Focusing especially on the 1970s and 1980s in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, this work provides an overview of reforms in socialist agrarian systems. Empirical evidence is used by the contributors to provide an assessment of how agrarian economies performed in different communist countries. The Soviet and Eastern European experience is contrasted with reforms in China, Vietnam and Cuba to provide a detailed account of agricultural restructuring after the collapse of communism in Europe and Asia.

First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This volume explores capital mobility under globalization by studying some of its salient consequences in agriculture and food in North and South America. It probes the manner in which capital mobility alters the organization of the temporal and spatial dimensions that characterize the reproduction of capital. This is an important aspect of globalization because it reproduces the tension between the constant attempt of agents of capitalism to expand their scope of action and accelerate the time of the reproduction of capital, and the fixed nature of the institutions and measures that are employed to regulate capitalism. The analysis of this contradictory aspect of globalization is presented in seven cases that, while global in scope and social implications, are located in North and South America. Areas examined include the organization of labor in the exportation of grapes, fruit producing regions of Argentina and Brazil, the changing character of small town Ontario, migration and farmers in Mexico, and North Atlantic salmon. These original pieces of empirical research are contextualized by the introduction and common themes underscored in the concluding chapter.

If you feel you have a disjointed, or unbalanced, view of the global system of demand and supply, you are probably correct. Most studies leave out a very important part of the system--the marketing channel. That is why Laurens van der Laan developed and wrote this book, The Trans-Oceanic Marketing Channel. To help you understand what happens to export crops, such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, groundnuts, tea, and tobacco, between their country of origin and consumer markets, this book analyzes the roles of different actors in trans-oceanic trade, inherent differences between world markets, export diversification policies, and the commercial and institutional forces at play.The Trans-Oceanic Marketing Channel will give you a strong background in marketing channel concepts, and because of its focus on the exporter rather than on the government, it will provide you with an excellent model for microanalysis. As you read about the special features of trans-oceanic trade, you will also learn about: trade associations and their role in shaping world markets for trans-oceanic crops the uneasy relationship between exporters and shipping companies the selling conduct of agricultural exporters in Africa the tendency of actors in Africa to accelerate the trans-oceanic product flow the effectiveness of export marketing boards as channel leaders private enterprise, the chief agent of development the theory of "exporter preference"The Trans-Oceanic Marketing Channel invites policymakers, international businessmen, professors, and students to examine the opportunities, problems, and policies that confront the various players in trans-oceanic trade, especially the exporters. As the book discusses the divergent institutional arrangements in the world markets for agricultural products and their differential effect on African exports, you will become keenly aware of how vertical marketing systems differ from conventional marketing channels. No other book brings together the three fundamental sections of export agriculture, the country of production, the channel through which the products flow, and the country of destination, to provide you with a complete understanding of trans-oceanic marketing.

Nano-enabled Sustainable and Precision Agriculture is the first single-volume resource to cover this important field using a whole systems approach that considers both opportunities and challenges. The book provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of nanotechnology in agriculture from broad aspects, but also includes a comprehensive view of the interaction of nanomaterials with soil-plant systems. It highlights aspects not described in previous books, including the application of nanoinformatics and artificial intelligence in nano-enabled sustainable agriculture, the application of nanotechnology in alternative forms of agriculture such as hydroponics, and regulatory frameworks for this research field. The book addresses all these aspects by including sections on enhanced sustainability, reduced pollution and enhanced ecosystems' health, and the role of nanoinformatics and machine learning.

Why plant a vegetable garden with the same old tomato and cucumber plants that everyone else has? Small Fruits in the Home Garden is your home gardener?s guide to growing and harvesting small fruit for personal enjoyment. The contributors to this book provide the necessary information and helpful hints for you to grow many new varieties of small fruits, that have wonderful flavor but may not be suitable for commercial production, right at home. Now you can harvest the tastiest varieties at their peak flavor! In Small Fruits in the Home Garden, you?ll see how small fruits can enhance not only your diet, but also your garden and landscape. You?ll learn how strawberry plants, for example, make wonderful perennial borders along paths and walkways and how currants, gooseberrries, and blueberries serve as "edible" hedges that are especially lovely in the summer when their branches are laden with colorful fruit. Each chapter of this unique handbook provides detailed background and growing information on a particular fruit, with special attention to: climate soil pests water table preplant operations planting management pruning fertilizing liming wateringSee how growing and harvesting small fruit can provide you with something nutritious and beautiful that doesn?t demand too much free time. With Small Fruits in the Home Garden, you, too, can easily manage and enjoy small fruit growing.

This book aims to present specific complicated and puzzling challenges encountered for application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) in solving Structural Engineering problems by using ABAQUS software, which can fully utilize this method in complex simulation and analysis. Therefore, an attempt has been to demonstrate the all process for modeling and analysis of impenetrable problems through simplified step by step illustrations with presenting screenshots from software in each part and also showing graphs. Farzad Hejazi is the Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), and a Senior Visiting Academic at the University of Sheffield, UK. Hojjat Mohammadi Esfahani,an expert on Finite Element Simulation,has more than 10 years of experience in the teaching and training of Finite Element packages, such as ABAQUS.

'An important and timely book' from the Foreword by Stanley Johnson 'A complete and absorbing history of a decade of intense international politics offers many insights for future negotiators of sustainable solutions' Stephen Bass, International Institute for Environment and Development 'Skillfully navigates the jungle of forest politics, leaving us in no doubt that the verbal commitment to save the world's forests has yet to be translated into action on the ground. The way forward must clearly lie in political commitments and international cooperation if forests are to continue to preserve life on Earth' Francis Sullivan, World Wide Fund for Nature Global deforestation and its attendant processes - including soil degradation, climate change and the loss of biological diversity - emerged as international political issues during the 1980s, prompting politicians to seek consensus on programmes and policies for the conservation and sustainable management of forests. Yet global initiatives have been bedevilled by tensions between the North and South and between governments, industry, local communities and indigenous peoples. Meanwhile, rates of deforestation in the tropics are increasing, and international political efforts are demonstrably failing. Forest Politics carefully traces the evolution of international cooperation on forests, from the inception of the controversial International Tropical Timber Organization and the failed Tropical Forestry Action Programme in the mid-1980s, to the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests in the mid-1990s. The book also provides a detailed analysis of the negotiating stances of the parties involved in the divisive negotiations that rook place prior to the 1992 'Earth Summit' in Rio de Janeiro and the equally factious negotiations for the International Tropical Timber Agreement of 1994. It provides a fascinating insight into the nature of such processes, illustrating the difficulties that arise when concepts such as 'global commons' come into conflict with national sovereignty. Complete with annexes of important political documents, and making extensive use of primary source material and interviews with participants. Forest Politics presents case studies of all the major forest negotiations over the last 13 years. It is an essential reference point for policy makers, environmental campaigners and students, and required reading for all those who care about the future of the world's forests. David Humphreys is Research Fellow in Global Environmental Change at the Open University. Originally published in 1996

In an era of globalization, private markets are expected to dominate the distribution of goods worldwide. Yet surprisingly little empirical work is conducted on them. The sensitive and secret nature of trading information, the complexity of real markets and the lack of official data other than that on price can all cause problems. This book seeks to overcome these in examining arguably the most difficult markets of all - agricultural markets under conditions of underdevelopment. Case-studies from nine countries covering all three underdeveloped continents offer a comprehensive overview of the lessons to be learnt from field experience.

This book provides an up-to-date assessment of sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean countries. It examines and reviews the impact of EU and national policies on environmental and trade issues in agricultural and rural organizations in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region. The book also reflects key socio-economic and political issues such as resource management, income distribution, employment and migration trends, and sustainability aspects. It demonstrates technical and methodological tools used for the analysis and explains their application. The book presents the collective work of a research consortium funded by an EU (FP7) project.

This book highlights various methods of quantifying sustainability indicators in the food sector, highlighting the environmental indicators in the meat chain and agri-food wastes from a bio-refinery perspective. Numerous sustainability indicators that encompass all three pillars - economic, environmental and social areas - as well as individual and joint indicators (e.g. environmental and social) have been developed and quantified to date. Some of these indicators can be utilised for any industrial sector, while others are sector-specific. Behind each indicator developed, there is a unique scientific model, method or assessment technique. This book enumerates these indicators, providing details such as the concept, development methodology, assessment technique, and applications, mainly in the food industry.

Contents:
Waterjetting fundamentals: Introduction. Terminology. What is a waterjet? Where did waterjets come from? How are waterjets used? Why are waterjets used? What is this book planning on doing?
Design of high pressure delivery circuits: Introduction. Example of energy efficiency; Energy input to the motor; Input power to the pump; Output power from the pump to the water; Output power supplied to the jet at the nozzle; Delivered power at the surface. Pump choices; Triplex and positive displacement pumps; Intensifier designs; Water cannons and ultra-high pressure systems. Power calculations. Pump selection criteria. Transmitting the energy. Nozzle considerations; Nozzle size; Nozzle performance; Nozzle design; Nozzle evaluation techniques; High pressure cutting nozzles; Waterjet cleaning nozzles; Droplet impact; The choice between round and fan-jet nozzles. Supply line and fittings; Component pressure losses; Procedure for evaluating friction loss; Flow straighteners. Delivering the energy. Using the energy. Notes and references.
The use of waterjets in cleaning applications: Introduction. Earlier and competing methods of cleaning; Airborne abrasive cleaning; air abrasive nozzle design and manufacture; Cleaning effectiveness; Angle of impact; Airborne abrasive machining; Abrasive use; Steam powered systems. Low pressure waterjet cleaning. Cleaning tubes, pipes and sewers; Cleaning small tubes; Moleing; Cleaning larger diameter tubes; Sewer cleaning. Parameter control for effective cleaning. Cleaning tanks and large surfaces; Hand-held equipment; Underwater cleaning. Advent of high preesure; Round and fan nozzles revisited; Cleaning radio-active pipes; Runway cleaning. Abrasive jet cleaning systems. Cleaning additives. Underwater applications. Lessons for use. Notes and references.
High pressure industrial waterjet cutting: Introduction. Background. Equipment for industrial applications; Activation valve and catcher; Inlet water treatment. Nozzle and part positioning-robotic use; Robots and their control; Accuracy and precision; Case studies of X-Y cutting. Multi-dimensional cutting; Considerations in the use of industrial waterjet cutting; Explosive material processing; Cut edge quality. Techniques for cutting harder materials; Non-traditional machining; Laser machining; Plasma torch; Electric discharge machining; Electrochemical machining; Ultrasonic machining; Abrasive flow machining; Comparisons of performance. Abrasive water cutting; Nozzle design; Abrasive jet case studies; Operational considerations; Glass cutting. Intermediate pressure abrasive jet cutting. Direct injection of abrasive; DIAjet case study; Underwater applications. Future technology; Waterjet machining; Waterjet assisted machine tool cutting. Notes and references.
Waterjets in civil engineering applications: Introduction. Earth moving applications; Soil removal in California during the gold rush; The extraction of clay and monitor design; Soviet experience in soil removal; Tunnelling in soft material; Reduced flow rate studies. The mechanism of soil removal; Frozen soil and the change in cutting mechanism; Cutting and removal of ice. Applications of waterjets in soil excavation; Excavation of the Bar-Lev line; Soil excavation and barrier walls; Grout walls and artificial pile construction; horizontal hole drilling; Joint and gap cleaning; Soil and turf penetration; Waterjet assisted earth plow. Concrete cutting and hydrodemolition; The initial study; Establishing the parameters; High pressure single pulse units; Continuous high pressure low flow systems; Continuous medium pressure flow systems; Case histories; Injection of abrasive for concrete cutting; Cutting concrete with cavitation; Notes and references.
The use of waterjets in mining: Introduction. Coal mining development; Soviet Developments; Trials in the United Kingdom; Developments in the United States; Higher pressure coal mining research; 450 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining; 330 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining; 70 MPa system for longwall coal mining; 70 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining. Japanese operations; Chinese hydraulic mining; Canadian hydraulic mining experience; German hydraulic mining experience; Polish experiments. Borehole mining. Notes and references.
Waterjet use in rock cutting: Rock disaggregation. Development of water cannons. Very high pressure continuous jets. Mechanisms of material removal; Jet impact on a rock; The effect of equipment parameters; The effect of rock properties. Applications of waterjets in cutting rock. Notes and references.
Waterjet drilling systems: Early drilling development. Waterjet drilling of rock bolt holes. Canadian waterjet drill bit design. Waterjet assisted percussive drilling. Waterjet drilling in coal and adjacent rock. Waterjets in oilwell drilling. Round the corner drilling. Borehole modification. Abrasive waterjet drilling. References.
Jet assisted mechanical cutting: Introduction and definitions. Mechanically assisted waterjet cutting. Waterjet assisted mechanical cutting equipment. Jet assisted cutting of coal. References.
Enhancing waterjet performance: Introduction. Enhancing the delivered jet power; The use of a sheath around a jet; Water chemistry changes; The introduction of long chain polymers. The accumulation of waterjet pressure; Pulsating waterjets; Self-resonating pulsating jets; Focussing multiple jets to generate higher pressures. The generation of cavitation with waterjets; The mechanisms of cavitation attack; ASTM cavitation test; Cavitation sheathing; The stationary specimen test; Cavitation in a flow channel; The Lichtarowicz cell; The travelling specimen test; Applications of cavitating jets; Shock loading. Spark generated jets. The introduction of abrasives into waterjets; The mechanisms of material removal; Ductile material removal; Brittle material removal; Considerations in mixing chamber design; Abrasive jet parameter effects; Choice of abrasives; DIAjet abrasive waterjet cutting; Modelling of abrasive jet cutting. Thermal pre-weakening with waterjets. Comment and references.
Theoretical considerations: Introduction. Jet energy considerations. Early theoretical approaches. Powell and Simpson's theory. Foreman and Secor's theory. Crow's theory. Rehbinder's theory. Energy input & crack growth considerations. References.
Safety, health and medical applications: Introduction. Damaging jet pressures; Possible damage mechanisms; Needle-less injection systems. Other safety considerations. The role of training. Medical applications. Comments and references.

The depletion of the tropical rain forests has attracted considerable attention in recent times, and the serious consequences for the global biosphere are widely acknowledged. Yet deforestation continues apace, and in some areas (for example, southeast Asia) the very existence of the forests is seriously threatened. Contrary to popular belief, evidence suggests that local economic and living conditions are more significant in this than timber exploitation for exports to the Northern countries."Tropical Deforestation: A Socio-Economic Approach" offers a new perspective on the economic imperatives which encourage indigenous populations to encroach upon their own forests, and shows how action against deforestation must form part of a wider movement to improve both the living conditions of the local inhabitants and the durability of their national economies.Part One offers an overview of the processes surrounding deforestation, and an assessment of the current situation. Part Two analyses the land-use issues, and explains the socioeconomic imperatives in the affected regions. In an absorbing conclusion. Part Three guides the reader through a series of hypothetical policy scenarios, using a specially adapted economic computer model, to predict which combinations of policies and trade arrangements might bring about a more beneficial state of affairs.

Assessing Forest Ecosystem Health in the Inland West is a thorough reference for policymakers, resource managers, environmentalists, students, and anyone interested in using ecosystem management as a tool to address forest health problems in the Inland West. The book provides the reader with a survey of current conditions in the Inland West, their historical origins, assessments of available management tools, and analyses of the various choices available to policymakers. Its goal is to help people understand the Inland West forests so that public policies can reflect a constructive and realistic framework in which forests can be managed for sustained health. This resource is the product of a scientific workshop where 35 participants, including scientists, resource managers, administrators, and environmentalists, addressed the forest health problem in the Inland West. Synthesis chapters integrate the diverse knowledge and experience which participants brought to the workshop. They identify and link together many of the ecological, social, and administrative conditions which have created the forest health problem in the West. The book is unique in that it reflects a process that fostered the use of academic research, field realities, and industrial knowledge to define an interdisciplinary problem, establish rational policy objectives, and set-up "do-able" management approaches.The following topics are analyzed: Assessing forest ecosystem health in the Inland West Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems in the Inland West Defining and measuring forest health Historical range of variability as a tool for evaluating ecosystem change Administrative barriers to implementing forest health problems Economic and social dimensions of the forest health problem Fire management Ecosystem and landscape managementAssessing Forest Ecosystem Health in the Inland West will help facilitate sound resource planning because it brings together the problems facing the Inland West from an interdisciplinary perspective. This approach allows resource managers and policymakers creativity in planning and implementing strategies to confront forest health problems in the Inland West ecosystems.

Growers, packers, processors, and distributors of apples who wish to survive into the twenty-first century need to understand that they are now operating in an interconnected world market. The World Apple Market explains in lay terms the economics of the changes taking place in each phase of the apple business and assists firms in weighing decisions on organization, adoption of new technology, distribution systems and other crucial areas, allowing them to adjust operations and refocus their activities for the future.Readers will find the best available data on current industry operations and practices in this book, which is helpful to both established firms and new operators in reviewing their practices. Author A. Desmond O?Rourke describes evolving world apple supply and demand, changing distribution systems, and governmental and other societal pressure to which the industry must respond. Throughout, the book focuses on the economic forces which affect firm and industry profitability and evenmore specifically, it focuses on how to maintain cost efficiency while maintaining the quality of a perishable product.The World Apple Market explains the economics of practical decisionmaking at every level of the apple industry. This is crucial information for managers of operations that grow, pack, process, and market apples. As changes in market demand, distribution systems, and government regulation continue to alter the environment for decisionmaking, this book assists all involved in the apple market from researchers and extension agents, to industry associations, suppliers, and apple promoters, to government planners, students planning to enter the apple industry, and investors weighing thefeasibility of participating in the industry at any level.

For centuries, denuded landscapes, fouled streams, and dirty air were accepted by society as part of the price that had to be paid for mineral production. Even initial environmental legislation devised by industrialized countries in the 1960s and 1970s was largely designed without mining in mind. And developing countries had little in the way of environmental policy. With the advent of sustainability in the 1990s, times have changed. Today's economic development, many now feel, must not come at the expense of an environmentally degraded future. Current policies toward mining are under rigorous review, and mineral-rich developing countries are designing environmental policies where none existed before. In Mining and the Environment, noted analysts offer viewpoints from Australia, Chile, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European community on issues and challenges of metal mining.

Agricultural Productivity: Measurement and Sources of Growth addresses measurement issues and techniques in agricultural productivity analysis, applying those techniques to recently published data sets for American agriculture. The data sets are used to estimate and explain state level productivity and efficiency differences, and to test different approaches to productivity measurement. The rise in agricultural productivity is the single most important source of economic growth in the U.S. farm sector, and the rate of productivity growth is estimated to be higher in agriculture than in the non-farm sector. It is important to understand productivity sources and to measure its growth properly, including the effects of environmental externalities.

Both the methods and the data can be accessed by economists at the state level to conduct analyses for their own states. In a sense, although not explicitly, the book provides a guide to using the productivity data available on the website of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service. It should be of interest to a broad spectrum of professionals in academia, the government, and the private sector.

The agricultural and rural crisis besetting Africa is the result of both policy failures and inadequacies and the product of structural rigidities inhibiting access to and control of vital resources. The challenge of leadership in the agricultural sector is how to design and implement policies which would help induce growth and development in this sector. It is against this background that the Africa Leadership Forum convened in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria in July of 1989 to explore a broad range of parameters to be addressed in the formulation of successful policies. This volume is derived from papers submitted and presentations made. The book provides the main conclusions and recommendations which emanated from the conference. They highlight a series of actions which must be taken in such areas as women in agriculture, small-scale farmers, agribusiness, subsidies, human capital, and linkages between international and national research anbd energy. Other topics include - Africa's security situation; social and economic factors, ecology, and social engineering; dietary patterns in Africa; pest management; agricultural practice; and international organizations. It is aimed at economists, anthropologists, ecologists, agriculturalists, social and political scientists, and all those interested or involved in agricultural production in Africa and other underdeveloped countries.

Since 1993 a major research programme, "Stochastic Decision Analysis in Forest Management" has been running at Department of Economics and Natural Resources, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL), Copenhagen, in collaboration with Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Copenhagen (KU). The research is funded by the two Universities; The Danish Agricultural and Veterinary Research Council; The Danish Research Academy; The National Forest and Nature Agency; and Danish Informatics Network in the Agricultural Sciepces (DINA). A first international workshop in the research programme was held 5 - 8 August, 1996 at Eldrupgaard, Denmark, within the frameworkofacollaborationagreementbetween University of California at Berkeley (UCB) and the Danish Universities, and funded by The Danish Research Academy and the L0venholm Foundation. Having participated in the workshop, Professor Peter Berck (UCB) suggested that the papers be published along with selected papers in the same scientific field, i.e. mainly cointegration analysis of time series in forestry. The editors express their sincere appreciations to the many persons who have contributed to the realisation of the present book: participants in the research programme and the workshop, in particular Professors S0ren Johansen (KU) and Peter Berck (UCB); authors outside the programme/workshop; reviewers of the papers not previously published, in particuler Associate Professors Niels Haldrup (Aarhus University) and Henrik Hansen (KVL); and finally Mrs Mette Riis and Lizzie Rohde who did the tedious work of giving the papers a uniform style. Copenhagen, October 1998.

This book is the culmination of 45 years of research in fisheries economics by Dr Pontecorvo, and 25 years of similar work by Dr Shrank. The authors are prominent and respected academics in their discipline and have published many papers in relevant journals including Marine Policy. They have also carried out research on behalf of NGOs such as the FAO and the Canadian and US government (see Attachment 1 for author CVs).
The potential audience for this book is very broad, though the main audience will be academics working in the area of natural resource management especially fisheries, economics, business & management, environmental policy, conservation and development. In addition, those working in fisheries management for government bodies, and NGOs such as the International Institute for Fisheries and Trade, the European Association of Fishery Economists, the FAO and the UN, will be interested in this book.

The book presents expert assessments of modern opportunities for fisheries and aquaculture in terms of economic efficiency, the state of fishery reservoirs, and the state of ichthyocenoses. The purpose of this book is to provide interested parties (government bodies, representatives of business, science and civil society) with information about modern solutions in the field of aquatic biological resources management, the state of aquatic ecosystems and fish stocks, and modern and promising technologies in aquaculture and fisheries. The book contains an assessment of the state and recommendations for the restoration of natural aquatic ecosystems, an analysis of the state of fisheries and aquaculture in inland waters, taking into account regional characteristics, the development of a methodology for assessing freshwater fish stocks, information on advanced technologies in cage aquaculture in reservoirs and lakes and in circulation systems, data on opportunities for capacity building in small-scale fisheries, and the prospects for establishing a data and information management system for fisheries and aquaculture.

Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics of Crop Plants presents current operational methods applied to model crop plants. Including subcellular organelles, DNA fingerprinting and barcoding, sRNA, gene expression, rhizosphere engineering, marker assisted and 5G breeding, plant-microorganism interactions, stress signaling and responses, the book highlights important factors that are often overlooked and explores the latest research. The book also explores cutting-edge approaches for immediate application in new research such as OMICS, genome-wide transcriptome profiling, bioinformatics and database, DNA fingerprinting and barcoding, sRNA, gene expression, genome editing, diagnostics, rhizosphere engineering, marker assisted and 5G breeding, crop plant-microorganism interactions, stress signaling and responses. Additionally, the book describes opportunities to manipulate crop plants genetic and metabolic systems, while also exploring the related bioethical and biosafety issues. These topics are chosen and covered in detail to fill the gap in this understanding of crop molecular biology.