This issue provides a solid foundation for general radiologists in the imaging of pediatric patients suspected of having cancer.? Reviewed in this issue is imaging for CNS and cardiopulmonary and thoracic tumors; tumors of the liver, spleen, and pancreas; and pelvic and bone tumors, as well as leukemia and Lymhoma.

This book collates past and current research on one of the most promising emerging modalities for breast cancer detection. Readers will discover how, as a standalone technology or in conjunction with another modality, microwave imaging has the potential to provide reliable, safe and comfortable breast exams at low cost. Current breast imaging modalities include X- ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography. Each of these methods suffers from limitations, including poor sensitivity or specificity, high cost, patient discomfort, and exposure to potentially harmful ionising radiation. Microwave breast imaging is based on a contrast in the dielectric properties of breast tissue that exists at microwave frequencies. The book begins by considering the anatomy and dielectric properties of the breast, contrasting historical and recent studies. Next, radar-based breast imaging algorithms are discussed, encompassing both early-stage artefact removal, and data independent and adaptive beamforming algorithms. In a similar fashion, microwave tomographic reconstruction algorithms are reviewed in the following chapter, introducing the reader to both the fundamental and more advanced algorithms. Apart from imaging, the book also reviews research efforts in extracting clinically useful information from the Radar Target Signature of breast tumours, which is used to classify tumours as either benign or malignant. Finally, the book concludes by describing the current state of the art in terms of prototype microwave breast imaging systems, with a particular emphasis on those which have progressed to the clinical evaluation stage. This work is motivated by the fact that breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst women in Europe and the US, and the second most common cancer in the world today. Such an important area of research will appeal to many scholars and practitioners.p>

Topics include: Imaging of Ischemic Stroke; Hemorrhagic Stroke and Non-traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage; Acute Neuro-Interventional Therapies; Orbital and Intracranial Complications of Sinusitis; Traumatic Brain Injury; Central Nervous System Infections; Facial Trauma: What the Surgeon Wants to Know; Intracranial Hypo- and Hypertension; Seizures; Pediatric Central Nervous System Emergencies; Spine Emergencies; Infections and Inflammatory Processes of the Neck.

This issue provides an overview of the latest advances in imaging the fetus and pregnant patient using ultrasound. Reviewed in this issue are the use of US for screening of musculoskeletal, facial, and cardiac abnormalities. Planning for complicated deliveries, imaging of twins, and detecting growth abnormalities are just some of the other topics covered by this issue.

Topics covered in this issue are: Basic principles of Diffusion Imaging; Diffusion MR Imaging: An Important Tool in the Assessment of Brain Tumors; Diffusion MR imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke; Diffusion Imaging in Demyelinating Diseases; Diffusion Imaging in Brain Infection; Diffusion Imaging in Brain Trauma; Diffusion Imaging in the Neonate Brain; Diffusion MR Imaging for Monitoring Treatment Response; Assessment of Brain Development; Future Horizons in Diffusion Imaging of the Brain.

PET imaging has become an essential part of radiation therapy for cancer patients. Leading off the issue are articles on clinical applications and technical aspects. Following those are reviews of the use of PET in the treatment for lung cancer, gynecologic malignancies, GI and pancreatic tumors, and brain tumors, lymphoma, and head and neck malignancies. The final article addresses advances in hybrid imaging in planning of radiation therapy.

This issue includes every subject relevant to neuroradiology that one may expect to encounter in a general emergency radiology practice. The most important concepts in emergent brain, spine, head & neck imaging, as well as pediatric nonaccidental trauma are reviewed, and the issue provides an excellent starting point for learning the fundamentals of emergency neuroradiology and can serve as a reference for those wishing to reinforce their current knowledge base.

Ultrasound is a modality with broad applications in the imaging of the genitourinary tract.? Reviewed are the uses of US imaging the kidneys, prostate, scrotum, and bladder.? Also included are reviews of fetal genitourinary abnormalities, urinary tract infection, and tuberculosis.? The issue is rounded out with articles on contrast agents and on US-guided interventions.

Imaging of the breast can be one of the most challenging tasks in all of radiology.? This issue not only covers all of the modalities (plain film, multislice CT, MRI, US, and nuclear medicine and molecular imaging it also provides discussions on the controversy regarding when women should be screened, the costs involved in breast imaging, and the appropriate use of screening.

This book reviews the state-of-the-art in multiscale computer modeling, in terms of both accomplishments and challenges. The information in the book is particularly useful for biomedical engineers, medical physicists and researchers in systems biology, mathematical biology, micro-biomechanics and biomaterials who are interested in how to bridge between traditional biomedical engineering work at the organ and tissue scales, and the newer arenas of cellular and molecular bioengineering.

Computed Tomography (CT) has recently gained in importance in the imaging of the heart.? A basis for the use of CT is provided with articles on normal anatomy as well as anomalies, patient preparation and scanning techniques, and technology and radiation dose reduction strategies.? Evaluation of plaques and stenosis, bypass grafts and stents, and myocardial abnormities and ischemia are reviewed.? Acute chest pain and congenital heart disease are just two of the other topics included in this issue.

Musculoskeletal injuries are an unfortunate byproduct of an active population.? Therefore imaging of these injuries is essential for the treatment, rehabilitation, and return to play.? This issue reviews topics such as pediatric upper and lower extremity injuries, skiing and snow boarding injuries, overhead throwing injuries, spine injuries, and hip injuries.

Systems-level neuronal mechanisms that coordinate the temporally, anatomically, and functionally distributed neuronal activity into coherent cognitive operations in the human brain have remained poorly understood. In humans, neuronal oscillations and synchronization can be recorded non-invasively with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG and MEG) that have excellent temporal resolution and an adequate spatial resolution when combined with source-reconstruction methods. In this book, leading authors in the field describe how recent methodological advances have paved the way to several major breakthroughs in the observations of large-scale synchrony from human non-invasive MEG data. This volume also presents the caveats influencing analyses of synchronization. These include the non-homogeneous sensitivity of MEG to superficial cortical sources, and, most importantly, the multitude of consequences of linear mixing. Linear mixing is an immense confounder in the sensor-level analyses of synchronization, but is also present at the source level. Approaches that can be used to avoid or compensate for these issues are then discussed. Thereafter, several authors take up a number of the functional roles that large-scale synchronization has in cognition. The authors assess how the spatio-temporal and -spectral organization and strength of both local and large-scale synchronized networks are associated with conscious sensory perception, visual working memory functions, and attention. These chapters summarize several lines of research showing how the strength of local and inter-areal oscillations in both cortical and subcortical brain structures is correlated with cognitive functions. Together these data suggest that synchronized neuronal oscillations may be a systems-level neuronal mechanism underlying the coordination of distributed processing in human cognition. In line with this argument, other authors go on to describe how oscillations and synchronization are altered in clinical populations, complementing the data presented on healthy subjects. Importantly, this book includes chapters from authors using many different approaches to the analyses of neuronal oscillations, ranging from local oscillatory activities to the usage of graph theoretical tools in the analyses of synchronization. In this way the present volume provides a comprehensive view on the analyses and functional significance of neuronal oscillations in humans. This book is aimed at doctoral and post-doctoral students as well as research scientists in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, psychology, medicine, and neurosciences.

This issue reviews the wide range of uses of CT angiography.? After overview of technology and injection and image acquisition techniques, the issue proceeds to review the use of CT angiography for imaging the carotid artery and cerebrovascular circulation, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta and pelvic arteries.? Renal, hepatic and pancreatic, and mesenteric circulation are also covered as well as circulation in the upper and lower extremities. The uses of angiography in trauma patients and in pediatric patients are also reviewed.

This atlas is a comprehensive compendium of congeni and two-dimensional echocardiographic examples. The tal cardiac morphology as depicted by tomographic two examples and experience span all ages and may be used dimensional echocardiography. Anatomic specimens by both pediatric and adult cardiologists. The intended cut in planes of section corresponding to the echocar emphasis is on tomographic morphology and not on diographic views help in the understanding of the echo specialty applications such as fetal, contrast, or Dop cardiographic sections. Composite photographs relate pler echocardiography. different planes of section or cardiac events. Still-frame The tomographic approach to congenital anomalies is photography cannot always adequately relate real-time the imaging modality of the 80s and is applicable to echocardiography, computerized tomography, and imaging events. However, the emphasis of this text is to demonstrate the tomographic morphology and no at magnetic resonance imaging. It is the building block tempt is made to discuss in detail functional or physio from which the expected three-dimensional imaging logic events. techniques of the 1990s will be developed. The wide spread clinical application of these imaging modalities Those performing two-dimensional echocardiography should have a working knowledge of cardiac anatomy has rekindled interest in cardiac anatomy and pathol and common congenital aberrations. This is an in-depth ogy, particularly in the evaluation of patients with con tomographic atlas not only of the common congenital genital heart disease."

Since PET was first introduced clinically, brain tumors have been an important area for its use.? Diagnosing the cause of patients experiencing seizures has been an additional area for which PET has demonstrated its value.? PET imaging is also being investigated for the understanding of depression and other psychiatric disorders.? Also the challenges for developing radiotracers is reviewed in a separate article.

Ultrasound is an ideal modality for imaging younger patients. Because of the effects of radiation on growing bodies, ultrasound is a safe and versatile option for radiologists to choose. This issue provides a timely overview of the important areas for which ultrasound can be used.

This book surveys recent advances in theranostics based on magnetic nanoparticles, ultrasound contrast agents, silica nanoparticles and polymeric micelles. It presents magnetic nanoparticles, which offer a robust tool for contrast enhanced MRI imaging, magnetic targeting, controlled drug delivery, molecular imaging guided gene therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, and controlling cell fate. Multifunctional ultrasound contrast agents have great potential in ultrasound molecular imaging, multimodal imaging, drug/gene delivery, and integrated diagnostics and therapeutics. Due to their diversity and multifunctionality, polymeric micelles and silica-based nanocomposites are highly capable of enhancing the efficacy of multimodal imaging and synergistic cancer therapy. This comprehensive book summarizes the main advances in multifunctional nanoprobes for targeted imaging and therapy of gastric cancer, and explores the clinical translational prospects and challenges. Although more research is needed to overcome the substantial obstacles that impede the development and availability of nanotheranostic products, such nontrivial nanoagents are expected to revolutionize medical treatments and help to realize the potential of personalized medicine to diagnose, treat, and follow-up patients with cancer. Zhifei Dai is a Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, China.

This issue of Perioperative Nursing Clinics, Guest Edited by Kathleen Gross, MSN, RN, BVC, CRN, on the topic of Radiology will include the following article topics: Contrast Media Nephropathy; Vein Ablation/Sclerotherapy; Radiation Exposure; Embolic and Sclerotherapy Agents; CO2 Contrast;? Sepsis in the Perioperative/Radiology Area; Local Anesthetics Used in Perioperative Areas; Hybrid IR; Uterine Artery Embolization; Periprocedural Hemostasis Management; Intraoperative MRI; Vertebral Augmentation: Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty; and IVC Filters.

This book provides comprehensive reviews on our most recent understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) as visualized in animal models and patients using optical molecular imaging, PET-CT, ultrasound and MRI. In addition to presenting up-to-date information on the multimodality imaging of specific pro-inflammatory or pro-calcification pathways in atherosclerosis and CAVD, the book addresses the intriguing issue of whether cardiovascular calcification is an inflammatory disease, as has been recently supported by several preclinical and clinical imaging studies. In order to familiarize researchers and clinicians from other specialties with the basic mechanisms involved, chapters on the fundamental pathobiology of atherosclerosis and CAVD are also included. The imaging chapters, written by some of the foremost investigators in the field, are so organized as to reveal the nature of the involved mechanisms as disease progresses.

Damage to the kidneys continues to be a serious problem related to the use of gadolinium as a contrast agent. This issue not only describes the dangers and controversies related to contrast-induced nephropathies but also provides advice for identifying patients at risk and recommending other imaging options.

Now that the applications of positron emission tomography (PET) are becoming more clearly understood, PET is now being used in pediatric population. Important considerations in its use on children are patient preparation and radiation exposure. This issue reviews the use of PET to image children with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, brain tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease, among other conditions. Also included is the use of PET to assess response to therapy.

With the advent of combined modality imaging, it has become essential for the radiologists how structure and function relate to each other. Previously radiologists had to rely upon CT or MRI in order to tell the location of a problem but could not assess functionally what was going on within the patient. PET image has allowed radiologists to make a functional assessment to aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning for patients. This issue reviews the use of PET/CT and PET/MRI to evaluate patients with neurologic disorders, malignant and nonmalignant thoracic disorders, the cardiovascular system, breast diseases, musculoskeletal system, abdominal and pelvic disorders, and endocrine disorders.