Genetic algorithms today constitute a family of e?ective global optimization methods used to solve di?cult real-life problems which arise in science and technology. Despite their computational complexity, they have the ability to explore huge data sets and allow us to study exceptionally problematic cases in which the objective functions are irregular and multimodal, and where information about the extrema location is unobtainable in other ways. Theybelongtotheclassofiterativestochasticoptimizationstrategiesthat, during each step, produce and evaluate the set of admissible points from the search domain, called the random sample or population. As opposed to the Monte Carlo strategies, in which the population is sampled according to the uniform probability distribution over the search domain, genetic algorithms modify the probability distribution at each step. Mechanisms which adopt sampling probability distribution are transposed from biology. They are based mainly on genetic code mutation and crossover, as well as on selection among living individuals. Such mechanisms have been testedbysolvingmultimodalproblemsinnature,whichiscon?rmedinpart- ular by the many species of animals and plants that are well ?tted to di?erent ecological niches. They direct the search process, making it more e?ective than a completely random one (search with a uniform sampling distribution). Moreover,well-tunedgenetic-basedoperationsdonotdecreasetheexploration ability of the whole admissible set, which is vital in the global optimization process. The features described above allow us to regard genetic algorithms as a new class of arti?cial intelligence methods which introduce heuristics, well tested in other ?elds, to the classical scheme of stochastic global search.

The advent of powerful processing technologies and the advances in software development tools have drastically changed the approach and implementation of computational research in fundamental properties of living systems through simulating and synthesizing biological entities and processes in artificial media. Nowadays realistic physical and physiological simulation of natural and would-be creatures, worlds and societies becomes a low-cost task for ordinary home computers. The progress in technology has dramatically reshaped the structure of the software, the execution of a code, and visualization fundamentals. This has led to the emergence of novel breeds of artificial life software models, including three-dimensional programmable simulation environment, distributed discrete events platforms and multi-agent systems. This second edition reflects the technological and research advancements, and presents the best examples of artificial life software models developed in the World and available for users.

This book explores how agile development practices, in particular pair programming, code review and automated testing, help software development teams to perform better. Agile software engineering has become the standard software development paradigm over the last decade, and the insights provided here are taken from a large-scale survey of 80 professional software development teams working at SAP SE in Germany. In addition, the book introduces a novel measurement tool for assessing the performance of software development teams. No previous study has researched this topic with a similar data set comprising insights from more than 450 professional software engineers.

This book gives a practical introduction to model-based testing, showing how to write models for testing purposes and how to use model-based testing tools to generate test suites. It is aimed at testers and software developers who wish to use model-based testing, rather than at tool-developers or academics.
The book focuses on the mainstream practice of functional black-box testing and covers different styles of models, especially transition-based models (UML state machines) and pre/post models (UML/OCL specifications and B notation). The steps of applying model-based testing are demonstrated on examples and case studies from a variety of software domains, including embedded software and information systems.
From this book you will learn:
* The basic principles and terminology of model-based testing
* How model-based testing differs from other testing processes
* How model-based testing fits into typical software lifecycles such as agile methods and the Unified Process
* The benefits and limitations of model-based testing, its cost effectiveness and how it can reduce time-to-market
* A step-by-step process for applying model-based testing
* How to write good models for model-based testing
* How to use a variety of test selection criteria to control the tests that are generated from your models
* How model-based testing can connect to existing automated test execution platforms such as Mercury Test Director, Java JUnit, and proprietary test execution environments
* Presents the basic principles and terminology of model-based testing
* Shows how model-based testing fits into the software lifecycle, its cost-effectiveness, and how it can reduce time to market
* Offers guidance on how to use different kinds of modeling techniques, useful test generation strategies, how to apply model-based testing techniques to real applications using case studies

The emphasis on new and changing technologies and process models in today s software development obscures the fact that software engineering is still primarily a human-based activity and that the success of a software project largely depends on the decisions made by humans during engineering. Rationale management is concerned with making these design and development decisions explicit to all stakeholders involved.

Dutoit, McCall, Mistrik and Paech begin their book with a historical survey of different rationale approaches. It is followed by four parts describing: the fundamental problems and possible solution approaches in rationale management, rationale management during requirements engineering, rationale management during software architecting, and rationale management for organizing reusable bodies of knowledge.

The result is a detailed summary of research on design rationale. It provides researchers with an excellent state-of-the-art overview, and professional software engineers will find many examples, resources and incentives to enhance their ability to make decisions during all phases of the software lifecycle.

Allen Dutoit, Ray McCall, Ivan Mistrik and Barbara Paech have done an excellent job of this in "Rationale management in software engineering." The chapters in this volume show how design rationale can be incorporated into the heart of the software development process - into requirements engineering, software architecture, and code design. (John M. Carroll, Edward M. Frymoyer Professor of Information Sciences and Technology, Penn State University, USA, ACM CHI Lifetime Achievement Award)

"As projects get more complicated, managers stop learning from their - perience. It is important to understand how that happens and how to change it.... Fallible estimates: In software development, initial estimates for a project shape the trajectory of decisions that a manager makes over its life. For ex- ple, estimates of the productivity of the team members influence decisions about the size of the team, which in turn affect the team's actual output. The trouble is that initial estimates usually turn out to be wrong. " (Sengupta, 2008) This book aims directly to increase the awareness among managers and practitioners that estimation is as important as the work to be done in so- ware and systems development. You can manage what you can measure! Readers will find in this book a collection of lessons learned from the worldwide "metrics community," which we have documented and enhanced with our own experiences in the field of software measurement and estimating. Our goal is to support our readers to harvest the benefits of estimating and - prove their software development processes. We present the 5 ISO/I- acknowledged Functional Sizing Methods with variants, experiences, counting rules, and case studies - and most importantly, illustrate through practical - amples how to use functional size measurement to produce realistic estimates. The book is written in a practical manner, especially for the busy practitioner community. It is aimed to be used as a manual and an assistant for everyday work.

This volume comprises selected extended papers written by prominent researchers participating in the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2015, Hong Kong, 18-20 March 2015. The conference served as a platform for discussion of frontier topics in theoretical and applied engineering and computer science, and subjects covered include communications systems, control theory and automation, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, data mining, engineering mathematics, scientific computing, engineering physics, electrical engineering, and industrial applications. The book describes the state-of-the-art in engineering technologies and computer science and its applications, and will serve as an excellent reference for industrial and academic researchers and graduate students working in these fields.

The series "Studies in Computational Intelligence" (SCI) publishes new developments and advances in the various areas of computational intelligence quickly and with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and design methods of computational intelligence, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics and life science, as well as the methodologies behind them. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in computational intelligence spanning the areas of neural networks, connectionist systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence, cellular automata, self-organizing systems, soft computing, fuzzy systems, and hybrid intelligent systems. Critical to both contributors and readers are the short publication time and world-wide distribution - this permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.

The purpose of the first ACIS International Symposium on Software and Network Engineering held on December 19-20, 2012 on the Seoul National University campus, Seoul, Korea is to bring together scientist, engineers, computer users, students to share their experiences and exchange new ideas, and research results about all aspects (theory, applications and tools) of software & network engineering, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered along the way and the solutions adopted to solve them

The symposium organizers selected the best 12 papers from those papers accepted for presentation at the symposium in order to publish them in this volume. The papers were chosen based on review scores submitted by members of the program committee, and underwent further rigorous rounds of review.

The symposium organizers selected the best 12 papers from those papers accepted for presentation at the symposium in order to publish them in this volume. The papers were chosen based on review scores submitted by members of the program committee, and underwent further rigorous rounds of review."

Service-oriented architectures are of vital importance to enterprises maintaining order and service reputation with stakeholders, and by utilizing the latest technologies, advantage can be gained and time and effort saved. Enhancing Enterprise and Service-Oriented Architectures with Advanced Web Portal Technologies offers the latest research and development within the field, filled with case studies, research, methodologies, and frameworks from contributors around the world. In order to stay abreast of the cutting-edge research in the field, it is vital for academics and practitioners to stay involved and studied with the latest publications. This volume contains a wide range of subject matters, levels of technical expertise and development, and new technological advances within the field, and will serve as an excellent resource both as a handbook and a research manual.

This volume of Advances in Computers is number 66 in the series that began back in 1960. This series presents the ever changing landscape in the continuing evolution of the development of the computer and the field of information processing. Each year three volumes are produced presenting approximately 20 chapters that describe the latest technology in the use of computers today. Volume 66, subtitled "Quality software development," is concerned about the current need to create quality software. It describes the current emphasis in techniques for creating such software and in methods to demonstrate that the software indeed meets the expectations of the designers and purchasers of that software.

Key features:

- In-depth surveys and tutorials on software development approaches.
- Well-known authors and researchers in the field.
- Extensive bibliographies with most chapters.
- All chapters focus on software development issues.
- Discussion of high end computing applications, a topic generally not understood by most software professionals.
- In-depth surveys and tutorials on software development approaches.
- Well-known authors and researchers in the field.
- Extensive bibliographies with most chapters.
- All chapters focus on software development issues.
- Discussion of high end computing applications, a topic generally not understood by most software professionals.

This book presents source code modularization as a key activity in reverse engineering to extract the software architecture from the existing source code. To this end, it provides detailed techniques for source code modularization and discusses their effects on different software quality attributes. Nonetheless, it is not a mere survey of source code modularization algorithms, but rather a consistent and unifying theoretical modularization framework, and as such is the first publication that comprehensively examines the models and techniques for source code modularization. It enables readers to gain a thorough understanding of topics like software artifacts proximity, hierarchical and partitional modularization algorithms, search- and algebraic-based software modularization, software modularization evaluation techniques and software quality attributes and modularization. This book introduces students and software professionals to the fundamental ideas of source code modularization concepts, similarity/dissimilarity metrics, modularization metrics, and quality assurance. Further, it allows undergraduate and graduate students in software engineering, computer science, and computer engineering with no prior experience in the software industry to explore the subject in a step-by-step manner. Practitioners benefit from the structured presentation and comprehensive nature of the materials, while the large number of bibliographic references makes this book a valuable resource for researchers working on source code modularization.

Defining a formal domain ontology is generally considered a useful, not to say necessary step in almost every software project. This is because software deals with ideas rather than with self-evident physical artefacts. However, this development step is hardly ever done, as ontologies rely on well-defined and semantically powerful AI concepts such as description logics or rule-based systems, and most software engineers are largely unfamiliar with these.

Ga evic and his co-authors try to fill this gap by covering the subject of MDA application for ontology development on the Semantic Web. Part I of their book describes existing technologies, tools, and standards like XML, RDF, OWL, MDA, and UML. Part II presents the first detailed description of OMG s new ODM (Ontology Definition Metamodel) initiative, a specification which is expected to be in the form of an OMG language like UML. Finally, Part III is dedicated to applications and practical aspects of developing ontologies using MDA-based languages. The book is supported by a website showing many ontologies, UML and other MDA-based models, and the transformations between them.

"The book is equally suited to those who merely want to be informed of the relevant technological landscape, to practitioners dealing with concrete problems, and to researchers seeking pointers to potentially fruitful areas of research. The writing is technical yet clear and accessible, illustrated throughout with useful and easily digestible examples." from the Foreword by Bran Selic, IBM Rational Software, Canada.

"I do not know another book that offers such a high quality insight into UML and ontologies." Steffen Staab, U Koblenz, Germany"

Nowadays, there is software everywhere in our life. It controls cars, airplanes, factories, medical implants. Without software, banking, logistics and transportation, media, and even scientific research would not function in the accustomed way. Building and maintaining software is a knowledge-intensive endeavour and requires that specific experiences are handled successfully. However, neither knowledge nor experience can be collected, stored, and shipped like physical goods, instead these delicate resources require dedicated techniques. Knowledge and experience are often called company assets, yet this is only part of the truth: it is only software engineers and other creative employees who will effectively exploit an organisation's knowledge and experience.

Kurt Schneider's textbook is written for those who want to make better use of their own knowledge and experience - either personally or within their group or company. Everyone related to software development will benefit from his detailed explanations and case studies: project managers, software engineers, quality assurance responsibles, and knowledge managers. His presentation is based on years of both practical experience, with companies such as Boeing, Daimler, and Nokia, and research in renowned environments, such as the Fraunhofer Institute. Each chapter is self-contained, it clearly states its learning objectives, gives in-depth presentations, shows the techniques' practical relevance in application scenarios, lists detailed references for further reading, and is finally completed by exercises that review the material presented and also challenge further, critical examinations. The overall result is a textbook that is equally suitable as a personal resource for self-directed learning and as the basis for a one-semester course on software engineering and knowledge management.

During maintenance of a software system, not all questions can be answered directly by resorting to otherwise reliable and accurate source code. Reverse engineering aims at extracting abstract, goal-oriented views of the system, able to summarize relevant properties of the program's computations. Reverse Engineering of Object-Oriented Code provides a comprehensive overview of several techniques that have been recently investigated in the field of reverse engineering. The book describes the algorithms involved in recovering UML diagrams from the code and the techniques that can be adopted for their visualization. This is important because the UML has become the standard for representing design diagrams in object-oriented development. A state-of-the-art exposition on how to design object-oriented code and accompanying algorithms that can be reverse engineered for greater flexibility in future code maintenance and alteration. Essential object-oriented concepts and programming methods for software engineers and researchers.

Many decisions are required throughout the software development process. These decisions, and to some extent the decision-making process itself, can best be documented as the rationale for the system, which will reveal not only what was done during development but the reasons behind the choices made and alternatives considered and rejected. This information becomes increasingly critical as software development becomes more distributed and encompasses the corporate knowledge both used and refined during the development process. The capture of rationale helps to ensure that decisions are well thought out and justified and the use of rationale can help avoid the mistakes of the past during both the development of the current system and when software products (architecture and design, as well as code) are reused in future systems.

Burge, Carroll, McCall, and Mistrik describe in detail the capture and use of design rationale in software engineering to improve the quality of software. Their book is the first comprehensive and unified treatment of rationale usage in software engineering. It provides a consistent conceptual framework and a unified terminology for comparing, contrasting and combining the myriad approaches to rationale in software engineering. It is both an excellent introductory text for those new to the field and a uniquely valuable reference for experienced rationale researchers. The book covers the use of rationale for decision making throughout the software lifecycle, starting from the first decisions in a project and continuing through requirements definition, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, redesign and reuse."

The IT community has always struggled with questions concerning the value of an organizationa (TM)s investment in software and hardware. It is the goal of value-based software engineering (VBSE) to develop models and measures of value which are of use for managers, developers and users as they make tradeoff decisions between, for example, quality and cost or functionality and schedule a" such decisions must be economically feasible and comprehensible to the stakeholders with differing value perspectives. VBSE has its roots in work on software engineering economics, pioneered by Barry Boehm in the early 1980s. However, the emergence of a wider scope that defines VBSE is more recent. VBSE extends the merely technical ISO software engineering definition with elements not only from economics, but also from cognitive science, finance, management science, behavioural sciences, and decision sciences, giving rise to a truly multi-disciplinary framework.

Biffl and his co-editors invited leading researchers and structured their contributions into three parts, following an introduction into the area by Boehm himself. They first detail the foundations of VBSE, followed by a presentation of state-of-the-art methods and techniques. The third part demonstrates the benefits of VBSE through concrete examples and case studies.

This book deviates from the more anecdotal style of many management-oriented software engineering books and so appeals particularly to all readers who are interested in solid foundations for high-level aspects of software engineering decision making, i.e. to product or project managers driven by economics and to software engineering researchers and students.

Current thinking about how to improve strategic planning (now upgraded to strategic thinking) and decision making by managers at all levels is to employ some aspect of information systems technology. Although this approach has worked well for most organizations, chief executives are now asking their managers to do what they do best but to do it better. But how? Future thinking about improving strategic thinking and decision making involves integrating creativity with the latest in information systems. Hence, the power of the computer can be an important means to assist managers in doing what they do better when employing a creative computer software approach.

Initially, the text looks at a number of areas that are impacted by creativity, with special emphasis on creative computer software. Management decision making is examined from a problem-finding or a forward-looking viewpoint that can benefit from utilizing creative computer software. Not only is this software useful for organizing ideas, but also for getting managers involved in networking ideas in different locations of a company. But more importantly, this software centers on the generation of new ideas. To demonstrate the generation of these ideas, the final part of the text gives a number of real-world applications of creative computer software. Particular emphasis is placed on Idea Fisher 4.0, an effective software package for generating new products and services.

Agile software development has become an umbrella term for a number of changes in how software developers plan and coordinate their work, how they communicate with customers and external stakeholders, and how software development is organized in small, medium, and large companies, from the telecom and healthcare sectors to games and interactive media. Still, after a decade of research, agile software development is the source of continued debate due to its multifaceted nature and insufficient synthesis of research results. Dingsoyr, Dyba, and Moe now present a comprehensive snapshot of the knowledge gained over many years of research by those working closely with or in the industry. It shows the current state of research on agile software development through an introduction and ten invited contributions on the main research fields, each written by renowned experts. These chapters cover three main issues: foundations and background of agile development, agile methods in practice, and principal challenges and new frontiers. They show the important results in each subfield, and in addition they explain what these results mean to practitioners as well as for future research in the field. The book is aimed at reflective practitioners and researchers alike, and it also can serve as the basis for graduate courses at universities.

Agent-based modeling/simulation is an emerging field that uses bottom-up and experimental analysis in the social sciences. Selected research from that presented at the Third International Workshop on Agent-Based Approaches in Economic and Social Complex Systems 2004, held in May 2004 in Kyoto, Japan, is included in this book. The aim of the workshop was to employ the bottom-up approach to social and economic problems by modeling, simulation, and analysis using a software agent. This research area is an emerging interdisciplinary field among the social sciences and computer science, attracting broad attention because it introduces a simulation-based experimental approach to problems that are becoming increasingly complex in an era of globalization and innovation in information technology. The state-of-the-art research and findings presented in this book will be indispensable tools for anyone involved in this rapidly growing discipline.

Managing risk is essential for every organization. However, significant opportunities may be lost by concentrating on the negative aspects of risk without bearing in mind the positive attributes. The objective of Project Risk Management: Managing Software Development Risk is to provide a distinct approach to a broad range of risks and rewards associated with the design, development, implementation and deployment of software systems. The traditional perspective of software development risk is to view risk as a negative characteristic associated with the impact of potential threats. The perspective of this book is to explore a more discerning view of software development risks, including the positive aspects of risk associated with potential beneficial opportunities. A balanced approach requires that software project managers approach negative risks with a view to reduce the likelihood and impact on a software project, and approach positive risks with a view to increase the likelihood of exploiting opportunities. Project Risk Management: Managing Software Development Risk explores software development risk both from a technological and business perspective. Issues regarding strategies for software development are discussed and topics including risks related to technical performance, outsourcing, cybersecurity, scheduling, quality, costs, opportunities and competition are presented. Bringing together concepts across the broad spectrum of software engineering with a project management perspective, this volume represents both a professional and scholarly perspective on the topic.

The security of software systems in recent years has been transformed from a mono-dimensional technical challenge to a multi-dimensional technico-social challenge, due to the wide usage of software systems in almost every area of the human life. This situation requires a different and more holistic approach to the development of secure software systems. Software Engineering for Secure Systems: Industrial and Research Perspectives presents the most recent and innovative lines of research and industrial practice related to secure software engineering. The book provides coverage of recent advances in the area of secure software engineering that address the various stages of the development process from requirements to design to testing to implementation. Contributions offer a comprehensive understanding secure software engineering, inspire and motivate further research and development, and bridge the gap between academic research and industrial practice.

Form-based applications range from simple web shops to complex enterprise resource planning systems. Draheim and Weber adapt well-established basic modeling techniques in a novel way to achieve a modeling framework optimized for this broad application domain. They introduce new modeling artifacts, such as page diagrams and form storyboards, and separate dialogue patterns to allow for reuse. In their implementation they have developed new constructs such as typed server pages, and tools for forward and reverse engineering of presentation layers. The methodology is explained using an online bookshop as a running example in which the user can experience the modeling concepts in action.

The combination of theoretical achievements and hands-on practical advice and tools makes this book a reference work for both researchers in the areas of software architectures and submit-response style user interfaces, and professionals designing and developing such applications. More information and additional material is also available online.

This book contains extended and revised versions of the best papers presented at the 18th IFIP WG 10.5/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI-SoC 2010, held in Madrid, Spain, in September 2010. The 14 papers included in the book were carefully reviewed and selected from the 52 full papers presented at the conference. The papers cover a wide variety of excellence in VLSI technology and advanced research. They address the current trend toward increasing chip integration and technology process advancements bringing about stimulating new challenges both at the physical and system-design levels, as well as in the test of theses systems.