This is an introduction to noise, describing fundamental noise sources and basic circuit analysis, discussing characterization of low-frequency noise and offering practical advice that bridges concepts of noise theory and modelling, characterization, CMOS technology and circuits. The text offers the latest research, reviewing the most recent publications and conference presentations. The book concludes with an introduction to noise in analog/RF circuits and describes how low-frequency noise can affect these circuits.

Musical Performance covers many aspects like Musical Acoustics, Music Psychology, or motor and prosodic actions. It deals with basic concepts of the origin or music and its evolution, ranges over neurocognitive foundations, and covers computational, technological, or simulation solutions. This volume gives an overview about current research in the foundation of musical performance studies on all these levels. Recent concepts of synchronized systems, evolutionary concepts, basic understanding of performance as Gestalt patterns, theories of chill as performance goals or historical aspects are covered. The neurocognitive basis of motor action in terms of music, musical syntax, as well as therapeutic aspects are discussed. State-of-the-art applications in performance realizations, like virtual room acoustics, virtual musicians, new concepts of real-time physical modeling using complex performance data as input or sensor and gesture studies with soft- and hardware solutions are presented. So although the field is still much larger, this volume presents current trends in terms of understanding, implementing, and perceiving performance.

This book offers to students, engineers, CFD modelers, and scientists a detailed synthetic presentation of turbulence physics and modeling with the possibility to find a quick route through the jungle of publications and models. Chapters 1 to 4 show that turbulence models may be derived and analyzed in a physically sound manner with their potential merits and drawbacks. Chapters 5 and 6 review the physics of (inhomogenous) turbulent flows starting from the most simple flow cases and adding more and more complexity. The status and uncertainties of available experimental data and the practical performance of currently available turbulent models are discussed.

This is a unique book on the mathematics of signals written for hearing-science researchers. Designed to follow an introductory text on psychoacoustic, Signals, Sound, and Sensation takes the reader through the mathematics of signal processing from its beginnings in the Fourier transform to advanced topics in modulation, dispersion relations, minimum phase systems, sampled data, and nonlinear distortion. While the book is organized like an introductory engineering text on signals, the examples and exercises come from research on the perception of sound. A unique feature of the book is the consistent application of the Fourier transform, which unifies topics as diverse as cochlear filtering and digital recording. More than 250 exercises are included. Many of them are devoted to practical research in perception, while others explore surprising auditory illusions generated by special signals. A working knowledge of elementary calculus is the only prerequisite. Signals, Sound, and Sensation will help readers acquire the quantitative skills they need to solve signal problems that arise in their everyday work. Periodic signals, aperiodic signals, and noise - along with their linear and nonlinear transformations - are covered in detail. More advanced mathematical topics are treated in the appendices. In no other book are signal mathematics and psychoacoustics so neatly intertwined. Researchers and advanced students in the psychology of auditory perception will find this book indispensable.

Why does a piano sound like a piano? A similar question can be asked of virtually all musical instruments. A particular note - such as middle C - can be produced by a piano, a violin, a clarinet, and many other instruments, yet it is easy for even a musically untrained listener to distinguish between these different instruments. A central quest in the study of musical instruments is to understand why the sound of the "same" note depends greatly on the instrument, and to elucidate which aspects of an instrument are most critical in producing the musical tones characteristic of the instrument. The primary goal of Physics of the Piano is to investigate these questions for the piano. The explanations in this book use a minimum of mathematics, and are intended for anyone who is interested in music and musical instruments. At the same time, there are many insights relating physics and the piano that will likely be interesting and perhaps surprising for many physicists.

This book presents the proceedings of the 46th National Symposium on Acoustics (NSA 2017). The main goal of this symposium is to discuss key opportunities and challenges in acoustics, especially as applied to engineering problems. The book covers topics ranging from hydro-acoustics, environmental acoustics, bio-acoustics to musical acoustics, electro-acoustics and sound perception. The contents of this volume will prove useful to researchers and practicing engineers working on acoustics problems.

The field of Digital Signal Processing has developed so fast in the last two decades that it can be found in the graduate and undergraduate programs of most universities. This development is related to the growing available techno logies for implementing digital signal processing algorithms. The tremendous growth of development in the digital signal processing area has turned some of its specialized areas into fields themselves. If accurate information of the signals to be processed is available, the designer can easily choose the most appropriate algorithm to process the signal. When dealing with signals whose statistical properties are unknown, fixed algorithms do not process these signals efficiently. The solution is to use an adaptive filter that automatically changes its characteristics by optimizing the internal parameters. The adaptive filtering algorithms are essential in many statistical signal processing applications. Although the field of adaptive signal processing has been subject of research for over three decades, it was in the eighties that a major growth occurred in research and applications. Two main reasons can be credited to this growth, the availability of implementation tools and the appearance of early textbooks exposing the subject in an organized form. Presently, there is still a lot of activities going on in the area of adaptive filtering. In spite of that, the theor etical development in the linear-adaptive-filtering area reached a maturity that justifies a text treating the various methods in a unified way, emphasizing the algorithms that work well in practical implementation."

Acoustic microscopy enables the elastic properties of materials to be imaged and measured with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in the microwave regime, it is possible to make the acoustic wavelength comparable with the wavelength of light, and hence to achieve a resolution comparable with an optical microscope. Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. At surfaces a unique combination of the two known as Raleigh waves can propagate, and in many circumstances these dominate the contrast in acoustic microscopy. Following the invention of scanning probe microscopes, it is now possible to use an atomic force microscope to detect the acoustic vibration of a surface with resolution in the nanometre range, thus beating the diffraction limit by operating in the extreme near-field. This second edition of Acoustic Microscopy has a major new chapter on the technique and applications of acoustically excited probe microscopy.

This textbook is a product of William Bennett's work in developing and teaching a course on the physics of music at Yale University to a diverse audience of musicians and science students in the same class. The book is a culmination of over a decade of teaching the course and weaves together historical descriptions of the physical phenomena with the author's clear interpretations of the most important aspects of the science of music and musical instruments. Many of the historical examples are not found in any other textbook available on the market. As the co-inventor of the Helium-Neon laser, Prof. Bennett's knowledge of physics was world-class. As a professor at one of the most prestigious liberal-arts universities in the world, his appreciation for culture and humanities shines through. The book covers the basics of oscillations, waves and the analysis techniques necessary for understanding how musical instruments work. All types of stringed instruments, pipe organs, and the human voice are covered in this volume. A second volume covers the remaining families of musical instruments as well as selected other topics. Readers without a background in acoustics will enjoy learning the physics of the Science of Musical Sound from a preeminent scientist of the 20th century. Those well versed in acoustics will discover wonderful illustrations and photographs depicting familiar concepts in new and enlightening ways.

The focus of this thesis are synchronization phenomena in networks and their intrinsic control through time delay, which is ubiquitous in real-world systems ranging from physics and acoustics to neuroscience and engineering. We encounter synchronization everywhere and it can be either a helpful or a detrimental mechanism. In the first part, after a survey of complex nonlinear systems and networks, we show that a seemingly simple system of two organ pipes gives birth to complex bifurcation and synchronization scenarios. Going from a 2-oscillator system to a ring of oscillators, we encounter the intriguing phenomenon of chimera states which are partial synchrony patterns with coexisting domains of synchronized and desynchronized dynamics. For more than a decade scientist have tried to solve the puzzle of this spontaneous symmetry-breaking emerging in networks of identical elements. We provide an analysis of initial conditions and extend our model by the addition of time delay and fractal connectivities. In the second part, we investigate partial synchronization patterns in a neuronal network and explain dynamical asymmetry arising from the hemispheric structure of the human brain. A particular focus is on the novel scenario of partial relay synchronization in multiplex networks. Such networks allow for synchronization of the coherent domains of chimera states via a remote layer, whereas the incoherent domains remain desynchronized. The theoretical framework is demonstrated with different generic models.

This book contains a thorough and unique record of recent advances in the important scientific fields fluid-structure interaction, acoustics and control of priority interest in the academic community and also in an industrial context regarding new engineering designs. It updates advances in these fields by presenting state-of-the-art developments and achievements since the previous Book published by Springer in 2018 after the 4th FSSIC Symposium. This book is unique within the related literature investigating advances in these fields because it addresses them in a complementary way and thereby enhances cross-fertilization between them, whereas other books treat these fields separately.

Blind Signal Separation (BSS) deals with recovering (filtered versions of) source signals from an observed mixture thereof. The term blind' relates to the fact that there are no reference signals for the source signals and also that the mixing system is unknown. This book presents a new method for blind signal separation, which is developed to work on microphone signals. Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC) is a well-known technique to suppress the echo that a microphone picks up from a loudspeaker in the same room. Such acoustic feedback occurs for example in hands-free telephony and can lead to a perceived loud tone. For an application such as a voice-controlled television, a stereo AEC is required to suppress the contribution of the stereo loudspeaker setup. A generalized AEC is presented that is suited for multi-channel operation. New algorithms for Blind Signal Separation and multi-channel Acoustic Echo Cancellation are presented. A background is given in array signal processing methods, adaptive filter theory, and fast filtering in the frequency domain. The included CD-ROM can be played using any compact disc player to play the simulation results that are described in the text. When inserted into a computer, it furthermore gives Matlab implementations of the new algorithms along with audio data with which to experiment. This makes the book suited to researchers, engineers, and university students, who want to get acquainted with these emerging fields.

This open-access book empowers its readers to explore the acoustic world of animals. By listening to the sounds of nature, we can study animal behavior, distribution, and demographics; their habitat characteristics and needs; and the effects of noise. Sound recording is an efficient and affordable tool, independent of daylight and weather; and recorders may be left in place for many months at a time, continuously collecting data on animals and their environment. This book builds the skills and knowledge necessary to collect and interpret acoustic data from terrestrial and marine environments. Beginning with a history of sound recording, the chapters provide an overview of off-the-shelf recording equipment and analysis tools (including automated signal detectors and statistical methods); audiometric methods; acoustic terminology, quantities, and units; sound propagation in air and under water; soundscapes of terrestrial and marine habitats; animal acoustic and vibrational communication; echolocation; and the effects of noise. This book will be useful to students and researchers of animal ecology who wish to add acoustics to their toolbox, as well as to environmental managers in industry and government.

Time domain transient electrodynamics of dispersive and glossy media form the subject of this book. This topic is associated with the unusual interactions between ultra-short transient signals and these media. Techniques based on such interactions find use in materials analysis, fractal communication, and energy transfer through dispersive and absorbing media, Traditional analytical techniques (Fourier based) break down in the extreme conditions encountered in these situations; Shvartsburg gives here other successful techniques and methods to allow scientists to analyse and model this behaviour.

This book systematically introduces readers to the fundamental physics and a broad range of applications of acoustic levitation, one of the most promising techniques for the container-free handling of small solid particles and liquid droplets. As it does away with the need for solid walls and can easily be incorporated into analysis instruments, acoustic levitation has attracted considerable research interest in many fields, from fluid physics to material science. The book offers a comprehensive overview of acoustic levitation, including the history of acoustic radiation force; the design and development of acoustic levitators; the technology's applications, ranging from drop dynamics studies to bio/chemical analysis; and the insightful perspectives that the technique provides. It also discusses the latest advances in the field, from experiments to numerical simulations. As such, the book provides readers with a clearer understanding of acoustic levitation, while also stimulating new research areas for scientists and engineers in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and other related fields.

How do we understand culture and shape its future? How do we cross the bridge between culture as ideas and feelings and physical, cultural objects, all this within the endless variety and complexity of modern and traditional societies? This book proposes a Physical Culture Theory, taking culture as a self-organizing impulse pattern of electric forces. Bridging the gap to consciousness, the Physical Culture Theory proposes that consciousness content, what we think, hear, feel, or see is also just this: spatio-temporal electric fields. Music is a perfect candidate to elaborate on such a Physical Culture Theory. Music is all three, musical instrument acoustics, music psychology, and music ethnology. They emerge into living musical systems like all life is self-organization. Therefore the Physical Culture Theory knows no split between nature and nurture, hard and soft sciences, brains and musical instruments. It formulates mathematically complex systems as Physical Models rather than Artificial Intelligence. It includes ethical rules for maintaining life and finds culture and arts to be Human Rights. Enlarging these ideas and mathematical methods into all fields of culture, ecology, economy, or the like will be the task for the next decades to come.

IWPTS'95 (International Workshop on Protocol Test Systems) is being held this year at !NT (Institut National des Telecommunications), Evry, France, from 4 to 6 September, 1995. IWPTS'95 is the eighth of a series of annual meetings sponsored by the IFIP Working Group WG6.1 dedicated to "Architecture and Protocols for Computer Networks". The seven previous workshops were held in Vancouver (Canada, 1988), Berlin (Germany, 1989), Mclean (USA, 1990), Leidschendam (The Netherlands, 1991), Montreal (Canada, 1992), Pau (France, 1993) and Tokyo (Japan, 1994). The workshop is a meeting place where both research and industry, theory and practice come together. By bringing both researchers and practitioners together, IWPTS opens up the communication between these groups. This helps keep the research vital and improves the state of the practitioner's art. Forty-eight papers have been submitted to IWPTS'95 and all of them have been reviewed by the members of the Program Committee and additional reviewers. The completed reviewers list is included in this Proceedings. Based on these reviews, the Program Committee selected 26 for oral presentation and 4 to be presented as posters. Two specially invited papers complete the Workshop Program, which is composed of ten sessions: Testing Methods (Session 1), Test Environments (Session 2), Theoretical Framework (Session 3), Algorithms and Languages (Session 4), Test Generation 1 (Session 5), Testability (Session 6), Test Generation 2 (Session 7), Industrial Applications (Session 8), Distributed Testing and performance (Session 9) and Test Management (Session 10).

This is the first book to introduce the irrational elliptic function series, providing a theoretical treatment for the smooth and discontinuous system and opening a new branch of applied mathematics. The discovery of the smooth and discontinuous (SD) oscillator and the SD attractors discussed in this book represents a further milestone in nonlinear dynamics, following on the discovery of the Ueda attractor in 1961 and Lorenz attractor in 1963. This particular system bears significant similarities to the Duffing oscillator, exhibiting the standard dynamics governed by the hyperbolic structure associated with the stationary state of the double well. However, there is a substantial departure in nonlinear dynamics from standard dynamics at the discontinuous stage. The constructed irrational elliptic function series, which offers a way to directly approach the nature dynamics analytically for both smooth and discontinuous behaviours including the unperturbed periodic motions and the perturbed chaotic attractors without any truncation, is of particular interest. Readers will also gain a deeper understanding of the actual nonlinear phenomena by means of a simple mechanical model: the theory, methodology, and the applications in various interlinked disciplines of sciences and engineering. This book offers a valuable resource for researchers, professionals and postgraduate students in mechanical engineering, non-linear dynamics, and related areas, such as nonlinear modelling in various fields of mathematics, physics and the engineering sciences.

This book deals with the problem of cavitation, which is the formation of voids in a liquid or gas and with the behaviour of bubbles in liquids. There are currently few books written on this subject in such a clear and unified style. The study of cavitation and bubbly flow applies to many areas of interest; from valve damage in hydroelectric equipment, ship propellors and internal combustion engines to the performance of turbines and pumps of all sizes, to physiological phenomena such as the cracking of joints and the "bends". This book gives a coherent and unified treatment of the subject with an emphasis on the underlying physical phenomena. It is an important reference text for engineers who must deal with the problems of cavitation and bubbly flow and also for scientists interested in the basic phenomena.

This book offers detailed insights into new methods for high-fidelity CFD, and their industrially relevant applications in aeronautics. It reports on the H2020 TILDA project, funded by the European Union in 2015-2018. The respective chapters demonstrate the potential of high-order methods for enabling more accurate predictions of non-linear, unsteady flows, ensuring enhanced reliability in CFD predictions. The book highlights industrially relevant findings and representative test cases on the development of high-order methods for unsteady turbulence simulations on unstructured grids; on the development of the LES/DNS methodology by means of multilevel, adaptive, fractal and similar approaches for applications on unstructured grids; and on leveraging existent large-scale HPC networks to facilitate the industrial applications of LES/DNS in daily practice. Furthermore, the book discusses multidisciplinary applications of high-order methods in the area of aero-acoustics. All in all, it offers timely insights into the application and performance of high-order methods for CFD, and an extensive reference guide for researchers, graduate students, and industrial engineers whose work involves CFD and turbulence modeling.

This book comprises twelve articles which cover a range of topics from musical instrument acoustics to issues in psychoacoustics and sound perception as well as neuromusicology. In addition to experimental methods and data acquisition, modeling (such as FEM or wave field synthesis) and numerical simulation plays a central role in studies addressing sound production in musical instruments as well as interaction of radiated sound with the environment. Some of the studies have a focus on psychoacoustic aspects in regard to virtual pitch and timbre as well as apparent source width (for techniques such as stereo or ambisonics) in music production. Since musical acoustics imply subjects playing instruments or singing in order to produce sound according to musical structures, this area is also covered including a study that presents an artificial intelligent agent capable to interact with a real ('analog') player in musical genres such as traditional and free jazz.

Conventional ultrasonic methods based on ultrasonic characteristics in the linear elastic region are mainly sensitive to mature defects but are much less responsive to micro-damage or incipient material degradation. Recently, nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics beyond the linear ultrasonic amplitude range have been studied as a method for overcoming this limitation, and hence, many researchers are engaged in theoretical, experimental, and various application studies. However, the nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics are quite exacting compared to the linear phenomena so that they require vast experience and high proficiency in order to obtain proper experimental data. Actually, many researchers, especially beginners including graduate students, have difficulty in reliably measuring nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics. This book provides key technological know-how from experts with years of experience in this field, which will help researchers and engineers to obtain a clear understanding and high quality data in the nonlinear ultrasonic experiments and applications.