Anemia, a frequent complication of cancer and its treatments, produces unwanted symptoms and significantly impairs metabolic and physiologic functions, as well as patients' activity, quality of life and even life expectancy. In its new Second Edition, this book presents current knowledge on anemia in cancer and its treatment with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rhEPO). Expanded, updated and newly added chapters describe scientific and clinical aspects of anemia, and give diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations on use of rhEPO. This is an essential source of information for radiotherapists, medical oncologists, hematologists, internists, pediatricians, surgeons, specialists in transfusion and laboratory medicine, and pharmacologists.

This volume presents a detailed survey of cancers. This volume was written by of various methodologies related to diag- 94 oncologists representing 13 countries. nosis, therapy, and prognosis of ovar- Their practical experience highlights their ian cancer, renal cancer, urinary bladder writings, which should build and further cancer, and cervical uterine cancer, while the endeavors of the readers in this imp- the already published Volumes 1-5 detail tant area of disease. The text of each c- similar aspects of breast, lung, prostate, cer type is divided into subheadings for liver, gastrointestinal, colorectal, and bil- the convenience of the readers. It is my iary tract carcinomas. hope that the current volume will join the It is well established that cancer is the preceding volumes of this series for assi- deadliest of human diseases. The follow- ing in the more complete understanding ing estimated global incidence of seven of globally relevant cancer syndromes. types of cancers discussed in this volume There exists a tremendous, urgent demand indicated the seriousness of this malig- by the public on the scientific community nancy. to address cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and hopefully cures. Cervical uterine cancer 493,342 I am grateful to the contributors for their Urinary bladder cancer 357,000 promptness accepting my suggestions. I respect their dedication and diligent work Leukemia 300,522 in sharing their invaluable knowledge with Renal cancer 208,480 the public through this series.

Authors and Co-Authors of Volume 4 Preface Contents of Volume 1, 2, and 3 PART I. COLORECTAL CANCER 1. INTRODUCTION: COLORECTAL CANCER M.A. Hayat INTRODUCTION Screening for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Rectal Cancer REFERENCES A. Diagnosis 2. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA: (METHODOLOGY) Seiichi Shinji, Zenya Naito, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Yoko Matsuda, Tomoko Seya, and Takashi Tajiri INTRODUCTION HISTOPATHOLOGY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR MALIGNANT CHARACATERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION FOR MALIGNANT CHARACTERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMA THERAPY REFERENCES 3. COLORECTAL CANCER: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL; DIAGNOSIS WITH HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K Ayham Alnabulsi, Brian Carpenter, Colin Telfer, and Graeme I. Murray INTRODUCTION BIOMARKERS Approved Biomarkers - Problems Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer Demand for Colorectal Biomarkers COLORECTAL BIOMARKER HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K Methodology 2D Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE) Semiquantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Monoclonal Antibody to Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K Immunohistochemistry (IHC) RESULTS DISCUSSION FUTURE DIRECTION REFERENCES 4. METASTASES AND RECURRENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER: DIAGNOSTIC ROLE OF IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHY Vladimir Obradovic and Vera Artiko INTRODUCTION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Radiopharmaceuticals Imaging Systems and Techniques IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHIC METHODS USED FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF COLORECTAL CANCER Immunoscintigraphy Based onRadiopharmaceuticals Labeled with Radioiodines Immunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 111In Immunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 99mTc Comparison of Diagnostic Values of Different Radiopharmaceuticals Immunoscintigraphy and Positron Emission Tomography Radioimmunoguided Surgery CONCLUSION REFERENCES 5. COLORECTAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING DNA LEVELS IN BLOOD AND STOOL Emanuela Flamini, Daniele Calistri, Laura Mercatali, Claudia Rengucci and Dino Amadori INTRODUCTION AVAILABLE TESTS AND THEIR COST BENEFITS Fecal Occult Blood Test Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy Barium Enema with Air Contrast Virtual Colonoscopy MOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR COST BENEFITS FREE CIRCULATING DNA IN BLOOD Biological Mechanisms of Free Circulating DNA Release Methodological Aspects of Free Circulating DNA Sources and Influence of Pre-Analytical Factors Isolation and Quantification Free Circulating DNA Levels in Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis INTEGRITY OF GENOMIC EXTRACTED DNA FROM STOOL Analysis of Long Fragment DNA in Stool Advantages and Technical Problems CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 6. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: IDENTIFICATION OF microRNAs USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Eva Bandres, Nerea Bitarte, Natalia Ramirez, Ruth Zarate, and Jesus Garcia-Foncillas INTRODUCTION GENOMICS OF microRNA microRNA BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF microRNA IN CANCER REGULATION OF microRNA EXPRESSION IDENTIFICATION OF microRNA TARGETS: BIOINFORMATIC AND FUNCTIONAL TOOLS TECHNOLOGY TO QUANTIFY microRNAs EXPERIMENTAL WORKFLOW FOR microRNA EXPRESSION BY REAL- TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED microRNA IN COLORECTAL CANCER USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Q

Oncological imaging has thoroughly changed in the past decade, especially due to the introduction of PET and 18FDG. In Positron Emission Tomography, expert referring specialists and professional imagers seek to help bridge some of the knowledge gaps in several oncological domains. The book's goal is to aid in the improvement of communicative competences: to communicate scan findings so that the referring specialist receives proper advice from the imager, and that, alternatively, the referring one provides the imager with appropriate clinical details to allow for a proper interpretation, and that the referring specialist is aware of the possibilities and limitations of the requested technology. While it focuses on FDG PET, other radiopharmaceuticals are covered as well, where appropriate. Written for the highly respected Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series, this volume provides the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Authoritative and convenient, Positron Emission Tomography serves as an excellent reference for oncologists, surgeons, radiotherapists, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and pathologists desiring a stronger synergy within their vital efforts.

Tailoring treatment for individual breast cancers is no longer a dream and is now the main goal for current research. This book gives an overview of the most recent techniques, agents and approaches for breast cancer and the individualization of treatment. Particular attention is given to organ-specific tailored approaches, specific populations, patients' preferences and rehabilitation. Contributions from experts focus on the biomedical research behind the transfer of molecular biology knowledge into the clinical management of patients. This has led to increased survival as well as improved quality of life. The book gives an overview of the latest achievements in breast cancer and their use in clinical practice.

Nuclear Medicine Therapy presents the state of the art in targeted radionuclide therapy, both in clinical practice and contemporary clinical investigation and trials. With contributions from an internationally-distinguished group of physicians and scientists, the book is devoted entirely to the use of nuclear medicine techniques and technology for therapy of malignant and benign diseases. Individual chapters cover the scientific principles and clinical applications of radionuclide therapy and the state of clinical trials of agents currently under investigation in the therapy of tumors involving virtually every organ system. Due to overlapping interest in techniques, indications, and clinical use, the development of radionuclide therapy attracts considerable input from other medical specialists whose collaboration is essential, including radiation and medical oncologists, hematologists, diagnostic radiologists, hepatologists, endocrinologists, and rheumatologists. And because radionuclide therapy is a rapidly evolving field of nuclear medicine, it is the aim of this volume to appeal to all specialists involved in targeted radionuclide therapy and to contribute to the standardization of the practice globally.

This book is a comprehensive review and study aid for radiation therapists. Organized in a question-and-answer format, it present clinical features and principles of treatment. Topics include radiation therapy physics, radiobiology, treatment and simulation equipment, principles of patient care, clinical components of cancer care, and cancers of the brain, head and neck region, and respiratory, digestive, urinary, and male and female reproductive systems. It offers over 500 multiple-choice questions with detailed answers and rationales. Radiation Therapy Study Guide is a valuable resource for radiation therapists preparing for certification examinations as well as for practicing therapists in need of a review.

Patient Surveillance After Cancer Treatment covers the history of cancer patient surveillance after curative-intent treatment, the rationale, the methodologies used in the past and at present, the methodologies that will probably emerge in the future, the costs of surveillance, the definitions of various terms used in the field, and how those who are interested in the topic can get more information about it from the internet. The secondary focus of the book is to publicize the need for well-designed, adequately powered randomized clinical trials comparing two (or more) surveillance strategies for each type of cancer. The audience includes all oncologists, cancer researchers, medical economists and policy makers in government and insurance companies, and finally, interested patients. This book is part of the Current Clinical Oncology series, which provides cutting-edge knowledge of cancer diagnosis, management, and treatment. World renowned experts share their insights in all the major fields of clinical oncology. From the fundamentals of pathophysiology to the latest developments in experimental and novel therapies, Current Clinical Oncology is an indispensable resource for today's practicing oncologist.

-Richly illustrated; 109 illustrations, 57 in color -Cover a wide range of diagnostic and theraputic techniques, i.e. MRI, PET, surgical treatment, radiation therapy

Since the incidence of skin neoplasms is constantly increasing as the population ages, there is a need for a monograph about radiation treatment of skin neoplasms and diseases. Excellent cosmetic and functional results can be shown with this treatment modality. This book comprehensively examines the indications for radiation therapy of cutaneous cancers, pre-cancerous lesions and benign dermatological disorders. The monograph provides concise introduction to physical and radiobiological principles, selection of radiation factors, dose definitions, as well as radiation reactions and risk assessments. Specific indications for radiotherapy of cutaneous neoplasms and radiation protection measures are discussed. Topics include radiation therapy of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, Lentigo maligna melanoma, and Merkel cell tumor. A separate chapter discusses the skin reactions after nuclear accidents. Major scientific publications of the past 10 years are reviewed.

Rectal Cancer: International Perspectives on Multimodality Management is a timely analysis of the diagnosis, staging, pathology, and therapy of cancer of the rectum. This book is intended as a useful resource for physicians, scientists, medical students, and allied health personnel in the disciplines of radiology, gastroenterology, surgical oncology, medical onc- ogy, radiation oncology, and pathology. Renowned contributors from different medical d- ciplines have written their chapters in a thoughtful, provocative, and visual fashion. Importantly, these chapters highlight the controversies in the diagnostic, staging, and the- peutic management of patients with rectal cancer while providing practical management recommendations. This book is divided into 18 chapters. Early chapters address the diagnosis and staging of rectal cancer, highlighting the critical role of contemporary imaging in guiding treatment. The remaining chapters focus on the multimodality management of rectal cancer from the vantage points of surgery, pathology, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The major dev- opments in surgery are reviewed first, including contemporary roles of local excision, total mesorectal excision, lateral pelvic lymph node dissection, organ preservation approaches, as well as the management of advanced, recurrent, and metastatic disease. Following is a ch- ter describing the pathologic evaluation of rectal cancer specimens, with emphasis on proper methodology and its clinical relevance to overall disease management. The final chapters review the contemporary roles of chemotherapy (including with radiation therapy, adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings without radiation therapy, as well as in metastatic disease) as well as radiation therapy (including adjuvant and neoadjuvant approaches, short vs.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy and c- rently affects approximately 50,000 people in the United States. Each year about 20,000 people are diagnosed with myeloma. Although new treatments have been developed, which signi?cantly prolong the survival of patients, myeloma bone d- ease still remains a major cause of severe morbidity and increased mortality in patients with myeloma. Myeloma bone disease is characterized by "punched out" lytic lesions caused by increased osteoclastic bone destruction accompanied by suppressed or even absent osteoblast activity. Advances in our understanding of both the pathophysiology of myeloma bone disease and the development of novel agents that target speci?c pathways involved in both the increased osteoclast f- mation and the suppressed osteoblast activity in myeloma provide new hope for these patients. The treatment of myeloma bone disease was revolutionized by cl- ical trials that demonstrated the signi?cant bene?t of intravenous bisphosphonate therapy in patients with myeloma bone disease. With the identi?cation of many of the cytokines and chemokines involved in myeloma bone disease, novel th- apies such as denosumab that blocks RANKL activity, anti-DKK1, which targets the inhibition of osteoblast activity by blocking Wnt signaling inhibition, and the potential anabolic effects of agents such as bortezomib and activin have greatly improved our potential to block the progression or reverse myeloma bone disease.

Because of the current progress in molecular medicine (genomics, proteomics), a plethora of new and often human-specific targets are being identified. These targets often play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases, and identifying them offers the potential for early diagnosis and intervention. An early in vivo validation of specific ligands binding to these targets in humans is needed to as- sess their potential for targeted imaging and radiotherapy. Further- VI Preface more, such validation studies may allow for a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying phannacologic activity and therefore for a more successful development of phannaceuticals in general. The purpose of the Ernst Schering Research Foundation (ESRF) Workshop 48 was to provide a forum for an open exchange on the state of the art in the early development of such radiophanna- ceuticals. Experts from academia, industry, and regulatory authori- ties were invited to give presentations on aspects covering the identi- fication of targets, preclinical studies on the safety of ligands, as well as their validation in human clinical trials. It was our intention to cover both the opportunities and the challenges that scientists in this field are facing. Radiopharmaceuticals are uniquely suitable for the above-men- tioned target validation studies.

The scientific and clinical foundations of Radiation Therapy are cross-disciplinary. This book endeavours to bring together the physics, the radiobiology, the main clinical aspects as well as available clinical evidence behind Radiation Therapy, presenting mutual relationships between these disciplines and their role in the advancements of radiation oncology.

by Professor J. H. Middlemiss, Department of Radiodiagnosis, The Medical School, University of Bristol This book, for so long and so deservedly, has been a favourite and reliable guide for any person undergoing training in diagnostic radiology whether that person be doctor or technician. This new, largely re-written edition is even more comprehen sive. And yet throughout the book simplicity of presentation is maintained. Professor G. J. van der Plaats has been well known to radiologists in the English speaking world for more than three decades. He has been, and still is, respected by them for his vision, his thoroughness, determination and meticulous attention to detail and for his unremitting enthusiasm. The standard of radiography in the Netherlands throughout this period has been recognised as being of the highest quality, and this has, in no small measure, been due to the pattern set by Professor van der Plaats and his colleagues."

This comprehensive text focuses exclusively on the management of metastatic spinal disease, evaluating the most recent literature and providing patient-centered treatment algorithms. Beginning with initial imaging, classification and clinical decision-making, the spine is approached anatomically from the upper cervical to the sacrum, describing the unique considerations and approaches appropriate to each region, such as laminectomy and stabilization, en bloc spondylectomy and resection and reconstruction. Less invasive and minimally invasive approaches are discussed throughout the text. Radiation therapy modalities and other adjuvant treatments are also discussed, as well as reconstructive flap coverage and the management of complications. The spinal column is the most common site of metastatic cancer, and a multidisciplinary approach is required to provide patients with reasonable management options to prevent and treat the disabling symptoms caused by this debilitating condition. This compendium of experience from thought leaders in the treatment of metastatic spine disease will provide spine surgeons, oncologists, radiation oncologists, physiatrists and palliative care specialists with up-to-date information to guide their patients through the multidisciplinary management of metastatic spinal disease.

Computers have had and will continue to have a tremendous impact on professional activity in almost all areas. This applies to radiological medicine and in particular to radiation therapy. This book compiles the most recent developments and results of the application of computers and computer science as presented at the XIIIth International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy in Heidelberg, Germany. The text of both oral presentations and posters is included. The book is intended for computer sientists, medical physicists, engineers and physicians in the field of radiation therapy and provides a comprehensive survey of the entire field.

Thoroughly updated to include all of the latest technology and treatment regimens, Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers: Indications and Techniques, 5th Edition remains the reference of choice for radiation oncologists. Timely updates include an increased use of full-color images and significantly more digital content, bringing you fully up to date with state-of-the-art radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. The first section covers general principles, practical aspects of external beam therapy, patient care guidelines, and more, including a new chapter on general principles of target and normal tissue contouring; the second section discusses site-specific indications and techniques. Numerous illustrated case examples make this resource an excellent day-to-day reference for both residents and practitioners. Key Features Presents radiation oncology protocols currently used at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, including new, up-to-date material on IMRT (including VMAT) and proton therapy. Contains new digital content, including additional case details, normal anatomy, mini-atlases of normal tissue and cranial nerves, older content useful to international practitioners, and additional clinical photos of treatment set-up. Features new full-color images throughout, as well as updated suggested readings. Your book purchase includes a complimentary download of the enhanced eBook for iOS, Android, PC & Mac. Take advantage of these practical features that will improve your eBook experience: The ability to download the eBook on multiple devices at one time - providing a seamless reading experience online or offline Powerful search tools and smart navigation cross-links that allow you to search within this book, or across your entire library of VitalSource eBooks Multiple viewing options that enable you to scale images and text to any size without losing page clarity as well as responsive design The ability to highlight text and add notes with one click

Radiotherapy remains a major non-surgical treatment modality for malignant disease, and an understanding of how this treatment works is essential in ensuring optimum practice. Trainees in oncology learn about ionising radiation, but to understand it fully they must also understand the physics relevant to its use in therapy. This book is written specifically for the oncology and radiation team, supporting clinical oncologists in their understanding of the science which underpins radiotherapy. It begins with basic concepts and then explores the principles and practice of physics as it relates to radiotherapy, including discussion of specific types of therapy. Written by authors chosen for their expertise in in their respective fields, and aligned to the Royal College of Radiologists FRCR Curriculum in Oncology, this volume will provide an excellent source of information for trainee and practicing oncologists, and wider radiotherapy teams. This second edition has been fully updated to reflect advances in technology and the increased complexity in modern radiotherapy, including two new chapters on imaging and a new brachytherapy chapter.

A comprehensive description of the current treatment modalities, and while special attention is paid to the role of radiotherapy, established alternative radical surgical procedures and the newer chemotherapeutic regimens are also considered in detail. Devoted entirely to female genital cancers, the book is written by internationally recognised experts from Europe, the United States, and Japan, who all have extensive experience of the special entities involved. Close to 200 tables present the impressive amount of data contributed by the authors in a clear manner and no attempt is made to avoid controversies concerning adequate treatment.

This volume is based on the LENT V NCI-sponsored meeting held in May 2004 and the CURED I Conference in 2006. Written by experts in the field, it addresses a critical topics relating to late effects, such as mechanisms of injury, the role of screening, options for interventions, second malignancies, and prevention. It is hoped that these findings will help readers to prevent and treat the long-term side-effects of irradiation.

Imaging is a critical component in the delivery of radiotherapy to patients with malignancy, and this book teaches the principles and practice of imaging specific to radiotherapy. Introductory chapters outline the basic principles of the available imaging modalities including x-rays, CT, ultrasound, MRI, nuclear medicine, and PET. Site specific chapters then cover the main tumour sites, reviewing optimal imaging techniques for diagnosis, staging, radiotherapy planning, and follow-up for each site. The important areas of radiation protection, exposure justification, and risks are also covered, exploring issues such as balancing radiation exposure with long-term risks of radiation effects, such as second cancer induction. This second edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect current techniques, and includes two brand new chapters on imaging for radiotherapy treatment verification, and the role of specialist MRI techniques and functional imaging for radiotherapy planning. With insights from experts in each field and over 200 illustrations, this comprehensive and easy-to-read guide will be an invaluable resource for radiation oncologists, clinical oncologists, and radiotherapists, both qualified and in training. ABOUT THE SERIES Radiotherapy remains the major non-surgical treatment modality for the management of malignant disease. It is based on the application of the principles of applied physics, radiobiology, and tumour biology to clinical practice. Each volume in the series takes the reader through the basic principles of the use of ionizing radiation and then develops this by individual sites. This series of practical handbooks is aimed at physicians both training and practising in radiotherapy, as well as medical physics, dosimetrists, radiographers, and senior nurses.

This new volume in the Radiotherapy in Practice series provides a comprehensive and evidence-based guide to radiotherapy in the management of children and young people with cancer. It explains the roles of the various modalities of treatment available, including image-guided and intensity modulated radiotherapy, brachytherapy, proton beam therapy, and molecular radiotherapy, and aids selection of the most appropriate technique in different situations. Each cancer type in children is explored, including diagnostic investigations, risk stratification, multi-modality approaches to treatment, and decision making with regard to radiotherapy. Specific guidance is given for the planning and prescription of radiotherapy for infants, children, and teenagers. The authors also identify the need for specialist paediatric radiotherapy service provision, and the wider requirements for radiotherapy in children, including consent, immobilisation, anaesthesia, multi-professional team working, and play specialist support. With over 75 colour illustrations, case histories to demonstrate the various approaches, and a carefully selected guide to further reading on each topic, this practical volume will be a valuable resource for physicians and trainees in radiotherapy and clinical oncology, and to nurses, radiographers and other allied health professionals who come into contact with young patients receiving radiotherapy. ABOUT THE SERIES Radiotherapy remains the major non-surgical treatment modality for the management of malignant disease. It is based on the application of the principles of applied physics, radiobiology, and tumour biology to clinical practice. Each volume in the series takes the reader through the basic principles of the use of ionizing radiation and then develops this by individual sites. This series of practical handbooks is aimed at physicians both training and practising in radiotherapy, as well as medical physics, dosimetrists, radiographers, and senior nurses.

Brachytherapy remains an important component of radical radiation therapy in the modern management of cancer. Widespread adoption of remote afterloading now enables brachytherapy to be delivered with minimum exposure to staff and other patients. Technical advances in imaging and computing power have improved the precision of implantation and complex dosimetry can now be achieved in routine practice. The advantages of direct placement of the radiation source into the area to be treated, overcoming the problems of patient and organ movement, together with the dosimetric advantages inherent in brachytherapy, will ensure that modern brachytheraoy continues to provide the optimal means of delivering accurate high does radiation therapy for many patients.
Fully updated for the second edition, this book provides practical guidance on the use of brachytherapy. Each chapter gives the reader a solid background in the physics and dosimetry of the technique, followed by practical information on its use in common disease sites. Whilst low, medium, and high dose rate techniques are covered, emphasis is placed on high dose rate afterloading techniques which are likely to replace most other forms of brachytherapy in the future.
ABOUT THE SERIES:
Radiotherapy remains the major non-surgical treatment modality for the management of malignant disease. It is based on the application of the principles of applied physics, radiobiology, and tumour biology to clinical practice. Each volume in this series takes the reader through the basic principles of the use of ionising radiation and then develops this by individual sites. This series of practical handbooks are aimed at physicians both training and practising in radiotherapy, as well as medical physicists, dosimetrists, radiographers and senior nurses.

Radioisotope therapy is an internal form of radiation used to treat cancer; it may be administered orally or intravenously and represents the nearest treatment option to the 'magic bullet', specifically targeting sites of disease whilst sparing surrounding normal tissues. Radioisotope therapy has an important role to play in modern medicine, particularly in the treatment of thyroid disease, neuroendocrine tumours, bone metastasis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is found in both the diagnostic setting and in therapy, but recently there has been a renaissance in the application of radioisotope unsealed sources in therapeutic indications. It is an active area of research, with the quest for new compounds that will be specific for therapeutic targets. This book is an essential, practical guide to the use of radioisotope therapy, and also includes the background and developmental biology which underpins its use. Individual tumours and diseases are explored, with specific focus given to radioisotope treatment options. The barriers to radioisotope therapy, such as ease of access, acquisition of radioisotopes, radiation protection regulations, and cost are also discussed. ABOUT THE SERIES Radiotherapy remains the major non-surgical treatment modality for the management of malignant disease, with over 50% of patients receiving treatment at some time during the management of their malignant disease. It is based on the application of the principles of applied physics, radiobiology, and tumour biology to clinical practice. Each volume in this series takes the reader through the basic principles of different types of radiotherapy, and then develops these by individual sites. This series of practical handbooks are aimed at physicians both training and practising in radiotherapy, as well as medical physicists, dosimetrists, radiographers and senior nurses.