In addition to structure formation in crystallizing polymers and semicrystalline polymers, this second edition completes the topic of transport phenomena. It also reviews solidification by crystallization during cooling and under flow or pressure, which all play an enormous role in polymer melt processing. Generally, there is an intensive interaction between three transport phenomena: heat transfer, momentum transfer (flow, rheology) and (flow induced) crystallization. The strong interaction between the three transport phenomena is a major challenge when it comes to experimentation, and advances in this area are detailed in the book, guiding further development of sound modeling. This book enables readers to follow an advanced course in polymer processing. It is a valuable resource for polymer chemists, applied physicists, rheologists, plastics engineers, mold makers and material scientists.

This book focuses on controlling morphology of different scales for polymers. The authors explain the need for successful control of morphology to yield target macroscopic physical properties in the application of polymers to diverse areas such as engineering materials, nanodielectrics and photonic crystals. The book combines specialized chapters with an introduction to the morphology of polymers and the range of experimental techniques available to evaluate it.

The subject of Intrinsically Conducting Polymers: an Emerging Technology' was addressed at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A. in October 1992. Approximately 30 invited scientists from 11 different countries attended the workshop and 24 lectures were given discussing in detail the most important processing techniques and applications of conducting polymers, along with the basic materials science aspects. The results was the present book, which, for the first time, addresses progress in materials science related to polymers presently on the market and to already existing applications, as well as to future applications. This book covers mostly existing and future applications of intrinsically conducting polymers. Among these applications are the redox-type, such as batteries and electrochemical actuators and artificial muscles. Capacitors, microlithography and transistor uses are addressed. The use of conducting polymers as 'smart' materials in sensor/indicator types of applications is discussed. ESD applications and EMI shielding are subjects that conducting polymers are sought after for. Microwave properties for radar/microwave absorption and for plastics joining/welding are discussed. Also, this book discusses materials processing for the various applications, including fabrication of fibers, textiles, colloids and films/coatings. This book will be an important addition to the libraries of every institution involved in this emerging technology.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field.

Polymer translocation occurs in many biological and biotechnological phenomena where electrically charged polymer molecules move through narrow spaces in crowded environments. Unraveling the rich phenomenology of polymer translocation requires a grasp of modern concepts of polymer physics and polyelectrolyte behavior. Polymer Translocation discusses universal features of polymer translocations and summarizes the key concepts of polyelectrolyte structures, electrolyte solutions, ionic flow, mobility of charged macromolecules, polymer capture by pores, and threading of macromolecules through pores.

With approximately 150 illustrations and 850 equations, the book:

• Avoids heavy mathematics
• Uses examples to illustrate the richness of the phenomenon
• Introduces the entropic barrier idea behind polymer translocation
• Outlines conceptual components necessary for a molecular understanding of polymer translocation
• Provides mathematical formulas for the various quantities pertinent to polymer translocation

The challenge in understanding the complex behavior of translocation of polyelectrolyte molecules arises from three long-range forces due to chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and hydrodynamic interactions. Polymer Translocation provides an overview of fundamentals, established experimental facts, and important concepts necessary to understand polymer translocation. Readers will gain detailed strategies for applying these concepts and formulas to the design of new experiments.

From the reviews:

..".This book is a very useful addition to polymer literature, and it is a pleasure to recommend it to the polymer community." (J.E. Mark, University of Cincinnati, POLYMER NEWS)

This book examines the current state of the art, new challenges, opportunities, and applications in the area of polymer nanocomposites. Special attention has been paid to the processing-morphology-structure-property relationship of the system. Various unresolved issues and new challenges in the field of polymer nanocompostes are discussed. The influence of preparation techniques (processing) on the generation of morphologies and the dependence of these morphologies on the properties of the system are treated in detail. This book also illustrates different techniques used for the characterization of polymer nanocomposites. The handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors across the globe make this survey an outstanding resource reference for anyone involved in the field of polymer nanocompostes for advanced technologies.

I used the opportunity of this edition to correct some minor mistakes and clarify, wherever it possible, exposition of the theory in comparison with the previous edition of this book (Kluwer, Dordrechtet cet, 2000). It provokes - largement of the book, though I tried to present the modern theory of thermic motion of long macromolecules in compact form. I have tried to accumulate the common heritage and to take into account di?erent approaches in the theory of dynamics of linear polymers, at least, to understand and make clear the importance of various ideas for explanation of relaxation phenomena in linear polymers, to present recent development in the ?eld. The theory of non-equilibrium phenomena in polymer systems is based on the fundamental principles of statistical physics. However, the peculiarities of thestructureandthebehaviourofthesystemsnecessitatetheimplementation of special methods and heuristic models that are di?erent from those for gases and solids, so that polymer dynamics has appeared to be a special branch of physicsnow. Themonographcontainsdiscussionsofthemainprinciplesofthe theoryof slowrelaxationphenomena in linearpolymers, elaborated inthe last decades. The basic model of a macromolecule, which allows us a consistent explanation of di?erent relaxation phenomena (di?usion, neutron scattering, viscoelasticity, optical birefringence), remains to be a coarse-grained or be- spring model, considered in di?erent environments: viscous, to describe the behaviourofdilutesolutions, orviscoelastic, todescribethebehaviourofboth weakly and strongly entangled system

-Lignin Structure, Properties, and Applications By H. Hatakeyama, T. Hatakeyama -Tensile Mechanics of -Helical Coil Springs By A. Ikai -Bioactive Polymer/Hydroxyapatite (Nano)composites for Bone Tissue Regeneration By K. Pielichowska, S. Blazewicz"

This book presents the synthesis, processing and application of selected functional biopolymers as new advanced materials. It reviews theoretical advances as well as experimental results, opening new avenues for researchers in the field of polymers and sustainable materials. The book covers various aspects, including the structural analysis of functional biopolymers based materials; functional biopolymer blends; films, fibers, foams, composites and different advanced applications. A special emphasis is on cellulose-based functional polymers, but other types of functional biopolymers (e.g. from chitosan, starch, or plant oils) are also described.

"Dynamics of Soft Matter: Neutron Applications" provides an overview of neutron scattering techniques that measure temporal and spatial correlations simultaneously, at the microscopic and/or mesoscopic scale. These techniques offer answers to new questions arising at the interface of physics, chemistry, and biology. Knowledge of the dynamics at these levels is crucial to understanding the soft matter field, which includes colloids, polymers, membranes, biological macromolecules, foams, emulsions towards biological & biomimetic systems, and phenomena involving wetting, friction, adhesion, or microfluidics.

Emphasizing the complementarities of scattering techniques with other spectroscopic ones, this volume also highlights the potential gain in combining techniques such as rheology, NMR, light scattering, dielectric spectroscopy, as well as synchrotron radiation experiments. Key areas covered include polymer science, biological materials, complex fluids and surface science.

Different aspects of biocatalysis are discussed with a view to obtaining products in a practical way using microorganisms and enzymes in catalytic amounts but as if they were organic reagents. A limited number of reactions catalysed by microbial reagents have been examinded according to the following classes: C-C bond formation, including the reaction catalyzed by aldolases, enantiomeric oxynitrilases, and decarboxylases. Oxidations promoted by microorganisms leading to Bayer-Williger-type products and hydroxylation at saturated carbon also includes the production of synthons derived from the microbial oxidation of substituted aromatics of wide synthetic applications. Reductions of carbonyl group with yeasts and other microorganisms, including the factor affecting the stereoselectivity when using all-cell organisms. Group transfer reactions describes synthetic achievements and theoretical aspects concerning the use of lipases, esterases and acylases. Industrial applications of microbial reagents in the large-scale production of fine chemicals offers validation to the basic research in the field.

This is the first volume of a two-volume work which summarizes in an edited format and in a fairly comprehensive manner many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of Elastomers. Advances in Elastomers discusses the various attempts reported on solving these problems from the point of view of the chemistry and the structure of elastomers, highlighting the drawbacks and advantages of each method. It summarize the importance of elastomers and their multiphase systems in human life and industry, and covers all the topics related to recent advances in elastomers, their blends, IPNs, composites and nanocomposites.

This first volume focuses on advances on the blends and interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of elastomers.

This book comprehensively covers researches on enzymatic polymerization and related enzymatic approaches to produce well-defined polymers, which is valuable and promising for conducting green polymer chemistry. It consists of twelve chapters, including the following topics: The three classes of enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for enzymatic polymerization and modification; Well-defined polysaccharides are produced by enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by hydrolases and transferases; Hydrolase-catalyzed polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization are disclosed to produce a variety of polyesters; Polyesters are synthesized by in-vivo acyltransferase catalysis produced by microorganisms; Enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by appropriate enzymes also produces polypeptides and other polymers; Poly(aromatic)s are obtained by enzymatic polymerization catalyzed by oxidoreductases and their model complexes; Such enzymes also induce oxidative polymerization of vinyl monomers; Enzymatic modification of polymers is achieved to produce functionalized polymeric materials; The enzymatic polymerization is a green process with non-toxic catalysts, high catalyst efficiency, green solvents and renewable starting materials, and minimal by-products; Moreover, renewable resources like biomass are potentially employed as a starting substrate, producing useful polymeric materials. This book is not only educative to young polymer chemists like graduate students but also suggestive to industrial researchers, showing the importance of the future direction of polymer synthesis for maintaining a sustainable society.

The series Advances in Polymer Science presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science. It covers all areas of research in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics, material science. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in the covered topics. Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science as an introduction to a neighboring field or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Single contributions can be specially commissioned. Readership: Polymer scientists or scientists in related fields interested in polymer and biopolymer science, at universities or in industry, graduate students.

The theme and contents of this book have assumed a new significance in the light of recent ideas on nanoscience and nanotechnology, which are now beginning to influence developments in food research and food processing. The fabrication of nanoscale structures for food use relies on an in-depth understanding of thermodynamically driven interactions and self-assembly processes involving the major food structure-forming components: proteins and polysaccharides. This understanding has the potential to provide thermodynamically inspired approaches that can be used to manipulate food structures rationally in order to enhance the nutritional and health-promoting properties of foods and beverages.

Ionomers, that is polymers containing a low concentration of charged units along the chain, have been the subject of increasing interest during the past twenty years. The presence of ionic groups in the poly mer changes some of its properties dramatically. Increases in the modu lus and the viscosity of several orders of magnitude have been observed, and changes in the glass transition of hundreds of degrees are possible. In addition, diffusion coefficients can be modified drastically. These changes are due primarily to the presence of reversible ionic cross links in these materials. Because of the low dielectric constant of most organic polymers, the ions or ionic dipoles tend to aggregate; this aggregation process, however, is limited, because the ionic groups are covalently bonded to the organic chain. Host of the fundamental research done on these materials has been devoted to a determination of the extent of association, the structure of the aggregates, the limi ting factors, and the correlations between molecular and supermolecular structure and the resul ting properties."

The 25th Jerusalem Symposium represents a most significant highlight in the development and history of these meetings. Living within the decimal system we have celebrated with much pleasure the lath and the 20th Jerusalem Symposia. With this one we experience a feeling of particular satisfaction because 25 years is different from, is more than, two decades and a half. It is a quarter of a century. It seems thus as if we have changed the dimension of our endeavour. In no way do we loose the sense of modesty with respect to the significance of these meetings. For the organizers, however, they do represent a continuity of efforts which we feel happy to have been able to carry out. At this occasion it seems useful to say a few words about the origin of the Jerusalem Symposia and to recall the name of a colleague who played an essential role in their creation and has been a most efficient and devoted co organizer of the seven first of them. This was Professor Ernst Bergmann, one of the most distinguished founders of Israeli Science and a world famous physico-organic chemist.

Since the discovery that polymer single crystals are composed of chain folded macromolecules in 1957, the crystallization of polymers has attracted considerable interest and still provides fascinating and fruitful areas of research. Only a few books have been fully devoted to the crystallization of polymers in the past. This book contains the proceedings of the NATO ARW devoted to the `Crystallization of Polymers' which took place in September 1992 at the University of Mons-Hainaut (Belgium). In view of the variety of papers devoted to the crystallization of polymers, this book will be used in the next few years as a reference book for scientists concerned in the field of polymer physical chemistry. Crystallization of Polymers is mainly devoted to the experimental and theoretical study of the crystallization of synthetic polymers. As a kinetic study of the growth of polymer crystals should always be preceded by a morphological or a structural investigation, the structure, the morphology of polymer crystals and more particularly the lamellar and supralamellar organizations, as well as the nature of the crystal amorphous interface are reviewed and discussed.

Since A. Kowalsky's first report of the spectrum of cytochrome c in 1965, interest in the detection, assignment and interpretation of paramagnetic molecules has surged, especially in the last decade. Two classes of systems have played a key role in the development of the field: heme proteins and iron-sulfur proteins. These two systems are unique in many respects, one of which is that they contain well-defined chromophores, each of which can be studied in detail outside the protein matrix. They are the most successfully studied macromolecules, and the first eight and last six of the seventeen contributions to this book deal with heme and/or iron-sulfur proteins. The middle three chapters survey the progress on, and significant promise of, more difficult systems which do not possess a chromophore, but which have nevertheless yielded remarkable insights into their structure.

This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications AMORPHOUS POLYMERS AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS is in part the proceedings of a workshop which was an integral part of the 1984-85 IMA program on CONTINUUM PHYSICS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS We are grateful to the Scientific Committee: Haim Brezis Constantine Dafermos Jerry Ericksen David Kinderlehrer for planning and implementing an exciting and stimulating year-long program. We espe cially thank the Program Organizers, Jerry Ericksen, David Kinderlehrer, Stephen Prager and Matthew Tirrell for organizing a workshop which brought together scientists and mathematicians in a variety of areas for a fruitful exchange of ideas. George R. Sell Hans Weinberger Preface Experiences with amorphous polymers have supplied much of the motivation for developing novel kinds of molecular theory, to try to deal with the more significant features of systems involving very large molecules with many degrees offreedom. Similarly, the observations of many unusual macroscopic phenomena has stimulated efforts to develop linear and nonlinear theories of viscoelasticity to describe them. In either event, we are confronted not with a well-established, specific set of equations, but with a variety of equations, conforming to a loose pattern and suggested by general kinds of reasoning. One challenge is to devise techniques for finding equations capable of delivering definite and reliable predictions. Related to this is the issue of discovering ways to better grasp the nature of solutions ofthose equations showing some promise."

The purpose of the preface is to explain the book's objectives and how to use it; give warnings, disclaimers, and the like.* The main objective of Protein and Peptide Analysis by Mass Spec trometry is quite straightforward-to present authoritative, up-to-date, and practical accounts of the use of mass spectrometry in the analysis of pep tides and proteins. How to use it? Every reader will have their own particular interests and will surely be drawn toward the chapters that cover these interests. Within the remaining chapters, however, techniques are described with analytical possibilities that such a reader can then only guess at. So, read the book fully. Again, as is customary in the Methods in Molecular Biology series, the chapter format (Introduction, Materials, Methods, and Notes) allows the authors to introduce the techniques, to explain their relevance and applicability, and, above all, to provide detail-detail that represents each author's accumulated experience and enables the reader to use and benefit from these methods. So, read the book fully, and read it diligently. Warnings and disclaimers: Mass spectrometry today offers the pro tein chemist ready access to a wealth of information that is otherwise avail able only with great difficulty, or perhaps not at all. With this goal in sight, any warnings and disclaimers will almost surely be ignored. So, a warning anyway; the use of mass spectrometry might be habit forming."

-On the Mechanisms Leading to Exfoliated Nanocomposites Prepared by Mixing By C. D. Han -Phase Behavior and Phase Transitions in AB- and ABA-type Microphase-Separated Block Copolymers By J. K. Kim, C. D. Han -New Class Materials of Organic Inorganic Hybridized Nanocrystals/Nanoparticles, and Their Assembled Microand Nano-Structure Toward Photonics By H. Oikawa, T. Onodera, A. Masuhara, H. Kasai, H. Nakanishi -Poly(substituted Methylene) Synthesis: Construction of C C Main Chain from One Carbon Unit By E. Ihara"

The book provides a unique collection of 15 contributions by 15 internationally recognized scientists performing intensive research activity on the preparation and characterization of complex and multiphase materials based on macromolecules as well as on the evaluation and simulation of structure/properties relations. The topic is assuming a general increasing importance as providing a highly sustainable and modern approach to the present and future development of the important area of materials science and technology. The scientific route along the successive contributions goes from the controlled preparation of functional MM both by innovative polymerization reactions and preformed polymers modification (intramacromolecular complexity), to their combination with other MMs and materials to give blends and composites where new properties are conveniently achieved by morphologic complexity. The synergic behaviour of the different components in these last is obtained by reactive processing producing the necessary interfacial adhesion. Even if most examples deal with man-made MMs, biopolymers are also included. The various chapters provide in most cases an exhaustive fundamental description assisted by an up- to-date and broad list of relevant references The book is therefore an excellent informative and formative instrument for those involved in complex materials preparation and application in research and industry.

Featuring practical strategies and exciting experiments, Teaching Innovations in Lipid Science addresses lipid education at a range of levels from the novice to the graduate student and teacher. Peer-reviewed contributions from internationally known specialists, describe several methods and approaches designed to create new lipid courses, modify existing courses, and serve as a basis for pursuing novel avenues of instruction. Divided into two sections, the first focuses on teaching strategies and outlines some of the barriers that lipid science specialists face when transmitting accurate information. It emphasizes the development and implementation of creative programs that foster interest in lipid science, and presents novel problem-solving approaches. It discusses strategies for involving and evaluating independent study students and explains the successful use of sample cards to teach oilseed and cereal processing. This section also provides generalized accounts of biotechnology and crop improvement and isoprenoid biochemistry, including improvement of oilseed crops and tips on explaining DNA science and crop biotechnology. The second section begins with simple demonstrations on the physical properties of lipids suitable for middle- and high school students. It follows with more complex experiments on analyzing lipids in food oils, plasma, and milk utilizing thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Contributions include information on convenient enzyme test kits with exercises that can translate to a lab course beginning with chromatographic methods for lipid analysis. The final chapter presents theory and experiments for studying lipid metabolism in the plastid by describing preparation methods, studying metabolite uptake, and pathway analysis.