been made by Fishbein and covered the time before 1980, we refer only to data and events appearing after 1980.

Tradi tionally, the International lTV - Conferences on Biomate rials are focussing on problems in Biomedical Engineering, problems, which are still unsolved, of main interest, and which are of interdisciplinary character. In 1983, the Division of Biomedical Engineering of the Institute of Textile Technology and Chemical Engineering, Denkendorf, started wi th a conference about the use of polyurethanes in biomedicine. Three years later, . in 1986, progress in development and use of polyurethanes was selected as conference topic. It had to be realized that degradation problems were still dominating the discussions. The main discussion topics were: What are the causes for the degradation? How can one prevent them? What are the degradation products, and do they affect the human body? How can one simu late the degradation? How can one accelerate the in vitro tests and how can the results predict the in vivo behaviour of the material? How do in vitro tests correlate with animal tests and the behaviour in the human body? At the third conference in 1989, the speakers focused on the use of textiles in medicine. Again the problem of degradation was discussed intensively and demonstrated by the failure of textile implants, the degradation of aramide polymers or the degradation of resorbable suture materials. The examples make clear, that degradation may be a desired or undesired property of an implant."

Modern polymer materials are designed by applying principles of correlation between chemical structure, physical macrostructure and technological properties. Fundamentals of polymer physics are explained in this book without excessive use of calculations. Four main sections treat relaxation of polymers, melting and crystallization, the mechanism of deformation in thermoplastics, elastomers and multiphase systems, and thermodynamics of mixing and swelling of polymers and polymer networks. The book presents the theoretical models of polymer physics in a comprehensive style and relates their applicability to real polymer systems in terms of the available experimental observations.

These volumes constitute the Proceedings of a Symposium ort the Fracture Mechanics of Cerarnics, held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11, 12, and 13, 1973. The theme of the symposium focussed on the mechanical behavior of brittle cerarnics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The 52 contributed papers by 87 authors, present an overview of the cur rent understanding of the theory and application of fracture mechan ics to brittle cerarnics. The prograrn chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsyl vania State University, the Materials Research Center of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvana and Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Special appreciation is extended to the expert organization provided by the J. Orvis Keller Conference Center of the Pennsyl vania State Conference Center of the Pennsylvania State University. In particular, Mrs. Patricia Ewing should be acknowledged for the excellent prograrn organization and planning. Dean Harold J. O'Brien, who was featured as the after-dinner speaker and who presented a most stimulating talk on the cornrnunication between people, also contrib uted to the success of the meeting. Finally, we also wish to thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these Proceedings to press. University Park R. C. Bradt Bethlehem D. P. H. Hasseiman Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. F. Lange July, 1973 v CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 Contents of Volume 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This volume contains a series of papers originally presented at the symposium on Water Soluble Polymers: Solution Properties and Applications, sponsored by the Division of Colloids and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. The symposium took place in Las Vegas City, Nevada on 9 to 11th September, 1997 at the 214th American Chemical Society National Meeting. Recognized experts in their - spective fields were invited to speak. There was a strong attendance from academia, g- ernment, and industrial research centers. The purpose of the symposium was to present and discuss recent developments in the solution properties of water soluble polymers and their applications in aqueous systems. Water soluble polymers find applications in a number of fields of which the following may be worth mentioning: cosmetics, detergent, oral care, industrial water treatment, g- thermal, wastewater treatment, water purification and reuse, pulp and paper production, sugar refining, and many more. Moreover, water soluble polymers play vital role in the oil industry, especially in enhanced oil recovery. Water soluble polymers are also used in ag- culture and controlled release pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, a fundamental kno- edge of solution properties of these polymers is essential for most industrial scientists. An understanding of the basic phenomena involved in the application of these polymers, such as adsorption and interaction with different substrates (i. e. , tooth enamel, hair, reverse - mosis membrane, heat exchanger surfaces, etc. ) is of vital importance in developing high performance formulations for achieving optimum efficiency of the system.

Pedagogical Cases in Physical Education and Youth Sport is a completely new kind of resource for students and practitioners working in physical education or youth sport. The book consists of 20 richly described cases of individual young learners, each written by a team of authors with diverse expertise from across the sport, exercise and movement sciences. These cases bring together knowledge from single sub-disciplines into new interdisciplinary knowledge to inform best practice in physical education, teaching and coaching in youth sport settings. At the heart of each case is an individual young person of a specified age and gender, with a range of physical, social and psychological characteristics. Drawing on current research, theory and empirical data from their own specialist discipline, each chapter author identifies the key factors they feel should be taken into account when attempting to teach or coach the young person described. These strands are then drawn together at the end of each chapter and linked to current research from the sport pedagogy literature, to highlight the implications for planning and evaluating teaching or coaching sessions. No other book offers such a rich, vivid and thought-provoking set of pedagogical tools for understanding and working with children and young people in sport. This is an essential resource for any student on a physical education, coaching, kinesiology or sport science course, and for any teacher, coach or instructor working in physical education or youth sport.

Polymers continue to show almost amazing versatility. We have always known that polymers could be used for trinkets, toys and dishes. Now, however, we are no longer surprised to encounter these adaptable mate rials in almost every place we look. We find them in our cars, tools, electronic devices, building materials, etc. The use of polymeric mate rials in medicine is also well documented in previous books by one of the Editors (Gebelein) and by others. Likewise, the use of polymeric mate rials in pharmaceutical applications, especially in controlled release systems, is also well established. Nevertheless, the use of these ubiquitous chemicals is far less ob vious in the field of cosmetics, although modern cosmetic preparations rely heavily on polymers and this trend is certain to increase. This book brings together much of the basic information on polymers in cosmetics and compares this usage with similar applications in pharmaceutical and medical applications. Cosmetics, like medicine and pharmacy, dates back to antiquity. We can find uses of perfumes, balms and ointments in various old books, such as the Bible. For example, the use of ointments and balms is noted more than thirty eight times, and perfumes and related materials are cited at least twenty nine times in the Bible."

The fourth Nishinomiya-Yukawa Memorial Symposium, devoted to the topic of dynamics and patterns in complex fluids, was held on October 26 and 27, 1989, in Nishinomiya City, Japan, where ten invited speakers gave their lectures. A one-day meeting, comprising short talks and poster sessions, was then held on the same topic on October 28 at the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics, Kyoto University. The present volume contains the 10 invited papers and 38 contributed papers presented at these two meetings. The symposium was sponsored by Nishinomiya City, where Prof. Hideki Yukawa once lived and where he wrote the celebrated paper describing the work that was later honored by a Nobel prize. The topic of the fourth symposium was chosen from one of the most vigorously evolving and highly interdisciplinary fields in condensed matter physics. The field of complex fluids is very diverse and still in its infancy and, as a result, the definition of a complex fluid varies greatly from one researcher to the next. One of the objectives of the symposium was to clarify its definition by explicitly posing a number of potentially rich problems waiting to be explored. Indeed, experimentalists are disclosing a variety of intriguing dynamical phenomena in complex systems such as polymers, liquid crystals, gels, colloids, and surfactant systems. We, the organizers, hope that the symposium will contribute to the increasing importance of the field in the coming years.

This volume contains the proceedings of the first ISSP International Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of Organic Superconductors, which was held at the Komaba Eminence Hotel in Tokyo, August 28-30, 1989. This symposium was attended by 205 scientists from 12 countries. In total 106 papers were presented: 61 as posters, and 39 original papers and 6 review papers in oral sessions. Of these, 102 papers are included in these proceedings. These contributions cover the interdisciplinary field of physics and chemistry of organic superconductors with particular emphasis on the following subjects and materials: - superconducting properties, - spin density waves, - electronic and structural properties, - TMTSF salts and their derivatives, - BEDT -TTF salts and their derivatives, - metal coordinated organic conductors. The contributions to this volume are arranged in 11 categories. The Organizing Committee would like to acknowledge all participants, who contributed to the great success of this symposium on a growing field in both physics and chemistry. The editors express their gratitude to the members of the Organizing and Executive Committees for their cooperation. We also wish to thank Dr. H. Lotsch of Springer-Verlag for his management of the publication and Miss S. Shibata for her assistance in editing this volume.

This volume summarizes the papers presented at the second Osaka University Macromolecular Symposium OUMS '95 on "New Macromolecular Architecture and Functions" which was held at Senri Life Science Center, Osaka, Japan, on June 2 through June 5, 1995. The symposium covered the three topics, (1) Controlled Polymerizations, (2) Macromolecular Organized Systems and (3) Biomimetic Polymers, and invited leading scientists in these fields. At present, any of these topics is a hot issue in itself and frequently taken up separately on many occasions. It is noted, however, that all these topics are correlated with each other with the keyword "molecular design of new types of polymers" and their combination provides a unique feature of the present symposium in reflecting the interactions among investigators working in these important fields with the common ground expressed by the keyword "molecular design of new types of polymers." Twenty five invited lectures and twenty nine posters were presented at the Symposium, and twenty of the lectures contribute to this volume. In the first topic, preparations of sequentially of stereoregularly controlled polymers were discussed from the view points of precise design of polymer preparation on the molecular level; attention was paid to a possibility of living radical polymerization, preparations of new types of living polymers, recent advances in preparation of stereospecific living polymers, sequential control in block copolymers, and molecular design of initiators and/or catalysts for the controlled polymerizations.

The field of non-crystalline materials has seen the emergence of many challeng ing problems during its long history. In recent years, the interest in polymeric and biological disordered matter has stimulated new activities which in turn have enlarged the organic and inorganic glass community. The current research fields and recent progress have extended our knowledge of the rich phenomenol ogy of glassy systems, where the role of disorder is fundamental for the underlying microscopic dynamics. In addition, despite the lack of a unified theory, many interesting theoretical models have recently evolved. The present volume offers the reader a collection of topics representing the current state in the understanding of disorder effects as well as a survey of the basic problems and phenomena involved. The task of compiling a book devoted to disordered systems has benefited much from a seminar organized by the W.-E. Heraeus Foundation in Bad Honnef in April 1992, where we had the opportunity to discuss the project with most of the authors. Here we wish to thank the Heraeus Foundation for their support, and the authors and Springer-Verlag, especially Dr. Marion Hertel, for the pleasant cooperation."

Over the years the field of anionic polymerization has attracted numerous outstanding scientists, and today it still is being pursued by many researchers all over the world. The exciting discovery of termination-less polymerization processes and living polymers culminating in the development of narrow molecular weight polymers, star polymers, and tailor-made block and graft copolymers, contributed immensely to the rapid expansion of polymer science. Areas of active research in anionic polymerization presently include the structure of ion pairs and their role in regulating polymer structure, ring opening polymerization of heterocyclic monomers, synthesis of well-defined block and graft copolymers including the application of macromers in such systems, telechelic polymers with functional end groups, and other topics. New developments in the organic chemistry of carbanions such as dipolar carbanions impinge on the field of anionic polymerization. More sophisticated characterization techniques have been instrumental in obtaining better correlations between the structure of polymers and that of intermediates leading to their formation. This book contains the proceedings of the international symposium on "Recent Advances in Anionic Polymerization and Related Processes" which was held at the 1986 spring meeting of the American Chemical Society. It was the first Polymer Division-sponsored meeting exclusively devoted to anionic polymerization since the Houston ACS meeting in the spring of 1980. The proceedings of that meeting were published in the book "Anionic Polymerization," ACS Symposium Series No. 166, edited by Dr. J. E. McGrath.

In this volume, the shock compression technology of materials is described in parallel with the latest research results and their background. In the past, this type of technology was developed in connection with military techniques by certain particular research organizations. For this reason, researchers of materials in general have had less opportunity to make use of the technology. The conventional technology of shock compression has now been established, and is recognized as being remarkably useful as a means of materials science study. The feasibility of shock compression technology is dealt with in this book, as well as the latest research results for general material scientists. The shock synthesis of ceramics and intermetallic compounds, as well as shock compression behavior, are also described. In contrast to conventional works of this kind, this book describes shock compression studies performed by material scientists.

Liquid-crystalline phases are now known to be formed by an ever growing range of quite diverse materials, these include those of low molecular weight as well as the novel liquid-crystalline polymers, such phases can also be induced by the addition of a solvent to amphiphilic systems leading to lyotropic liquid crystals. Irrespective of the structure of the constituent molecules these numerous liquid-cl)'Stailine phases are characterised by their long range orientational order. In addition certain phases exhibit elements of long range positional order. Our understanding, both experimental and theoretical, at the molecular level of the static behaviour of these fascinating and important materials is now well advanced. In contrast the influence of the long range order; both orientational and positional, on the molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais is less well understood. In an attempt to address this situation a NATO Advanced Study Institute devoted to liquid ctystal dynamics was held at n Ciocco, Barga, Italy in September 1989. This brought together experimentalists and theoreticians concerned with the various dynamical processes occurring in all liquid crystals. The skills of the participants was impressively wide ranging; they spanned the experimental techniques used in the study of molecular dynamics, the nature of the systems investigated and the theoretical models employed to understand the results. While much was learnt it was also recognised that much more needed to be done in order to advance our understanding of molecular dynamics in liquid Cl)'Stais.

Describing progress achieved in the field of nonlinear optics and nonlinear optical materials, the Handbook treats selected topics such as photorefractive materials, third-order nonlinear optical materials and organic nonlinear optical crystals, as well as electro-optic polymers. Applications of photorefractive materials in optical memories, optical processing, and guided-wave nonlinear optics in hotorefractive waveguides are described. As light will play a more and more dominant role as an information carrier, the review of existing and new materials given here makes this a keystone book in the field.

-Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization By K. Landfester and C. K. Weiss -Enzyme-Encapsulated Layer-by-Layer Assemblies: Current Status and Challenges Toward Ultimate Nanodevices By K. Ariga, Q. Ji, and J. P. Hill -Non-LBL Assembly and Encapsulation Uses 1 of Nanoparticle-Shelled Hollow Spheres 2 By G.C. Kini, S. L. Biswal, and M. S. Wong -Polymersomes: A Synthetic Biological Approach to Encapsulation and Delivery By M. Massignani, H. Lomas, and G. Battaglia -Reaction Vessels Assembled by the Sequential Adsorption of Polymers By A.D. Price, A.P.R. Johnston, G.K. Such, and F. Caruso

These volumes, 7 and 8, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia on June 19, 20 and 21, 1985. These proceedings constitute the fourth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. The theme of this conference, as the previous three, focused on the mechanical behavior of ceramic materials in terms of the characteristics of cracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture process. The 78 contributed papers by over 100 authors and co-authors represent the current state of the field. They address many of the theoretical and practical problems of interest to those concerned with brittle fracture. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the EXXON Foundation, the Army Research Office, the Natio~al Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. Without their support, this conference simply would not have been possible. The suggestions of Drs. J. C. Hurt, R. C. Pohanka, and L. Toth were particularly helpful in assuring the success of this symposium. Special appreciation is extended to Professor J. I. Robertson, C. P. Miles Professor of History. whose presentation following the banquet on the American Civil War was very well received by the audience. Finally, we wish to also thank our joint secretaries, especially Karen Snider, for their patience and help in finally bringing these proceedings to press.

More than 30 years after the discovery of transition metals and organometal lics as catalysts for olefin polymerization these catalysts did not have lost their fascination. Since 1953 when Karl Ziegler has discovered the catalytic polymerization of ethylene leading to plastically formable polymers which are mechanically stable up to temperatures of about 100 DegreesC, synthetic polymers and rubbers have made their way right into private houses. This discovery has been a main impetus for the fast growing production of plastics. The stereoselective poly merization of propylene and other long-chain a-olefins first detected by Giulio Natta leads to an even broadened field of applications. Another enforcing factor were the developments of Standard Oil of Indiana and Phillipps Petroleum Company who engaged in the polymerization of a-olefins supported molybdenum, cobalt and later on chromium catalysts which clearly indicates the wide variety of suitable systems. This kind of research acknowledged merit when in 1963 the Nobel prize of chemistry was awarded to Ziegler and Natta. Although to a great extent there is a technical application for these catalysts, up to now the nature of the active centres and many reaction mechanisms are not completely known.

Progress in Pacific Polymer Science 3 continues the record of the current status of major topics in polymer science.
The invited lecturers cover the following topics:
- Adding Value to Natural Polymers
- Polymers and the Environment
- Polymers in Mining and Mineral Processing
- Multicomponent Polymer Systems
- Characterization, Properties and Processing
- Functional Polymers
- Polymers for Medical Applications
- Polymer Recycling
- Polymer Surfaces of Biological Significance
- New and Advanced Polymer Materials

Polymeric materials have special advantages over other materials used for the recording, storage and retrieval of information, telecommunication transmission and visualization of images. The authors describe the synthesis, the physico-chemical behavior and the applications of these highly sensitive macromolecular systems. They discuss the most essential developments in this field.
For scientists and professionals working in the field of electrooptical and photooptical polymeric materials.

usage of the terms substrate and substratum. A substrate (pI.: substrates) is a material utilized by microorganisms, generally as a source of energy. A substratum (pI.: substrata) is asolid surface to which a microorganism mayattach. REFERENCES (1) Marshall, K.C. 1976. Interfaces in Microbial Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (2) ZoBell, C.E. 1943. The effect of solid surfaces upon bacterial activity. J. Bacteriol. 46: 39-56. Standing, left to right: Paul Rutter, Rolf Freter, Mike Silverman, lan Robb, Hinrich Mrozek, Frank Dazzo, David Gingell Seated, left to right: Garth Jones, Stanislawa Tylewska, Staffan Kjelleberg, Ellen Rades-Rohkohl, Kevin Marshall Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation, ed. K.C. Marshall, pp. 5-19. Dahlem Konferenzen 1984. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. Mechanisms of Adhesion Group Report P.R. Rutter, Rapporteur F.B. Dazzo H. Mrozek R. Freter E. Rades-Rohkohl D. GingeIl I.D. Robb G.W. Jones M. Silverman 8. Kjelleberg 8. Tylewska K.C. Marshall INTRODUCTION The subject, Mechanisms of Microbial Attachment, has proved to be a fertile sour ce of argument between both microbiologists and physical chemists. In order to find common ground for discussion, the group endeavored to come to a consensus regarding a number of definitions pertinent to the subject. Some of these are described in the text and others will be found at the end of this report.

In a unified treatment for the broad subject of materials, this book presents some fascinating phenomena associated with the remarkable performance of polymers and chemical materials. It provides a comprehensive description of the applications and tools for chemical polymeric materials. It also includes the background information necessary for assimilating the current academic literature on complex materials and their applications.

The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'."

This book is about thin films; what they are, how they are prepared, how they are characterized, and what they are used for. The contents of this book not only showcase the diversity of thin films, but also reveals the commonality among the work performed in a variety of areas. The chapters in this volume are based on invited papers presented by prominent researchers in the field at a Symposium on "Thin Films: Preparation, Characterization, Applications" at the 221st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in San Diego, California. The coverage of the symposium was extensive; topics ranged from highly-ordered metal adlayers on well-defined electrode surfaces to bio-organic films on non-metallic nanoparticles. An objective of this book is for the readers to be able to draw from the experience and results of others in order to improve and expand the understanding of the science and technology of their own thin films systems.

The environmental problems caused by petroleum-based plastic and plastic waste have led to an increasing demand for biobased and biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). These polyesters are synthesized from carbon sources, e.g. sugar and plant oils, by various bacteria. This book highlights the potential of plant oils, especially palm oil, as a feedstock for PHA production. In addition, new PHA applications are discussed and the sustainability of PHA production from plant oils is critically examined.