The current popular and scientific interest in virtual environments has provided a new impetus for investigating binaural and spatial hearing. However, the many intriguing phenomena of spatial hearing have long made it an exciting area of scientific inquiry. Psychophysical and physiological investigations of spatial hearing seem to be converging on common explanations of underlying mechanisms. These understandings have in turn been incorporated into sophisticated yet mathematically tractable models of binaural interaction. Thus, binaural and spatial hearing is one of the few areas in which professionals are soon likely to find adequate physiological explanations of complex psychological phenomena that can be reasonably and usefully approximated by mathematical and physical models. This volume grew out of the Conference on Binaural and Spatial Hearing, a four-day event held at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in response to rapid developments in binaural and spatial hearing research and technology. Meant to be more than just a proceedings, it presents chapters that are longer than typical proceedings papers and contain considerably more review material, including extensive bibliographies in many cases. Arranged into topical sections, the chapters represent major thrusts in the recent literature. The authors of the first chapter in each section have been encouraged to take a broad perspective and review the current state of literature. Subsequent chapters in each section tend to be somewhat more narrowly focused, and often emphasize the authors' own work. Thus, each section provides overview, background, and current research on a particular topic. This book is significant in that it reviews the important work during the past 10 to 15 years, and provides greater breadth and depth than most of the previous works.

Introduces Systematic Formulations for Use in Acoustic Applications Acoustics in Moving Inhomogeneous Media, Second Edition offers a uniquely complete and rigorous study of sound propagation and scattering in moving media with deterministic and random inhomogeneities. This study is of great importance in many fields including atmospheric and oceanic acoustics, aeroacoustics, acoustics of turbulent flows, remote sensing of the atmosphere and ocean, noise pollution in the atmosphere, and wave propagation. Provides Sensible Explanations Using Step-by-Step Practice The book begins by considering sound propagation through moving media with deterministic inhomogeneities such as vertical profiles of temperature and wind velocity in the atmosphere. It moves on to a new study of sound propagation and scattering in media with random inhomogeneities in adiabatic sound speed, density, and medium velocity. Then this second edition newly sets out state-of-the-art numerical methods for calculating the sound field and its statistical characteristics in moving inhomogeneous media, which is particularly useful for those working in atmospheric acoustics and studying noise pollution. Numerical codes are provided on the book's website www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780415564168 Covered in three parts, this second edition: Incorporates new results developed since the previous edition Rewrites and extends the text with formulations of sound propagation and scattering in random moving media Describes numerical methods for performing calculations involving equations from the first two parts Acoustics in Moving Inhomogeneous Media, Second Edition serves as the basis of a graduate course in atmospheric and oceanic acoustics or as a rigorous reference work in a wide range of fields such as atmospheric and oceanic acoustics, aeroacoustics, acoustics of turbulent flows, acoustic remote sensing, noise pollution, and wave propagation in deterministic and random media.

First published in 1988. This text describes a type of psychotherapy designed to increase marital intimacy, thus improving family functioning. The focus of this book is marriage as a psychological relationship. This is, then, a book about the quality of the relationship between a woman and a man in marriage and an approach to helping couples and families who have problems with intimacy.

If quantum theories of the world are true-and empirical evidence suggests they are-what do they tell us about us, and the world? How should quantum theories make us reevaluate our classical conceptions of material objects? Nearly a century after the development of quantum theories, a consensus has yet to emerge. Many still wonder about what these theories may be telling us about ourselves and our place in the universe. Alyssa Ney here defends and develops a particular framework for understanding the world as it is described by quantum theories. This framework was initially suggested by Schroedinger in the 1920's and was further defended as an account of reality by two philosophers of physics in the 1990's who described it as a necessary point of view for those who argue that quantum theories are correct representations of our world. This framework is called wave function realism, which interprets quantum theories such that its central object is the quantum wave function, interpreted as a field on an extremely high-dimension space. This theory views us, and all objects, as ultimately constituted out of the wave function, and though we seem to occupy three dimensions, the fundamental spatial framework of quantum worlds consists of many more dimensions. Alyssa Ney argues for and advances this view, with the goal of making a case for how this theory how it might be applied to more other relativistic quantum theories, including quantum field theories. Her conclusion develops an account of how we as human beings might ultimately see ourselves and the objects around us as constituted out of the wave function.

This book offers detailed insights into new methods for high-fidelity CFD, and their industrially relevant applications in aeronautics. It reports on the H2020 TILDA project, funded by the European Union in 2015-2018. The respective chapters demonstrate the potential of high-order methods for enabling more accurate predictions of non-linear, unsteady flows, ensuring enhanced reliability in CFD predictions. The book highlights industrially relevant findings and representative test cases on the development of high-order methods for unsteady turbulence simulations on unstructured grids; on the development of the LES/DNS methodology by means of multilevel, adaptive, fractal and similar approaches for applications on unstructured grids; and on leveraging existent large-scale HPC networks to facilitate the industrial applications of LES/DNS in daily practice. Furthermore, the book discusses multidisciplinary applications of high-order methods in the area of aero-acoustics. All in all, it offers timely insights into the application and performance of high-order methods for CFD, and an extensive reference guide for researchers, graduate students, and industrial engineers whose work involves CFD and turbulence modeling.

This book reports on the 13th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN13), held on September 16-20, 2019, in Ghent, Belgium. It gathers original peer-reviewed papers describing the latest developments in railway noise and vibration, as well as state-of-the-art reviews written by authoritative experts in the field. The different papers cover a broad range of railway noise and vibration topics, such as rolling noise, wheel squeal, noise perception, prediction methods, measurements and monitoring, and vehicle interior noise. Further topics include rail roughness, rail corrugation and grinding, high-speed rail and aerodynamic noise, structure-borne noise, ground-borne noise and vibration, and resilient track forms. Policy, criteria and regulation are also discussed. Offering extensive and timely information to both scientists and engineers, this book will help them in their daily efforts to identify, understand and solve problems related to railway noise and vibration, and to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the environmental impact of railway systems.

This book presents articles from the World Conference on Acoustic Emission 2019 (WCAE-2019) held at Guangdong, China. The latest research and applications of acoustic emission (AE) are explored, with a particular emphasis on detecting and processing AE signals, the development of AE instrument and testing standards, AE of materials, engineering structures and systems, including the processing of collected data and analytical techniques. Numerous case studies are also included. It brings together leading academicians and professionals in the field to foster collaboration and to enhance research in this important area, with wide ranging applications.

A systematic study of chaotic ray dynamics in underwater acoustic waveguides began in the mid-1990s when it was realized that this factor plays a crucial role in long-range sound propagation in the ocean. The phenomenon of ray chaos and its manifestation at a finite wavelength - wave chaos - have been investigated by combining methods from the theory of wave propagation and the theory of dynamical and quantum chaos.This book is the first monograph summarizing results obtained in this field. Emphasis is made on the exploration of ray and modal structures of the wave field in an idealized environmental model with periodic range dependence and in a more realistic model with sound speed fluctuations induced by random internal waves. The book is intended for acousticians investigating the long-range sound transmission through the fluctuating ocean and also for researchers studying waveguide propagation in other media. It will be of major interest to scientists working in the field of dynamical and quantum chaos.

Quantum Chemistry provides a coherent and structured approach in introducing the concept of 'quantum' to the students of quantum mechanics. An attempt is made to bring out the subtleties of quantum mechanics, hidden in its abstract laws and equations, applicable to the atomic domain by showing its relevance to the observable macroscopic world as well. The book will help students dispel the stigma associated with quantum mechanics. The emphasis on conceptual approach provides a platform to stand on, and a stimulus to pursue higher quantum mechanics-the doorway to the all-pervasive quantum world. Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan).

Acoustics, the science of sound, has developed into a broad interdisciplinary field encompassing the academic disciplines of physics, engineering, psychology, speech, audiology, music, architecture, physiology, neuroscience and others. Here is an unparalleled modern handbook reflecting this richly interdisciplinary nature edited by one of the acknowledged masters in the field, Thomas Rossing.

Researchers and students benefit from the comprehensive contents spanning: animal acoustics including infrasound and ultrasound, environmental noise control, music and human speech and singing, physiological and psychological acoustics, architectural acoustics, physical and engineering acoustics, medical acoustics and ocean acoustics.

The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography.

This new edition of the Handbook features over 11 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations andtwo new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics.

Praise for the first edition:

"This treatise is a successful attempt to cover in one book the diverse field of acoustics, which ranges from physics to music and from formal mathematics to technological applications. ... It is this reviewer's opinion that a handbook like Rossing's, which covers the whole field of acoustics, serves a real purpose because it not only gives one a chance to see how one's specialty is covered but it also permits one to make a quick survey of other acoustical areas." (Leo Beranek, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 77 (12), December, 2009)

"The Springer Handbook of Acoustics falls into that exceptional list. ...every physics department should have a copy available." (John L. Hubisz, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 48, March, 2010)

"This handbook is an excellent addition to the acoustics literature. ... The handbook nicely covers both basics and advances in several areas of acoustics. Several chapters provide good mathematical depth, making the handbook useful as a research and technical resource. ... The accompanying CD-ROM provides the entire handbook and a large number of audio and video files, making it easy to use effectively in a classroom. Overall, a very useful educational and research resource. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (M. G. Prasad, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (5), January, 2008)

"This book covers a wide range of topics and the inclusion of musical acoustics, computer and electronic music appeal to me (singer, song-writer, performer and recording studio co-owner). This handbook is probably well suited for an undergraduate-level introduction to an acoustics course. ... Further, there is a CD-ROM containing all the chapters in the handbook. ... The wide range of topics, inclusion of music-related chapters, eye-pleasing presentations and other useful features make this a very good book to have on your shelf." (Tim Casey, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 13 (1), 2008)

"The Springer Handbook of Acoustics comprises 28 chapters written by 33 authors. ... The enclosed CD-ROM is a valuable addition as it contains ... additional material in the form of video and audio files. ... this book has much to recommend it with well presented topics and copious clear illustrations. The Handbook of Acoustics is useful as a source book for anyone who needs or wants to become familiar with the jargon and issues related to a specific subfield of acoustics ... ." (Robert I. Odom, Siam Review, Vol. 50 (3), 2008)

The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography.

This new edition of the Handbook features over 13 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and 3 new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics."

This book highlights the mathematical and physical properties of acoustical sources with singularities located in the complex plane and presents the application of such special elements to solve acoustical radiation and scattering problems. Sources whose origin lies in the complex plane are also solutions of the wave equation but possess different radiating properties as their counterparts with real positions. Such mathematical constructions are known in the fields of optics and electrodynamics, but they are not common in acoustical research. The objective of the book is to introduce this concept to acousticians and motivate them to engage themselves in further research and application of complex sources. Such sources are particularly useful to formulate Green's functions and related equivalent source and boundary element methods in half-spaces.

This book incorporates the developments in digital audio technology, including consumer products, into a firm foundation of the physics of sound. No knowledge of physics, mathematics, or music is required. Includes updated information on musical synthesizers. Provides recent information on the ear, including new advances in cochlear implant technology. Updates material for modern technology, particularly MP3. Features abundant examples, including discussion of demonstration experiments. Includes historical discussion of musical temperaments and instruments. Offers videotapes of musical demonstrations on topics discussed in the book, available from author. A useful reference for musicians or anyone interested in learning more about the physics of music.

Dynamics of Water Surface Flows and Waves provides theoretical descriptions of the whole life of water surface waves through their birth, propagation, evolution and finally breaking. While initial capillary waves are created via instability at air-water interfaces, potential wave theories adequately describe interactions of waves with current, bathymetry and structure. In the final breaking stage, potential fluid motions in the waves rapidly evolve into vortical turbulent flows that disturb the surfaces, resulting in entrainment of air-bubbles and ejection of sea spray in bursting bubbles floating on the surface. All theories and analytical methods required to understand the series of wave processes, over diverse areas of subjects, including turbulence, diffusion, vortex and capillary dynamics, shallow water approach, and stability analysis, as well as the conventional potential wave theory, are comprehensively covered in this book. All of the mathematical formulas are consistently developed from theorems and linked with physics, which provides theoretical understanding and further interest in wave dynamics. This is an ideal graduate-level textbook or reference for engineers and researchers in the fields of fluid and wave mechanics, coastal and ocean engineering.

The book presents a broad-scope analysis of piezoelectric electromechanical transducers and the related aspects of practical transducer design for underwater applications. It uses an energy method for analyzing transducer problems that provides the physical insight important for the understanding of electromechanical devices. Application of the method is first illustrated with transducer examples that can be modeled as systems with a single degree of freedom, (such as spheres, short cylinders, bars and flexural disks and plates made of piezoelectric ceramics). Thereupon, transducers are modeled as devices with multiple degrees of freedom. In all these cases, results of modeling are presented in the form of equivalent electromechanical circuits convenient for the calculation of the transducers' operational characteristics. Special focus is made on the effects of coupled vibrations in mechanical systems on transducer performance. The book also provides extensive coverage of acoustic radiation including acoustic interaction between the transducers. The book is inherently multidisciplinary. It provides essential background regarding the vibration of elastic passive and piezoelectric bodies, piezoelectricity, acoustic radiation, and transducer characterization. Scientists and engineers working in the field of electroacoustics and those involved in education in the field will find this material useful not only for underwater acoustics, but also for electromechanics, energy conversion and medical ultrasonics.

Contents:
Chapter One. A Little History. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Early history. 1.3 Later history 1.4 The future. Chapter Two: Foundations of Active Control. 2.1 Physical mechanisms 2.2 Basic structure of active noise Control systems. 2.3. Control system optimisation. 2.3.1 Influence of control source output power and placement. 2.3.2 Influence of error sensor placement. 2.3.3 Influence of reference signal delay and quality. Chapter Three: The Electronic Control System. 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Control Filter. 3.3 Cancellation path transfer function estimation. 3.4 Adaptation algorithms. 3.4.1 FXLMS algorithm for adapting the weights of an FIR filter. 3.4.2 Multi-channel and filtered-U RLS algorithms for IIR filters. 3.4.3 Genetic algorithms. 3.4.3.1 Killing selection instead of survivor selection. 3.4.3.2 Weight String Instead of Binary Encoding. 3.4.3.3 Mutation probability and amplitude 3.4.3.4 Rank-based selection 3.4.3.5 Uniform crossover 3.4.3.6 Genetic algorithm parameter adjustment 3.4.3.7 Performance measurement 3.5 Putting it all together 3.6 Important practical controller implementation issues 3.6.1 Microprocessor selection. 3.6.2 Converter type and group delay considerations 3.6.3 Digital sampling rate 3.6.4 Algorithm considerations 3.6.5 Accuracy of controller output. Chapter Four: Active Noise Control Sources. 4.1 Acoustic sources. 4.2 Vibration sources. Chapter Five: Error Sensors. 5.1 Microphones. 5.2 Vibration sensing and control of sound radiation 5.3 Sound intensity and energy density control. 5.4 Control algorithms for various sensing strategies. 5.4.1 Shaped or distributed structural sensors. 5.4.2. Sound intensity 5.4.3 Energy density. 5.4.4 Power or intensity squared. Chapter Six: Applications of Active Noise Control. 6.1 Some general considerations. 6.2 Application Examples. 6.2.1 Sound propagation in ducts. 6.2.2.1 Plane wave propagation 6.2.2.2 Higher order mode propagation 6.2.3 Sound radiation from vibrating structures 6.2.3.1 Physical control mechanisms 6.2.3.2 Control actuators and error sensors. 6.2.4 Active headsets and ear muffs. 6.2.4.1 Feedback systems 6.2.4.2 Feedforward systems 6.2.4.2 Transducer considerations 6.2.4.3 Transducer considerations 6.2.5 Sound transmission into enclosed spaces 6.2.5.1 Global reduction of low frequency tonal noise in propellor aircraft 6.2.5.2 Reduction of interior noise in diesel engine-driven, mobile mining equipment 6.2.5.3 Local reduction of broadband noise in large aircraft 6.2.5.4 Global reduction of low frequency road noise in cars 6.2.6 Active vibration isolation. 6.3 Examples of applications which are impractical. 6.3.1 Global reduction of broadband or high frequency tonal noise in large aircraft 6.3.2 Global reduction of broadband or transient noise transmitted into a building space. 6.3.3 Reduction of traffic or aircraft flyover noise transmitted into a building. 6.3.4 Global reduction of tonal or periodic noise in a large space such as a factory which contains many noise sources. 6.3.5 Global reduction of broadband in a large factory 6.3.6 Reduction of broadband noise outdoors 6.3.7 Reduction of transient noise outdoors. Chapter Seven: Current and Future Directions. 7.1 Commercial control system requirements 7.1.1 Controller hardware 7.1.2 Controller software 7.2 Acoustic system software 7.3 Current research directions 7.3.1 Sound sources 7.3.2 Error sensors 7.3.3 Optimisation of control source and error sensor locations 7.3.4 Control filters and algorithms 7.3.5 Coupled systems 7.3.6 Hybrid active/passive silencers. 7.4 Summary. References. Useful web-sites for more information.

This book contains a thorough and unique record of recent advances in the important scientific fields fluid-structure interaction, acoustics and control of priority interest in the academic community and also in an industrial context regarding new engineering designs. It updates advances in these fields by presenting state-of-the-art developments and achievements since the previous Book published by Springer in 2018 after the 4th FSSIC Symposium. This book is unique within the related literature investigating advances in these fields because it addresses them in a complementary way and thereby enhances cross-fertilization between them, whereas other books treat these fields separately.

This book is intended for researchers, graduate students and engineers in the fields of structure-borne sound, structural dynamics, and noise and vibration control. Based on vibration differential equations, it presents equations derived from the exponential function in the time domain, providing a unified framework for structural vibration analysis, which makes it more regular and normalized. This wave propagation approach (WPA) divides structures at "discontinuity points," and the waves show characteristics of propagation, reflection, attenuation, and waveform conversion. In each segment of the system between two "discontinuity points," the governing equation and constraint are expressed accurately, allowing the dynamic properties of complex systems to be precisely obtained. Starting with basic structures such as beams and plates, the book then discusses theoretical research on complicated and hybrid dynamical systems, and demonstrates that structural vibration can be analyzed from the perspective of elastic waves by applying WPA.

Current standard numerical methods are of little use in solving mathematical problems involving boundary layers. In Robust Computational Techniques for Boundary Layers, the authors construct numerical methods for solving problems involving differential equations that have non-smooth solutions with singularities related to boundary layers. They present a new numerical technique that provides precise results in the boundary layer regions for the problems discussed in the book. They show that this technique can be adapted in a natural way to a real flow problem, and that it can be used to construct benchmark solutions for comparison with solutions found using other numerical techniques.

Focusing on robustness, simplicity, and wide applicability rather than on optimality, Robust Computational Techniques for Boundary Layers provides readers with an understanding of the underlying principles and the essential components needed for the construction of numerical methods for boundary layer problems. It explains the fundamental ideas through physical insight, model problems, and computational experiments and gives details of the linear solvers used in the computations so that readers can implement the methods and reproduce the numerical results.

Auralization is the technique of creation and reproduction of sound on the basis of computer data. With this tool it is possible to predict the character of sound signals which are generated at the source and modified by reinforcement, propagation and transmission in systems such as rooms, buildings, vehicles or other technical devices. This book is organized as a comprehensive collection of the basics of sound and vibration, acoustic modelling, simulation, signal processing and audio reproduction. With some mathematical prerequisites, the readers will be able to follow the main strategy of auralization easily and work out their own implementations of auralization in various fields of application in architectural acoustics, acoustic engineering, sound design and virtual reality. For readers interested in basic research, the technique of auralization may be useful to create sound stimuli for specific investigations in linguistic, medical, neurological and psychological research, and in the field of human-machine interaction.

Presenting a comprehensive description of the theory and physics of high-intensity ultrasound, this book also deals with a wide range of problems associated with the industrial applications of ultrasound, mainly in the areas of metallurgy and mineral processing.
The book is divided into three sections, and Part I introduces the reader to the theory and physics of high-intensity ultrasound. Part II considers the design of ultrasonic generators, mechanoacoustic radiators and other vibrational systems, as well as the control of acoustic parameters when vibrations are passed into a processed medium. Finally, Part III describes problems associated with various uses of high-intensity ultrasound in metallurgy. The applications of high-intensity ultrasound for metal shaping, thermal and thermochemical treatment, welding, cutting, refining, and surface hardening are also discussed here.
This comprehensive monograph will provide an invaluable source of information, which has been largely unavailable in the West until now.

This book explores recent developments in QIA and describes the application of the theory to different branches of wave physics, from plasma physics, quantum physics, and ionospheric radio wave propagation to acoustics, optics, and astrophysics.
This is an up-to-the-minute exposition of the latest developments in an important new area, written by authors of outstanding reputation. A rich source of both theoretical methods and practical applications, it covers a wide range of problems of general physical significance.
Until recently, there was no effective method for describing waves in weakly anisotropic inhomogeneous media. The method of quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of geometrical optics was developed to overcome this problem. The QIA approach bridges the gap between geometrical optics of isotropic media (Rytov method) and that of anisotropic media (Courant-Lax approach), thus providing a complete picture of the geometrical optics of inhomogeneous media.

This book systematically introduces readers to the fundamental physics and a broad range of applications of acoustic levitation, one of the most promising techniques for the container-free handling of small solid particles and liquid droplets. As it does away with the need for solid walls and can easily be incorporated into analysis instruments, acoustic levitation has attracted considerable research interest in many fields, from fluid physics to material science. The book offers a comprehensive overview of acoustic levitation, including the history of acoustic radiation force; the design and development of acoustic levitators; the technology's applications, ranging from drop dynamics studies to bio/chemical analysis; and the insightful perspectives that the technique provides. It also discusses the latest advances in the field, from experiments to numerical simulations. As such, the book provides readers with a clearer understanding of acoustic levitation, while also stimulating new research areas for scientists and engineers in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and other related fields.