Presenting a novel approach to wave theory, this book applies mathematical modeling to the investigation of sea waves. It presents problems, solutions and methods, and explores issues such as statistical properties of sea waves, generation of turbulence, Benjamin-Feir instability and the development of wave fields under the action of wind. Special attention is paid to the processes of dynamic wind-wave interaction, the formation of freak waves, as well as the role that sea waves play in the dynamic ocean/atmosphere system. It presents theoretical results which are followed by a description of the algorithms used in the development of wave forecasting models, and provides illustrations to assist understanding of the various models presented. This book provides an invaluable resource to oceanographers, specialists in fluid dynamics and advanced students interested in investigation of the widely known but poorly investigated phenomenon of sea waves.

This PSTV'94 Symposium is the fourteenth of a series of annual meetings organized under the auspices of IFIP W.G. 6.1, a Working Group dedicated to "Architectures and Protocols for Computer Networks." This is the oldest and most established symposium in the emerging field of protocol engineering which has spawn many international conferences including FORTE (International Conference on Formal Description Tech niques), IWPTS (International Workshop on Protocol Test Systems), ICNP (Interna tional Conference on Network Protocols) and CAY (Conference on Computer-Aided Verification). The main objective of this PSTV symposium is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners in industry and academia interested in advances in using formal methods and methodologies to specify, develop, test and verify communication protocols and distributed systems. This year's PSTV symposium enjoys a nice mixture of formal methods and practical issues in network protocols through the invited addresses of three outstanding speakers, Ed Brinksma (University of Twente), Raj Jain (Ohio State University) and David Tennenhouse (MIT) as well as 5 tutorials, in addition to 9 techni cal sessions and two practical panel sessions. The 5 tutorials are offered on the first day in two parallel tracks for intensive exposure on hot topics of current interest. This year, out of 51 submissions the Program Committee selected 18 regular papers (with an allotment of 16 pages in the Proceedings) and 9 mini-papers (of 8 pages)."

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those individ uals who helped us assemble this text, including the people of Lockheed Sanders and Nestor, Inc., whose encouragement and support were greatly appreciated. In addition, we would like to thank the members of the Lab oratory for Engineering Man-Machine Systems (LEMS) and the Center for Neural Science at Brown University for their frequent and helpful discussions on a number of topics discussed in this text. Although we both attended Brown from 1983 to 1985, and had offices in the same building, it is surprising that we did not meet until 1988. We also wish to thank Kluwer Academic Publishers for their profes sionalism and patience, and the reviewers for their constructive criticism. Thanks to John McCarthy for performing the final proof, and to John Adcock, Chip Bachmann, Deborah Farrow, Nathan Intrator, Michael Perrone, Ed Real, Lance Riek and Paul Zemany for their comments and assistance. We would also like to thank Khrisna Nathan, our most unbi ased and critical reviewer, for his suggestions for improving the content and accuracy of this text. A special thanks goes to Steve Hoffman, who was instrumental in helping us perform the experiments described in Chapter 9."

This volume consists of invited lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "The Gamma Ray Sky with COMPTON GRO and SIGMA," which was held at the Centre de Physique Theorique of Les Houches (France) in January / February 1994. The school has been planned by a Scientific Organizing Committee. It was organized with the aim of providing students and young researchers with an up-to-date account of the high-energy phenomena in the vicinity of compact objets and the diffuse gamma-ray backgrounds after the early results from the gamma-ray telescope SIGMA and the four instruments onboard COMPTON GRO (Gamma Ray Observatory): BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment), COMPTEL(Compto'l Telescope), EGRET (Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope) and OS SE(Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment) . It was attended by more than sixty researchers from many countries. The lectures and seminars represent a complete coverage of our present knowledge and understanding of: Gamma-ray backgrounds, Gamma-ray Burts, Active Galactic Nuclei, Galactic Compact Objects, Gamma-ray Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and observation techniques, etc ... Most of these lectures are reproduced in this volume. Unfortunately, a few lecturers have chosen not to submit their manuscript.

The coupling between acoustic waves and fluid flow motion is basically nonlinear, with the result that flow and sound modify themselves reciprocally with respect to generation and propagation properties. As a result this problem is investigated by many different communities, such as applied mathematics, acoustics and fluid mechanics. This book is the result of an international school which was held to discuss the foundation of sound--flow interactions, to share expertise and methodologies, and to promote cross-fertilization between the different disciplines involved. It consists essentially of a set of pedagogical lectures and is meant to serve not only as a compact source of reference for the experienced researcher but also as an advanced textbook for postgraduate students, and nonspecialists wishing to familiarize themselves in depth, at a research level, with this fascinating subject.

Equations of the Ginzburg Landau vortices have particular applications to a number of problems in physics, including phase transition phenomena in superconductors, superfluids, and liquid crystals. Building on the results presented by Bethuel, Brazis, and Helein, this current work further analyzes Ginzburg-Landau vortices with a particular emphasis on the uniqueness question.

The authors begin with a general presentation of the theory and then proceed to study problems using weighted Holder spaces and Sobolev Spaces. These are particularly powerful tools and help us obtain a deeper understanding of the nonlinear partial differential equations associated with Ginzburg-Landau vortices. Such an approach sheds new light on the links between the geometry of vortices and the number of solutions.

Aimed at mathematicians, physicists, engineers, and grad students, this monograph will be useful in a number of contexts in the nonlinear analysis of problems arising in geometry or mathematical physics. The material presented covers recent and original results by the authors, and will serve as an excellent classroom text or a valuable self-study resource."

John Eargle's 4th edition of The Handbook of Recording Engineering is the latest version of his long-time classic hands-on book for aspiring recording engineers. It follows the broad outline of its predecessors, but has been completely recast for the benefit of today's training in recording and its allied arts and sciences.

Digital recording and signal processing are covered in detail, as are actual studio miking and production techniques -- including the developing field of surround sound. As always, the traditional topics of basic stereo, studio acoustics, analog tape recording, and the stereo LP are covered in greater detail than you are likely to find anywhere except in archival references.

This book has been completely updated with numerous new topics added and outdated material removed. Many technical descriptions are now presented in Sidebars, leaving the primary text for more general descriptions.

Handbook of Recording Engineering, Fourth Edition is for students preparing for careers in audio, recording, broadcast, and motion picture sound work. It will also be useful as a handbook for professionals already in the audio workplace.

Contents:
1. Applied Digital Signal Processing. 2. Numerical Methods in Acoustics. 3. Source Identification and Location. 4. Modelling of Sound Propagation in the Ocean. 5. Environmental Noise Management. 6. Vehicle Noise. 7. Aircraft Compressor and Airframe Noise. 8. Active Noise Control. 9. Mobility and Impedance Methods in Structural Dynamics. 10. Finite Elements for Structural Vibration Analysis. 11. High Frequency Structural Vibration. 12. Vibration Control. 13. Optical Vibration Measurement Techniques.

The motto of connectivity and superconductivity is that the solutions of the Ginzburg--Landau equations are qualitatively influenced by the topology of the boundaries, as in multiply-connected samples. Special attention is paid to the "zero set", the set of the positions (also known as "quantum vortices") where the order parameter vanishes. The effects considered here usually become important in the regime where the coherence length is of the order of the dimensions of the sample. It takes the intuition of physicists and the awareness of mathematicians to find these new effects. In Connectivity and Superconductivity, theoretical and experimental physicists are brought together with pure and applied mathematicians to review these surprising results. This volume is intended to serve as a reference book for graduate students and researchers in physics or mathematics interested in superconductivity, or in the Schrödinger equation as a limiting case of the Ginzburg--Landau equations.

There has been continuing interest in the improvement of the speed of Digital Signal processing. The use of Residue Number Systems for the design of DSP systems has been extensively researched in literature. Szabo and Tanaka have popularized this approach through their book published in 1967. Subsequently, Jenkins and Leon have rekindled the interest of researchers in this area in 1978, from which time there have been several efforts to use RNS in practical system implementation. An IEEE Press book has been published in 1986 which was a collection of Papers. It is very interesting to note that in the recent past since 1988, the research activity has received a new thrust with emphasis on VLSI design using non ROM based designs as well as ROM based designs as evidenced by the increased publications in this area. The main advantage in using RNS is that several small word-length Processors are used to perform operations such as addition, multiplication and accumulation, subtraction, thus needing less instruction execution time than that needed in conventional 16 bitl32 bit DSPs. However, the disadvantages of RNS have b. een the difficulty of detection of overflow, sign detection, comparison of two numbers, scaling, and division by arbitrary number, RNS to Binary conversion and Binary to RNS conversion. These operations, unfortunately, are computationally intensive and are time consuming."

Duringthe PersianGulfWaragroupofAmericansoldiersscoopedup anew recruitatRijaid Airport, thendrovehim, withblackenedheadlights, directly across miles oftractless desertsand.Squintingtoward the horizon, hecould see almost nothing when suddenly the driver mashed on the brakes, gave him a quick salute, and instructed him to step out into the darkness. As his bootssankintothesand, hewasstunned torealizethathewasonlyafew feet away from the flap of his tent. Before setting out, the driver had keyed the tent'scoordinates into a Navstar receiver, so itcould guide him back again. No one knows exactly how many Navstar receivers ended up serving coalition forces along the Persian Gulf because mothers and fathers-and sweethearts, too-located a few stray units on the shelves of marinesupply houses/plunked down their money, and express mailed them to their loved ones in the Persian Gulf. A few resourceful soldiers called stateside suppliers long distance, then used their credit cards to order receivers, many of which arrived in Saudi Arabiaa dayortwolateraboardcommercialjetliners. Bythe timetheground war finally started, 4,000 to 7,000 Navstar receivers were clutched in the hands of grateful American soldiers. They were used to guide fuel-starved airplanes for linkups with aerial tankers, to pull in air strikes against enemy emplacements, to guide mess trucks toward hungry troops, and to vector Special Forcesunits intheir muffled dune buggies deep behindenemylines. Afew enterprising military engineers learned how to follow meandering goat trails so they could locate underground springs where the goats wa tered themselves. They then used their hand-held Navstar receivers to record the precise coordinates of each spring, thus insuring fresh water supplies for onrushing troops."

This volume contains eighteen reports on work, which has been conducted since 2000 in the Collaborative Research Programme "Numerical Flow Simulation" of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). French and German engineers and mathematicians present their joint research on the topics: "Development of Solution Techniques", "Crystal Growth and Melts", "Flows of Reacting Gases, Sound Generation" and "Turbulent Flows". In the background of their work is still the strong growth in the performance of super-computer architectures, which, together with large advances in algorithms, is opening vast new application areas of numerical flow simulation in research and industrial work. Results of this programme from the period 1996 to 1998 have been presented in NNFM 66 (1998), and NNFM75 (2001).

Proceeding from basic theory to design studies of concert and multiple purpose halls, the author introduces a remarkable seat selection system for the analysis of new and existing halls, and proposes a diagnostic system for testing the physical properties and calculating the psychological attributes at any seat after a hall is built. The book also presents a theory of subjective preferences, based on a model of the auditory cognitive system in the brain. Readers can thus follow the temporal and spatial values that may be associated with the left and right cerebral hemispheres in listening to music and speech, respectively, in a room. From the results of calculating subjective preference at each seat, for example, architects, musicians, and acoustical engineers concerned with the design and use of concert and multi-use halls may determine the best location to perform a certain type of music on the stage, as well as the best seats from which to listen.

The present book contains contributions presented at the Fourth Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, held in Beijing, China, 28-30 September 2011, being a continuation of symposia taking place in Stockholm (Sweden, 2005), in Corfu (Greece, 2007), and Gdansk (Poland, 2009). The contributions to the last two symposia were published as NNFM, Vol. 97 and Vol. 111. At the Beijing symposium, along with seven invited keynotes, another 46 papers (plus 5 posters) were presented addressing topics on Novel turbulence-resolving simulation and modelling, Improved hybrid RANS-LES methods, Comparative studies of difference modelling methods, Modelling-related numerical issues and Industrial applications.. The present book reflects recent activities and new progress made in the development and applications of hybrid RANS-LES methods in general.

Since the study of wavelets is a relatively new area, much of the research coming from mathematicians, most of the literature uses terminology, concepts and proofs that may, at times, be difficult and intimidating for the engineer. Wavelet Basics has therefore been written as an introductory book for scientists and engineers. The mathematical presentation has been kept simple, the concepts being presented in elaborate detail in a terminology that engineers will find familiar. Difficult ideas are illustrated with examples which will also aid in the development of an intuitive insight. Chapter 1 reviews the basics of signal transformation and discusses the concepts of duals and frames. Chapter 2 introduces the wavelet transform, contrasts it with the short-time Fourier transform and clarifies the names of the different types of wavelet transforms. Chapter 3 links multiresolution analysis, orthonormal wavelets and the design of digital filters. Chapter 4 gives a tour d'horizon of topics of current interest: wavelet packets and discrete time wavelet transforms, and concludes with applications in signal processing.

Matrix Computations on Systolic-Type Arrays provides a framework which permits a good understanding of the features and limitations of processor arrays for matrix algorithms. It describes the tradeoffs among the characteristics of these systems, such as internal storage and communication bandwidth, and the impact on overall performance and cost. A system which allows for the analysis of methods for the design/mapping of matrix algorithms is also presented. This method identifies stages in the design/mapping process and the capabilities required at each stage. Matrix Computations on Systolic-Type Arrays provides a much needed description of the area of processor arrays for matrix algorithms and of the methods used to derive those arrays. The ideas developed here reduce the space of solutions in the design/mapping process by establishing clear criteria to select among possible options as well as by a-priori rejection of alternatives which are not adequate (but which are considered in other approaches). The end result is a method which is more specific than other techniques previously available (suitable for a class of matrix algorithms) but which is more systematic, better defined and more effective in reaching the desired objectives. Matrix Computations on Systolic-Type Arrays will interest researchers and professionals who are looking for systematic mechanisms to implement matrix algorithms either as algorithm-specific structures or using specialized architectures. It provides tools that simplify the design/mapping process without introducing degradation, and that permit tradeoffs between performance/cost measures selected by the designer.

This book addresses the acoustic signal analysis and spectral dynamics of the tanpura, an Indian plucked string instrument. In addition, it strives to provide a logical and objective explanation of Indian classical musicians' cognitive experience. Issues of relevance in this regard include the rich, mellifluous sound; the undulation of the loudness; the somewhat cyclical variation of the timbre, which is strongly related to these undulations; and the occasional perception of virtual notes to which no strings are tuned. The book analyses the materials used in the tanpura, the instrument's simple structure, the intricacies of the lower bridge, and the theory of string vibration with variable string length. Cognitive experiments to provide the basis for perceptual quality assessment, as well as a methodology for ranking, are described. This is followed by acoustic analyses, both temporal and spectral, for sounds produced by male and female tanpuras, for each individual string and the combined one. An important aspect related to the naturalness of perceived sound, namely the intrinsically associated random perturbations, is also discussed. The apparent irregularities perceived in the acoustic signal produced by the tanpura reveal the importance of examining the signal from the perspective of non-linear analysis, an aspect that is also covered in the book. Given its scope, the book will appeal to students and researchers in the fields of music acoustics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science, as well as musicians and musicologists around the world.

Understanding Active Noise Control Provides a concise introduction to the fundamentals and applications of active control of vibration and sound for the non-expert. It is also a useful quick reference for the specialist engineer. The book emphasises the practical applications of technology, and complex control algorithms and structures are only discussed to the extent that they aid understanding. Extensive recommendations for further reading on the subject are provided, but the text will stand alone for those seeking an overview of the key issues: fundamentals, control systems, transducers, applications and possible future directions.

The 29th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging was held in Shonan Village, Kanagawa, Japan, April 15-18, 2007. This interdisciplinary Symposium has been taking place every two years since 1968 and forms a unique forum for advanced research, covering new technologies, developments, methods and theories in all areas of acoustics. In the course of the years the volumes in the Acoustical Imaging Series have developed and become well-known and appreciated reference works.

Offering both a broad perspective on the state-of-the-art in the field as well as an in-depth look at its leading edge research, this Volume 29 in the Series contains again an excellent collection of seventy papers presented in nine major categories: (1) Strain Imaging, (2) Biological and Medical Applications, (3) Acoustic Microscopy, (4) Non-Destructive Evaluation and Industrial Applications, (5) Components and Systems, (6) Geophysics and Underwater Imaging, (7) Physics and Mathematics, (8) Medical Image Analysis, (9) FDTD method and Other Numerical Simulations.

This ready reference provides electrical engineers with practical information on accurate methods for measuring signals and noise in electronic circuits as well as methods for locating and reducing high frequency noise generated by circuits or external interference. Engineers often find that measuring and mitigating high frequency noise signals in electronic circuits can be problematic when utilizing common measurement methods. Demonstrating the innovative solutions he developed as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at AT&T/Bell Laboratories, solutions which earned him numerous U.S. and foreign patents, Douglas Smith has written the most definitive work on this subject. Smith explains design problems related to the new high frequency electronic standards, and then systematically provides laboratory proven methods for making accurate noise measurements, while demonstrating how these results should be interpreted. The technical background needed to conduct these experiments is provided as an aid to the novice, and as a reference for the professional. Smith also discusses theoretical concepts as they relate to practical applications. Many of the techniques Smith details in this book have been previously unpublished, and have been proven to solve problems in hours rather than in the days or weeks of effort it would take conventional techniques to yield results. Comprehensive and informative, this volume provides detailed coverage of such areas as: scope probe impedance, grounding, and effective bandwidth, differential measurement techniques, noise source location and identification, current probe characteristics, operation, and applications, characteristics of sources of interferenceto measurements and the minimization of their effects, minimizing coupling of external noise into the equipment under test by measurements, estimating the effect of a measurement on equipment operation, using digital scopes for single shot noise measurements, prediction of equipment electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission and susceptibility of performance, null experiments for validating measurement data, the relationship between high frequency noise and final product reliability. With governmental regulations and MIL standards now governing the emission of high frequency electronic noise and the susceptibility to pulsed EMI, the information presented in this guide is extremely pertinent. Electrical engineers will find High Frequency Measurements and Noise in Electronic Circuits an essential desktop reference for information and solutions, and engineering students will rely on it as a virtual source book for deciphering the "mysteries" unique to high frequency electronic circuits.

Linear signal spaces are of fundamental importance in signal and system theory, communication theory, and modern signal processing. This book proposes a time-frequency analysis of linear signal spaces that is based on two novel time-frequency representations called the `Wigner distribution of a linear signal space' and the `ambiguity function of a linear signal space'. Besides being a useful display and analysis tool, the Wigner distribution of a linear signal space allows the design of high-resolution time-frequency filtering methods. This book develops such methods and applies them to the enhancement, decomposition, estimation, and detection of noisy deterministic and stochastic signals. Formulation of the filtering (estimation, detection) methods in the time-frequency plane yields a direct interpretation of the effect of adding or deleting information, changing parameters, etc. In a sense, the prior information and the signal processing tasks are brought to life in the time-frequency plane. The ambiguity function of a linear signal space, on the other hand, is closely related to a novel maximum-likelihood multipulse estimator of the range and Doppler shift of a slowly fluctuating point target - an estimation problem that is important in radar and sonar. Specifically, the ambiguity function of a linear signal space is relevant to the problem of optimally designing a set of radar pulses. The concepts and methods presented are amply illustrated by examples and pictures. Time-Frequency Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Signal Spaces: Time-Frequency Filters, Signal Detection and Estimation, and Range-Doppler Estimation is an excellent reference and may be used as a text for advanced courses covering the subject.

Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems examines the plans for the future and the progress that has already been made, in the field of DSP and its applications to communication systems. The book pursues the progression from communication and information theory through to the implementation, evaluation and performance enhancing of practical communication systems using DSP technology. Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems looks at various types of coding and modulation techniques, describing different applications of Turbo-Codes, BCH codes and general block codes, pulse modulations, and combined modulation and coding in order to improve the overall system performance. The book examines DSP applications in measurements performed for channel characterisation, pursues the use of DSP for design of effective channel simulators, and discusses equalization and detection of various signal formats for different channels. A number of system design issues are presented where digital signal processing is involved, reporting on the successful implementation of the system components using DSP technology, and including the problems involved with implementation of some DSP algorithms. Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems serves as an excellent resource for professionals and researchers who deal with digital signal processing for communication systems, and may serve as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Mobile systems - primarily cellular telephony - have been the fastest moving telecommunications development to date with a world-wide customer base that in the ten or so years to April 1996 reached 100 million and continues with a current growth rate of 60% per annum world-wide. Predictions suggest that the customer base will exceed 1 billion within the next ten years and that the saturation level is around 80% of any population. Faced with such statistics any book such as this can proffer little more than a snapshot of the activities and developments that are at present taking place within the mobile world. It can, however, reflect on some of the underlying principles that support the industry. The opening chapter offers a vision for the future of mobile communications - that of more mobile than fixed connections to the world's telecommunica tions networks - one which, interestingly, pre-dates the emergence of the information superhighway. The Internet whose growth of computer networks has, in recent years, exceeded that of even mobile systems is demanding ever more bandwidth to support its multimedia applications and access for people on the move. The communications needs of the next century customer are the driv ers behind the convergence of computing and telecommunications networks, the mobile component of which will be realized as Third Generation Mobile Sys tems (fGMS)."