The application of ultrasound technology to obstetric and gynacologic issues figures as one of the staples of this imaging modality. This issue of Ultrasound Clinics features the following articles: Demystifying Ovarian Cysts; Fetal Measurements and Anatomy; Fetal Echocardiography; Management of Threatened Miscarriage; Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases; Sonographic Depiction of Ovarian And Uterine Vasculature; Postmenopausal Endometrial Bleeding; and Pediatric Gynecologic Ultrasound. Acute Right Lower Quadrant Pain, and Early Anatomy Ultrasound.

Color perception plays an important role in object recognition and scene understanding both for humans and intelligent vision systems. Recent advances in digital color imaging and computer hardware technology have led to an explosion in the use of color images in a variety of applications including medical imaging, content-based image retrieval, biometrics, watermarking, digital inpainting, remote sensing, visual quality inspection, among many others. As a result, automated processing and analysis of color images has become an active area of research, to which the large number of publications of the past two decades bears witness. The multivariate nature of color image data presents new challenges for researchers and practitioners as the numerous methods developed for single channel images are often not directly applicable to multichannel ones. The goal of this volume is to summarize the state-of-the-art in the early stages of the color image processing pipeline."

Information for neuroimaging specialists includes a "Diagnostic Checklist? or "Clinical Recommendations? along with tables presenting recommended MR sequences and protocols. The primary focus of the issue is 3.0T; one article specifically deals with 7T and higher fields are mentioned sporadically throughout.? Topics include: Tumor High-Field MR; Stroke High-Field MR; High-Field MR of Inflammation; Vascular Disorders: MR Angiography of Brain Vessels, MR Angiography of Neck Vessels, and Perfusion Imaging; Plaque Imaging; Neurodegenerative Disease; Epilepsy Imaging; Head and Neck Oncology Applications; Pediatric High-Field Imaging; Spine High-Field Imaging; Ultra High-Field Imaging; Future Perspectives on High-Field MR

Accurate interpretation of indications for treatment is the cornerstone of success in medicine. This book carefully examines the relation between clinical features, diagnosis, and choice of minimally invasive technique for a range of spine pathologies. It explains how selection of technique is intimately related to clinical and diagnostic aspects and how recognition of this relation forms the foundation for an optimal outcome. In addition to examining the various minimally invasive options, including the latest techniques, careful attention is paid to the role of medical treatment in avoiding recurrence after initial therapy. Nerve blocks, epidural injections, and intradiscal procedures are among the many options available in the armamentarium of the interventionalist, and advice is given on their use in different contexts. This volume will be of great value for neuroradiologists and others responsible for treating patients with spine disorders.

This issue covers a wide range of topics related to genitourinary imaging, across a variety of imaging modalities.? An update is given on dual-energy CT in urologic imaging.? Imaging of the retroperitoneum is also discussed. Imaging of infectious and inflammatory diseases of kidneys is reviewed, as is imaging of the features of common and uncommon neoplasms of the bladder.? Multimodality imaging of the ureter, unusual renal masses, and adrenal imaging are all addressed in detail.? Finally, advances in pediatric urologic imaging are reviewed.

PET/CT holds great promise for the management of many types of infection and inflammation.? This issue discusses many of these uses, starting with arthroplasty-associated infection.? FDG PET/CT also has utility in inflammatory bowel disease.? This issue also discusses the utilization of FDG PET and PET/CT in the evaluation of diabetic foot, and in monitoring therapeutic effect in patients without malignancy. PET/CT is reviewed regarding its use in patients with sarcoidosis or IgG4 disease.? Also covered is the application of FDG PET/CT in detecting the source of fever of unknown origin. Artherosclerosis and vasculitis can be assessed by PET/CT and FDG PET/CT can also be used in the management of severe infection in patients with malignancies.? Finally, the issue discusses the use of PET and PET/CT in the evaluation of osteomyelitis.

This book collates past and current research on one of the most promising emerging modalities for breast cancer detection. Readers will discover how, as a standalone technology or in conjunction with another modality, microwave imaging has the potential to provide reliable, safe and comfortable breast exams at low cost. Current breast imaging modalities include X- ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography. Each of these methods suffers from limitations, including poor sensitivity or specificity, high cost, patient discomfort, and exposure to potentially harmful ionising radiation. Microwave breast imaging is based on a contrast in the dielectric properties of breast tissue that exists at microwave frequencies. The book begins by considering the anatomy and dielectric properties of the breast, contrasting historical and recent studies. Next, radar-based breast imaging algorithms are discussed, encompassing both early-stage artefact removal, and data independent and adaptive beamforming algorithms. In a similar fashion, microwave tomographic reconstruction algorithms are reviewed in the following chapter, introducing the reader to both the fundamental and more advanced algorithms. Apart from imaging, the book also reviews research efforts in extracting clinically useful information from the Radar Target Signature of breast tumours, which is used to classify tumours as either benign or malignant. Finally, the book concludes by describing the current state of the art in terms of prototype microwave breast imaging systems, with a particular emphasis on those which have progressed to the clinical evaluation stage. This work is motivated by the fact that breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst women in Europe and the US, and the second most common cancer in the world today. Such an important area of research will appeal to many scholars and practitioners.p>

Various aspects, including diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, of two brain tumors (meningioma and schwannoma) , of brain tumors are discussed in this volume. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways involved in brain tumor biology are explained. For example, the role of E-cadherin gene instability, carbonic anhydrase 11, urokinase plasminogen activator, and Wnt signaling is discussed in detail. Such information will lead to the development of effective aniicancer drugs. The role of molecular genetics and epigenetic mechanisms in schwannomas is explained. Also, is explained the role of cyclin D1 in vestibular schwannoma. The determination of subtypes of meningiomas using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging is explained. Diagnosis of incidentally discovered meningioma and cystic papillary meningioma is also included. Diagnosis of facial nerve schwannoma, vestibular schwannoma, and intermediate nerve schwannoma is explained. Treatments for atypical meningioma, oncocytic meneingioma, intracranial meningioma, and cavernous are presented. Therapeutic methods such as neurosurgery, Gamma knife radiosurgery, and adjuvant radiation for this cancer are included. Large number of other treatments, including radiosurgery, retrosigmoidal craniotomy, and immunotherapy, for vestibular schwannoma patients are detailed.

This issue provides a complete update on PET imaging of lymphoma, starting with a clinical assessment of lymphoma and the role of medical imaging. The role of structural imaging in lymphoma is then discussed.? From a Nuclear Medicine perspective, FDG-PET in lymphoma is reviewed, as is the role of FDG-PET in pediatric lymphoma.? Next, the role of non-FDG tracers in lymphoma is reviewed.? Other articles cover the role of fMRI and optical imaging in lymphoma, the role of diffusion-weighted MRI in lymphoma, FDG-PET in personalization of therapy in patients with lymphoma, and PET and radiation oncology in lymphoma.

Since the early 20th century, medical imaging has been dominated by monochrome imaging modalities such as x-ray, computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. As a result, color information has been overlooked in medical image analysis applications. Recently, various medical imaging modalities that involve color information have been introduced. These include cervicography, dermoscopy, fundus photography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, microscopy, and wound photography. However, in comparison to monochrome images, the analysis of color images is a relatively unexplored area. The multivariate nature of color image data presents new challenges for researchers and practitioners as the numerous methods developed for monochrome images are often not directly applicable to multichannel images. The goal of this volume is to summarize the state-of-the-art in the utilization of color information in medical image analysis.

This issue of Radiologic Clinics updates the reader with the latest clinical information on the imaging of bone and soft-tissue tumors.? An article on how to approach patients with bone lesions leads off the issue followed by reviews of analysis of solitary lesions of bone, imaging of benign bone tumors, imaging of primary malignant bone tumors, and imaging of hematopoietic tumors and metastases involving bone.? Soft tissue tumors are also reviewed in articles from the clinician's perspective and with the use of MRI.? The use of MRI in the imaging of children with soft tissue masses is also covered.? Articles on mimics of bone and soft tissue tumors, biopsy and intervention, post-therapy imaging, and advanced MRI techniques round out the issue.

Diseases once believed to be confined to the tropics, such as parasitic, mycobacterial, fungal, bacterial, and viral infections are still a major cause of mortality and moribidity in the tropics, yet can affect the developed world in an era of increased global travel and migration. Neuroimaging technique developments over the last several decades have helped clinicians better understand and diagnose these conditions. Experts from tropical countries share their experiences regarding tropical disorders, some of which are rare in the western world, but possible to appear in patients and not readily recognized by specialists not familiar with these diseases.

Topics in this issue include: Relevance of neuroimaging in the diagnosis and management of tropical neurologic disorders; Pathology of Tropical Diseases; Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System; Central Nervous System Tuberculosis; Parasitic diseases of nervous system; Neuroimaging in Post-infectious Demyelination and Nutritional Disorders of the Central Nervous System; CNS Fungal Infections in the Tropics; Neuroimaging Epilepsy in the Tropics; Neuroimaging in Cranio-Vertebral Anomalies as seen in Tropics; Vascular Brain Pathologies; Neurobrucellosis; Hirayama Disease; Transverse Myelitis; and Pyomyositis.

Because of the number and variety of illnesses that can affect the pediatric respiratory system, being able to interpret thoracic images of children is important for the general radiologist.? This issue of Radiologic Clinics starts off with an overview of lung and pleural infections.? Reviews of small and large airway diseases are followed by separate articles on the uses of ultrasound, MR, and nuclear medicine to image pediatric patients.? Also included are articles on lung and vascular anomalies, thoracic trauma, and cardiac disease.? The issue is completed with articles on fetal lung imaging and radiation safety.

This book presents non-linear image enhancement approaches to mammograms as a robust computer-aided analysis solution for the early detection of breast cancer, and provides a compendium of non-linear mammogram enhancement approaches: from the fundamentals to research challenges, practical implementations, validation, and advances in applications. The book includes a comprehensive discussion on breast cancer, mammography, breast anomalies, and computer-aided analysis of mammograms. It also addresses fundamental concepts of mammogram enhancement and associated challenges, and features a detailed review of various state-of-the-art approaches to the enhancement of mammographic images and emerging research gaps. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for radiologists and medical experts (oncologists), as mammogram visualization can enhance the precision of their diagnostic analyses; and for researchers and engineers, as the analysis of non-linear filters is one of the most challenging research domains in image processing.

This issue provides a solid foundation for general radiologists in the imaging of pediatric patients suspected of having cancer.? Reviewed in this issue is imaging for CNS and cardiopulmonary and thoracic tumors; tumors of the liver, spleen, and pancreas; and pelvic and bone tumors, as well as leukemia and Lymhoma.

'The Year Book of Diagnostic Radiology 2011' brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in diagnostic radiology, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice.

Topics include: Imaging of Ischemic Stroke; Hemorrhagic Stroke and Non-traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage; Acute Neuro-Interventional Therapies; Orbital and Intracranial Complications of Sinusitis; Traumatic Brain Injury; Central Nervous System Infections; Facial Trauma: What the Surgeon Wants to Know; Intracranial Hypo- and Hypertension; Seizures; Pediatric Central Nervous System Emergencies; Spine Emergencies; Infections and Inflammatory Processes of the Neck.

PET imaging has become an essential part of radiation therapy for cancer patients. Leading off the issue are articles on clinical applications and technical aspects. Following those are reviews of the use of PET in the treatment for lung cancer, gynecologic malignancies, GI and pancreatic tumors, and brain tumors, lymphoma, and head and neck malignancies. The final article addresses advances in hybrid imaging in planning of radiation therapy.

This issue provides an overview of the latest advances in imaging the fetus and pregnant patient using ultrasound. Reviewed in this issue are the use of US for screening of musculoskeletal, facial, and cardiac abnormalities. Planning for complicated deliveries, imaging of twins, and detecting growth abnormalities are just some of the other topics covered by this issue.

Topics covered in this issue are: Basic principles of Diffusion Imaging; Diffusion MR Imaging: An Important Tool in the Assessment of Brain Tumors; Diffusion MR imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke; Diffusion Imaging in Demyelinating Diseases; Diffusion Imaging in Brain Infection; Diffusion Imaging in Brain Trauma; Diffusion Imaging in the Neonate Brain; Diffusion MR Imaging for Monitoring Treatment Response; Assessment of Brain Development; Future Horizons in Diffusion Imaging of the Brain.

Systems-level neuronal mechanisms that coordinate the temporally, anatomically, and functionally distributed neuronal activity into coherent cognitive operations in the human brain have remained poorly understood. In humans, neuronal oscillations and synchronization can be recorded non-invasively with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG and MEG) that have excellent temporal resolution and an adequate spatial resolution when combined with source-reconstruction methods. In this book, leading authors in the field describe how recent methodological advances have paved the way to several major breakthroughs in the observations of large-scale synchrony from human non-invasive MEG data. This volume also presents the caveats influencing analyses of synchronization. These include the non-homogeneous sensitivity of MEG to superficial cortical sources, and, most importantly, the multitude of consequences of linear mixing. Linear mixing is an immense confounder in the sensor-level analyses of synchronization, but is also present at the source level. Approaches that can be used to avoid or compensate for these issues are then discussed. Thereafter, several authors take up a number of the functional roles that large-scale synchronization has in cognition. The authors assess how the spatio-temporal and -spectral organization and strength of both local and large-scale synchronized networks are associated with conscious sensory perception, visual working memory functions, and attention. These chapters summarize several lines of research showing how the strength of local and inter-areal oscillations in both cortical and subcortical brain structures is correlated with cognitive functions. Together these data suggest that synchronized neuronal oscillations may be a systems-level neuronal mechanism underlying the coordination of distributed processing in human cognition. In line with this argument, other authors go on to describe how oscillations and synchronization are altered in clinical populations, complementing the data presented on healthy subjects. Importantly, this book includes chapters from authors using many different approaches to the analyses of neuronal oscillations, ranging from local oscillatory activities to the usage of graph theoretical tools in the analyses of synchronization. In this way the present volume provides a comprehensive view on the analyses and functional significance of neuronal oscillations in humans. This book is aimed at doctoral and post-doctoral students as well as research scientists in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, psychology, medicine, and neurosciences.

Musculoskeletal injuries are an unfortunate byproduct of an active population.? Therefore imaging of these injuries is essential for the treatment, rehabilitation, and return to play.? This issue reviews topics such as pediatric upper and lower extremity injuries, skiing and snow boarding injuries, overhead throwing injuries, spine injuries, and hip injuries.

This issue includes every subject relevant to neuroradiology that one may expect to encounter in a general emergency radiology practice. The most important concepts in emergent brain, spine, head & neck imaging, as well as pediatric nonaccidental trauma are reviewed, and the issue provides an excellent starting point for learning the fundamentals of emergency neuroradiology and can serve as a reference for those wishing to reinforce their current knowledge base.

Ultrasound is a modality with broad applications in the imaging of the genitourinary tract.? Reviewed are the uses of US imaging the kidneys, prostate, scrotum, and bladder.? Also included are reviews of fetal genitourinary abnormalities, urinary tract infection, and tuberculosis.? The issue is rounded out with articles on contrast agents and on US-guided interventions.