To place this book in perspective it is useful for the reader to be aware of the recent history of the topic of underwater sound generation at the ocean surface by natural mechanisms. A meeting in Lerici, Italy in 1987 was convened within the NATO Advanced Research Workshop series, to bring together underwater acousticians and ocean hydrodynamicists to examine various mechanisms which generate sound naturally at the ocean surface. A record of that meeting was published in the NATO scientific publication series in 1988 under the title 'Sea Surface Sound'. That meeting was successful in inspiring and co ordinating both participants and non-attending colleagues to examine some key issues which were raised during the course of presentations and discussions. The understanding among those present was that another meeting should be convened 3 years hence to report and review progress in the subject. Accordingly the second conference was convened in Cambridge in 1990, whose proceedings are presented here. This volume represents a very gratifying increase in only a 3 year interval in our understanding of a number of physical processes which generate sound at the peripheries of oceans. In fact it represents both the acceleration of singular effort as well as the development of interdisciplinary sophistication and co-operation. The enthusiasm, goodwill, and intense scientific curiosity which characterized the Lerici meeting carried through to Cambridge. The collegial atmosphere established by the participants was perfectly timed to foster another major advance in studies of ocean surface sound.

In the last two decades extraordinary progress in the experimental handling of single quantum objects has spurred theoretical research into investigating the coupling between quantum systems and their environment. Decoherence, the gradual deterioration of entanglement due to dissipation and noise fed to the system by the environment, has emerged as a central concept. The present set of lectures is intended as a high-level, but self-contained, introduction into the fields of quantum noise and dissipation.In particular their influence on decoherence and applications pertaining to quantum information and quantum communication are studied, leading the nonspecialist researchers and the advanced students gradually to the forefront of research.

This book presents a mechatronic approach to Active Noise Control (ANC). It describes the required elements of system theory, engineering acoustics, electroacoustics and adaptive signal processing in a comprehensive, consistent and systematic manner using a unified notation. Furthermore, it includes a design methodology for ANC-systems, explains its application and describes tools to be used for ANC-system design. From the research point of view, the book presents new approaches to sound source localization in weakly damped interiors. One is based on the inverse finite element method, the other is based on a sound intensity probe with an active free field. Furthermore, a prototype of an ANC-system able to reach the physical limits of local (feed-forward) ANC is described. This is one example for applied research in ANC-system design. Other examples are given for (i) local ANC in a semi-enclosed subspace of an aircraft cargo hold and (ii) for the combination of audio entertainment with ANC.

The continuous wavelet transform has deep mathematical roots in the work of Alberto P. Calderon. His seminal paper on complex method of interpolation and intermediate spaces provided the main tool for describing function spaces and their approximation properties. The Calderon identities allow one to give integral representations of many natural operators by using simple pieces of such operators, which are more suited for analysis. These pieces, which are essentially spectral projections, can be chosen in clever ways and have proved to be of tremendous utility in various problems of numerical analysis, multidimensional signal processing, video data compression, and reconstruction of high resolution images and high quality speech. A proliferation of research papers and a couple of books, written in English (there is an earlier book written in French), have emerged on the subject. These books, so far, are written by specialists for specialists, with a heavy mathematical flavor, which is characteristic of the Calderon-Zygmund theory and related research of Duffin-Schaeffer, Daubechies, Grossman, Meyer, Morlet, Chui, and others. Randy Young's monograph is geared more towards practitioners and even non-specialists, who want and, probably, should be cognizant of the exciting proven as well as potential benefits which have either already emerged or are likely to emerge from wavelet theory.

This thesis focuses on the manipulation of sound properties by artificial materials. It elaborates on the fundamental design of acoustic metasurfaces and metastructures as the extension of metamaterials, and their functionality in the manipulation of sound properties. A broad and comprehensive guideline of designing acoustic metasurfaces and metastructures is also provided. Based on the proposed subwavelength metasurfaces and the metastructures with a simplified layout, multiple potential applications are demonstrated. This thesis will appeal to acoustic engineers and researchers who are interested in designing acoustic artificial structures.

An exciting new direction in hydrodynamic stability theory and the transition to turbulence is concerned with the role of disconnected states or finite amplitude solutions in the evolution of disorder in fluid flows. This volume contains refereed papers presented at the IUTAM/LMS sponsored symposium on "Non-Uniqueness of Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations and their Connection with Laminar-Turbulent Transition" held in Bristol 2004. Theoreticians and experimentalists gathered to discuss developments in understanding both the onset and collapse of disordered motion in shear flows such as those found in pipes and channels. The central objective of the symposium was to discuss the increasing amount of experimental and numerical evidence for finite amplitude solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations and to set the work into a modern theoretical context. The participants included many of the leading authorities in the subject and this volume captures much of the flavour of the resulting stimulating and lively discussions.

Despite their novelty, wavelets have a tremendous impact on a number of modern scientific disciplines, particularly on signal and image analysis. Because of their powerful underlying mathematical theory, they offer exciting opportunities for the design of new multi-resolution processing algorithms and effective pattern recognition systems. This book provides a much-needed overview of current trends in the practical application of wavelet theory. It combines cutting edge research in the rapidly developing wavelet theory with ideas from practical signal and image analysis fields. Subjects dealt with include balanced discussions on wavelet theory and its specific application in diverse fields, ranging from data compression to seismic equipment. In addition, the book offers insights into recent advances in emerging topics such as double density DWT, multiscale Bayesian estimation, symmetry and locality in image representation, and image fusion. Audience: This volume will be of interest to graduate students and researchers whose work involves acoustics, speech, signal and image processing, approximations and expansions, Fourier analysis, and medical imaging.

The subject of modelling and application of stochastic processes is too vast to be exhausted in a single volume. In this book, attention is focused on a small subset of this vast subject. The primary emphasis is on realization and approximation of stochastic systems. Recently there has been considerable interest in the stochastic realization problem, and hence, an attempt has been made here to collect in one place some of the more recent approaches and algorithms for solving the stochastic realiza tion problem. Various different approaches for realizing linear minimum-phase systems, linear nonminimum-phase systems, and bilinear systems are presented. These approaches range from time-domain methods to spectral-domain methods. An overview of the chapter contents briefly describes these approaches. Also, in most of these chapters special attention is given to the problem of developing numerically ef ficient algorithms for obtaining reduced-order (approximate) stochastic realizations. On the application side, chapters on use of Markov random fields for modelling and analyzing image signals, use of complementary models for the smoothing problem with missing data, and nonlinear estimation are included. Chapter 1 by Klein and Dickinson develops the nested orthogonal state space realization for ARMA processes. As suggested by the name, nested orthogonal realizations possess two key properties; (i) the state variables are orthogonal, and (ii) the system matrices for the (n + l)st order realization contain as their "upper" n-th order blocks the system matrices from the n-th order realization (nesting property)."

The present decade is opening new frontiers in high-energy astrophysics. After the X-ray satellites in the 1980's, including Einstein, Tenma, EXOSAT and Ginga, several satellites are, or will soon be, simultaneously in orbit offering spectacular advances in X-ray imaging at low energies (ROSATj Yohkoh) as well as at high energies (GRANAT), in spectroscopy with increased bandwidth (ASCAj SAX), and in timing (XTE). While these satellites allow us to study atomic radiation from hot plasmas or energetic electrons, other satellites study nuclear radiation at gamma-ray energies (CGRO) associated with radioactivity or spallation reactions. These experiments show that the whole universe is emitting radiation at high energies, hence we call it the "hot universe. " The hot universe, preferentially emitting X- and gamma-rays, provides us with many surprises and much information. A symposium "The Hot Universe" was held in conjunction with the XXIIIrd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, at Kyoto on August 26-30 in 1997. The proceedings are organized as follows. Synthetic view of "the hot universe" is discussed in Section 1, "Plasma and Fresh Nucleosynthesis Phenomena." Timely discussions on the strategy for future missions "Future Space Program" are found in Section 2. Then the contents are divided into two major subjects: the compact objects and thin hot diffuse plasmas. Section 3 is devoted to the category of compact objects which includes white dwarfs, neutron stars, and gravitationally collapsed objects: stellar mass black holes or active galactic nuclei.

This comprehensive book presents all aspects of acoustic metamaterials and phononic crystals. The emphasis is on acoustic wave propagation phenomena at interfaces such as refraction, especially unusual refractive properties and negative refraction. A thorough discussion of the mechanisms leading to such refractive phenomena includes local resonances in metamaterials and scattering in phononic crystals.

This book provides, for the first time, a single complete reference on microphone arrays. Top researchers in this field contributed articles addressing their specific topics of study. The results cover the current state of the art in microphone array research, development, and technological application. Part I concerns the problem of enhancing the speech signal acquired by an array of microphones. Part II is devoted to the source localization problem. Part III details some specific applications of microphone array technology available today. Part IV presents expert summaries of current open problems in the field, as well as personal views of what the future of microphone array processing might hold. The individual chapters selected for the book were designed to be tutorial in nature with a specific emphasis on recent important results. They are of utility to a large audience, from the student or practising engineer just approaching the field to the experienced researcher.

Adaptive filtering is commonly used in many communication applications including speech and video predictive coding, mobile radio, ISDN subscriber loops, and multimedia systems. Existing adaptive filtering topologies are non-concurrent and cannot be pipelined. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters presents new pipelined topologies which are useful in reducing area and power and in increasing speed. If the adaptive filter portion of a system suffers from a power-speed-area bottleneck, a solution is provided. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters is required reading for all users of adaptive digital filtering algorithms. Algorithm, application and integrated circuit chip designers can learn how their algorithms can be tailored and implemented with lower area and power consumption and with higher speed. The relaxed look-ahead techniques are used to design families of new topologies for many adaptive filtering applications including least mean square and lattice adaptive filters, adaptive differential pulse code modulation coders, adaptive differential vector quantizers, adaptive decision feedback equalizers and adaptive Kalman filters. Those who use adaptive filtering in communications, signal and image processing algorithms can learn the basis of relaxed look-ahead pipelining and can use their own relaxations to design pipelined topologies suitable for their applications. Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters is especially useful to designers of communications, speech, and video applications who deal with adaptive filtering, those involved with design of modems, wireless systems, subscriber loops, beam formers, and system identification applications. This book can also be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

Telecommunications today is in the midst of far-reaching changes due to rapid development of new technologies, services and social evolution. This is the first book to model the process of change in telecommunications, including all of the relevant factors. The approach is practical and responsible, based on hard facts and tested models. It deals with fundamental issues affecting the future development of telecoms and its impact on societies and presents views which some will find radical.

3-D Audio Using Loudspeakers is concerned with 3-D audio systems implemented using a pair of conventional loudspeakers. A well-known problem with these systems is the requirement that the listener be properly positioned for the 3-D illusion to function correctly. This book proposes using the tracked position of the listener's head to optimize the acoustical presentation, thus producing a much more realistic illusion over a larger listening area than existing loudspeaker 3-D audio systems. Head-tracking can be accomplished by applying pattern recognition techniques to images obtained from a video camera. Thus, an immersive audio environment can be created without donning headphones or other equipment. 3-D Audio Using Loudspeakers discusses the theory, implementation, and testing of a head-tracked loudspeaker 3-D audio system. Crosstalk cancellers that can be steered to the location of a tracked listener are described. The objective performance of these systems has been evaluated using simulations and acoustical measurements made at the ears of human subjects. Many sound localization experiments were also conducted; the results show that head-tracking both significantly improves localization when the listener is displaced from the ideal listening location, and also enables dynamic localization cues. Much of the theory and experimental results presented are also applicable to loudspeaker 3-D audio systems in general, not just head-tracked ones. 3-D Audio Using Loudspeakers is of interest to researchers studying virtual acoustic displays, and to engineers developing the same. The book serves as a valuable reference to anyone working in this field.

November, 2008 Anna Schwarz, Johannes Janicka In the last thirty years noise emission has developed into a topic of increasing importance to society and economy. In ?elds such as air, road and rail traf?c, the control of noise emissions and development of associated noise-reduction techno- gies is a central requirement for social acceptance and economical competitiveness. The noise emission of combustion systems is a major part of the task of noise - duction. The following aspects motivate research: * Modern combustion chambers in technical combustion systems with low pol- tion exhausts are 5 - 8 dB louder compared to their predecessors. In the ope- tional state the noise pressure levels achieved can even be 10-15 dB louder. * High capacity torches in the chemical industry are usually placed at ground level because of the reasons of noise emissions instead of being placed at a height suitable for safety and security. * For airplanes the combustion emissions become a more and more important topic. The combustion instability and noise issues are one major obstacle for the introduction of green technologies as lean fuel combustion and premixed burners in aero-engines. The direct and indirect contribution of combustion noise to the overall core noise is still under discussion. However, it is clear that the core noise besides the fan tone will become an important noise source in future aero-engine designs. To further reduce the jet noise, geared ultra high bypass ratio fans are driven by only a few highly loaded turbine stages.

This is the Proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG6.1 International Workshop on Protocol Test Systems (IWPTS'94) which was held in Tokyo, Japan on November 8-10, 1994. After having been organized in Vancouver (Canada, 1988), Berlin (Germany, 1989), McLean (USA, 1990), Leidschendam (The Netherlands, 1991), Montreal (Canada, 1992) and Pau (France, 1993), this is the 7th international workshop. The aim of the workshop is to be a meeting point between research and industry and between theory and practice of the testing of data communication systems. The workshop consists of the presentations of reviewed and invited papers, tool demonstrations and panel sessions. All submitted papers have been reviewed by the members of the Program Committee and the following additional reviewers including: L. Andrey, N. Arakawa, D. Becam, L. Boullier, R. Dssouli, B. Forghani, M. Higuchi, L. Heerink, G. Huecas, M. Hunter, S. lisaku, Y. Kakuda, K. Kazama, L-S. Koh , R. Langerak, D. Lee, G. Leon, G. Luo, P. Maigron, M. Mori, A. Nakamura, S. Nightingale, K. Okada, K. Okano, N. Okazaki, A. Petrenko, M. Phalippou, A. Rennoch, F. Sato, Y. Sugito, D. Tang, D. Toggweiler, F. Vallo and J. Zhu. The Program Committee has selected excellent papers among them. This proceedings includes two invited papers, fifteen regular papers, six short papers, two panel reports and one panel paper which were presented in the workshop.

This volume covers many aspects of multimedia and communications security, from national security policies to file server architectures, from hypertext documents to specialized cryptographic algorithms. It provides the interested reader with a spectrum of up-to-the-minute knowledge on the topics covered.

The British Telecom laboratories have a worldwide reputation for their research. This latest volume presents a sample of BT's leading-edge work in object technology as applied to communications engineering. The book is divided into two parts. Part One focuses on research activities which are extending current knowledge and includes case studies, investigatory applications and prototyped systems. Part Two details experience of using object technology in real developments from BT.

This first review of a new field covers all areas of speech synthesis from text, ranging from text analysis to letter-to-sound conversion. At the leading edge of current research, the concise and accessible book is written by well respected experts in the field.

In the decades the of the formation of structures past subject spontaneous in far from has into a branch of - systems equilibrium major physics grown search with ties to It has become evident that strong neighboring disciplines. a diverse of can be understood within a common mat- phenomena range matical framework which has been called nonlinear of continuous dynamics This name the close to the field of nonlinear systems. emphasizes relationship of with few of freedom which has evolved into a dynamics systems degrees mature in the recent features mathematically subject past. Many dynamical of continuous be described reduction few can a to a systems actually through of freedom and of the latter of continue to degrees properties type systems of continuous the inspire study systems. The of this book is to demonstrate the numerous goal through examples that exist for the of nonlinear the opportunities study phenomena through tools of mathematical and use of common analyses dynamical interpretations. Instead of overview of the a providing comprehensive rapidly evolving field, the contributors to this book are to communicate to a wide scientific trying audience the of what have learnt about the formation of essence they spon- neous structures in continuous and about the dissipative systems competition between order and chaos that characterizes these It is that systems. hoped the book will be even to those scientists whose not helpful are disciplines the authors.

Digital Filters and Signal Processing, Third Edition ... with MATLAB Exercises presents a general survey of digital signal processing concepts, design methods, and implementation considerations, with an emphasis on digital filters. It is suitable as a textbook for senior undergraduate or first-year graduate courses in digital signal processing. While mathematically rigorous, the book stresses an intuitive understanding of digital filters and signal processing systems, with numerous realistic and relevant examples. Hence, practicing engineers and scientists will also find the book to be a most useful reference. The Third Edition contains a substantial amount of new material including, in particular, the addition of MATLAB exercises to deepen the students' understanding of basic DSP principles and increase their proficiency in the application of these principles. The use of the exercises is not mandatory, but is highly recommended. Other new features include: normalized frequency utilized in the DTFT, e.g., X(ejomega); new computer generated drawings and MATLAB plots throughout the book; Chapter 6 on sampling the DTFT has been completely rewritten; expanded coverage of Types I-IV linear-phase FIR filters; new material on power and doubly-complementary filters; new section on quadrature-mirror filters and their application in filter banks; new section on the design of maximally-flat FIR filters; new section on roundoff-noise reduction using error feedback; and many new problems added throughout.

Comprehensive and packed with practical examples, Signal and Image Processing Sourcebook is your complete guide to the rapidly-expanding world of signal and image processing. As well as providing a thorough discussion of the basics of both analog and digital signal and image processing, this indispensable sourcebook offers a uniquely integrated approach for understanding the historical and technical relationships between the types of signal processing in the most critical fields. Establishing the fundamentals of signal and image processing in audio, radio, television, and HDTV, the early chapters of the Sourcebook lucidly chronicle the development of analog signal processing in these areas, leading the reader into a far fuller understanding of their digital signal processing counterparts. The technological background established in these early chapters - especially in the production and processing of television images - vividly illuminates the development of the sophisticated image processing employed in contemporary radar, space exploration, and medical radiological imaging. Continuing this integrated approach, the author links the fundamentals of analog telephony to the development of modern digital signal processing in telecommunications and networking. A detailed account of microprocessor technology further integrates the overall picture of the field of contemporary signal and image processing. Logically, the discussion is extended to the aspects of signal processing involved in artificial intelligence and neural networks. Throughout the book, a wealth of examples and illustrations drawn from the fields of medicine, space technology, communications, biology, and business illuminatethe historical and technical processes and interrelationships discussed in this unusually profound, informative, and far-reaching study.

Multidimensional Filter Banks and Wavelets: Basic Theory and Cosine Modulated Filter Banks brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date reserach results in this important area. Multidimensional Filter Banks and Wavelets: Basic Theory and Cosine Modulated Filter Banks serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most important research issues in the field.

Recent advances in the power of inversion methods, the accuracy of acoustic field prediction codes, and the speed of digital computers have made the full field inversion of ocean and seismic parameters on a large scale a practical possibility. These methods exploit amplitude and phase information detected on hydrophone/geophone arrays, thereby extending traditional inversion schemes based on time of flight measurements. Full field inversion methods provide environmental information by minimising the mismatch between measured and predicted acoustic fields through a global search of possible environmental parameters. Full Field Inversion Methods in Ocean and Seismo-Acoustics is the formal record of a conference held in Italy in June 1994, sponsored by NATO SACLANT Undersea Research Centre. It includes papers by NATO specialists and others. Topics covered include: . speed and accuracy of acoustic field prediction codes . signal processing strategies . global inversion algorithms . search spaces of environmental parameters . environmental stochastic limitations . special purpose computer architectures . measurement geometries . source and receiving sensor technologies. "