This book concisely expounds the fundamental concepts, phenomena, theories and procedures in a complete and systematic sense. In this book, not only almost all the important achievements from predecessors but also the contributions from the author himself have been summed up profoundly. Starting from the derivation of fundamental equations, various classical acoustical phenomena such as reflection, refraction, scattering diffraction and absorption in atmosphere, as well as the influences of gravitation and rotation of the earth on the behaviors of different atmospheric waves including acoustic waves, have been discussed in viewpoints of wave acoustics and geometrical acoustics respectively. The recent developments of several computation methods in the field of atmospheric acoustics have been introduced in some detail. As for the application aspects, atmospheric remote sensing has been discussed from the angle of inverse problems.

This book provides a broad overview of spaciousness in music theory, from mixing and performance practice, to room acoustics, psychoacoustics and audio engineering, and presents the derivation, implementation and experimental validation of a novel type of spatial audio system. Discussing the physics of musical instruments and the nature of auditory perception, the book enables readers to precisely localize synthesized musical instruments while experiencing their timbral variance and spatial breadth. Offering interdisciplinary insights for novice music enthusiasts and experts in the field of spatial audio, this book is suitable for anyone interested in the study of music and musicology and the application of spatial audio mixing, or those seeking an overview of the state of the art in applied psychoacoustics for spatial audio.

The 26th International Symposium on Shock Waves in G ttingen, Germany was jointly organised by the German Aerospace Centre DLR and the French-German Research Institute of Saint Louis ISL. The year 2007 marked the 50th anniversary of the Symposium, which first took place in 1957 in Boston and has since become an internationally acclaimed series of meetings for the wider Shock Wave Community. The ISSW26 focused on the following areas: Shock Propagation and Reflection, Detonation and Combustion, Hypersonic Flow, Shock Boundary Layer Interaction, Numerical Methods, Medical, Biological and Industrial Applications, Richtmyer Meshkov Instability, Blast Waves, Chemically Reacting Flows, Diagnostics, Facilities, Flow Visualisation, Ignition, Impact and Compaction, Multiphase Flow, Nozzles Flows, Plasmas and Propulsion. The two Volumes contain the papers presented at the symposium and serve as a reference for the participants of the ISSW 26 and individuals interested in these fields.

This doctoral thesis focuses on the search for new phenomena in top-antitop quark (tt) final states with additional b-quark jets at the LHC. It uses the full Run 1 dataset collected by the ATLAS experiment in proton-proton collisions at s=8 TeV. The final state of interest consists of an isolated lepton, a neutrino and at least six jets with at least four b-tagged jets, a challenging experimental signature owing to the large background from tt+heavy-flavor production. This final state is characteristic of ttH production, with the Higgs boson decaying into bb, a process that allows direct probing of the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling. This signature is also present in many extensions of the Standard Model that have been proposed as solutions to the hierarchy problem, such as supersymmetry or composite Higgs models, which predict the pair production of bosonic or fermionic top quark partners, or the anomalous production of four-top-quark events. All these physics processes have been searched for using an ambitious search strategy that has been developed on the basis of a combination of state-of-art theoretical predictions and a sophisticated statistical analysis to constrain in-situ the large background uncertainties. As a result, the most restrictive bounds to date on the above physics processes have been obtained.

This volume provides a comprehensive selection of recent studies addressing insect hearing and acoustic communication. The variety of signalling behaviours and hearing organs makes insects highly suitable animals for exploring and analysing signal generation and hearing in the context of neural processing, ecology, evolution and genetics. Across a variety of hearing species like moths, crickets, bush-crickets, grasshoppers, cicadas and flies, the leading researchers in the field cover recent scientific progress and address key points in current research, such as:

. How can we approach the evolution of hearing in insects and what is the developmental and neural origin of the auditory organs?

. How are hearing and sound production embedded in the natural lifestyle of the animals, allowing intraspecific communication but also predator avoidance and even predation?

. What are the functional properties of hearing organs and how are they achieved at the molecular, biophysical and neural levels?

. What are the neural mechanisms of central auditory processing and signal generation?

The book is intended for students and researchers both inside and outside of the fascinating field of bioacoustics and aims to foster understanding of hearing and acoustic communication in insects."

This book presents a new method of asymptotic analysis of boundary-layer problems, the Successive Complementary Expansion Method (SCEM). The first part is devoted to a general presentation of the tools of asymptotic analysis. It gives the keys to understand a boundary-layer problem and explains the methods to construct an approximation. The second part is devoted to SCEM and its applications in fluid mechanics, including external and internal flows.

The book provides a comprehensive presentation of the topic of phononic and sonic crystals, including acoustic and elastic wave propagation in homogeneous and periodic media, Bloch waves and band structures, surface phononic crystals and phononic crystal slabs, evanescent Bloch waves and complex band structures, local resonance, dispersion and negative refraction, and phononic band gap guidance. The book is accompanied with a comprehensive set of finite element model (FEM) scripts for solving basic phononic crystal problems, as supplementary material. The scripts should allow the reader to generate band structures for 2D and 3D phononic crystals, to compute Bloch waves, waveguide and cavity modes, and more. They can be accessed here: https://members.femto-st.fr/vincent-laude/freefem-scripts-numerical-simulation-phononic-crystals

Radar Signal Processing and Its Applications brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date research results in this fast-moving area. In twelve selected chapters, it describes the latest advances in architectures, design methods, and applications of radar signal processing.

The contributors to this work were selected from the leading researchers and practitioners in the field.

This work, originally published as Volume 14, Numbers 1-3 of the journal, Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing, will be valuable to anyone working or researching in the field of radar signal processing. It serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most challenging issues being examined today.

Echo Signal Processing is designed for engineers and scientists who have an interest in signal processing and/or acoustics and are working in areas related to echo-location and sonar. Academics who are teaching signal processing courses in detection and estimation relating to echo-location can use the book either as a primary text or as a backup source.

This book presents introductory and advanced topics in the areas of signal theory and processing as specifically applied to acoustic echo-location. It is written at the senior undergraduate or graduate level and assumes some familiarity with signal processing subjects such as linear and complex algebra, probability, advanced calculus, and linear system theory. The material is presented as a logical development starting with the basic principles of signal theory and proceeds to the development of topics in detection and estimation theory, waveform design, echo modeling, scattering theory, and spatial processing.

Echo Signal Processing addresses the practical as well as theoretical aspects of receiver and waveform design and should be of interest to the practicing engineer as well as the student. Numerous examples demonstrating the concepts are provided and important relationships are boxed. The book departs from many radar-oriented texts as the effects of relative motion are treated in terms of the dilation of the signal time base rather than as a simple Doppler frequency shift. The fundamental detection, estimation, time dilation, and waveform theory presented is of a general nature and applicable to communications and radar as well as sonar.

This monograph provides in-depth analyses of vortex dominated flows via matched and multiscale asymptotics, and demonstrates how insight gained through these analyses can be exploited in the construction of robust, efficient, and accurate numerical techniques. The book explores the dynamics of slender vortex filaments in detail, including fundamental derivations, compressible core structure, weakly non-linear limit regimes, and associated numerical methods. Similarly, the volume covers asymptotic analysis and computational techniques for weakly compressible flows involving vortex-generated sound and thermoacoustics. The book is addressed to both graduate students and researchers.

Ando establishes a theory of subjective preference of the sound field in a concert hall, based on preference theory with a model of human auditory- brain system. The model uses the autocorrelation function and the interaural crosscorrelation function for signals arriving at two ear entrances and considers the specialization of human cerebral hemispheres. The theory may be applied to describe primary sensations such as pitch or missing fundamental, loudness, timbre, and duration. The theory may also be applied to visual sensations as well as subjective preference of visual environments. Remarkable findings in activities in both auditory-brain and visual-brain systems in relation to subjective preference as a primitive response are described.

While the history of musical instruments is nearly as old as civilisation itself, the science of acoustics is quite recent. By understanding the physical basis of how instruments are used to make music, one hopes ultimately to be able to give physical criteria to distinguish a fine instrument from a mediocre one. At that point science may be able to come to the aid of art in improving the design and performance of musical instruments. As yet, many of the subtleties in musical sounds of which instrument makers and musicians are aware remain beyond the reach of modern acoustic measurements. This book describes the results of such acoustical investigations - fascinating intellectual and practical exercises. Addressed to readers with a reasonable grasp of physics who are not put off by a little mathematics, this book discusses most of the traditional instruments currently in use in Western music. A guide for all who have an interest in music and how it is produced, as well as serving as a comprehensive reference for those undertaking research in the field.

This book includes the proceedings of the Workshop held in Madrid, April 1999 to celebrate 2 years of successful operation of the first Spanish small scientific satellite in orbit. It contains discussions about the overall philosophy of small mission programs, the design of the satellite and its payload as well as the most relevant scientific outcome of the mission. Also included are additional contributions to the workshop, which are of importance to Minisat 01 in order to put its results within context. Finally, the future of small missions for space sciences is reviewed together with the main technological challenges for new studies. Out of the technological and scientific results of Minisat 01, the measurement of the EUV airglow spectrum and the flux of some stars in the same range can be highlighted together with the dismiss of the massive neutrino decay theory. The high-energy experiment analyzed the characterization of the radiation environment in LEO and the behaviour of different kind of detectors, as well as the use of coded masks for imaging and the measurement of some specific sources. The book's level is intended for specialists in EUV and Hard X-Ray astrophysicists as well as for engineers and technicians involved in space science experiments and missions.

Among the variety of wave motions one can single out surface wave pr- agation since these surface waves often adjust the features of the energy transfer in the continuum (system), its deformation and fracture. Predicted by Rayleigh in 1885, surface waves represent waves localized in the vicinity ofextendedboundaries(surfaces)of?uidsorelasticmedia. Intheidealcase of an isotropic elastic half-space while the Rayleigh waves propagate along the surface, the wave amplitude (displacement) in the transverse direction exponentially decays with increasing distance away from the surface. As a resulttheenergyofsurfaceperturbationsislocalizedbytheRayleighwaves within a relatively narrow layer beneath the surface. It is this property of the surface waves that leads to the resonance phenomena that accompany the motion of the perturbation sources (like surface loads) with velocities close to the Rayleigh one; (see e. g. , R. V. Goldstein. Rayleigh waves and resonance phenomena in elastic bodies. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (PMM), 1965, v. 29, N 3, pp. 608-619). It is essential to note that resonance phenomena are also inherent to the elastic medium in the case where initially there are no free (unloaded) surfaces. However, they occur as a result of an external action accompanied by the violation of the continuity of certain physical quantities, e. g. , by crack nucleation and dynamic propagation. Note that the aforementioned resonance phenomena are related to the nature of the surface waves as homogeneous solutions (eigenfunctions) of the dynamic elasticity equations for a half-space (i. e. nonzero solutions at vanishing boundary conditions).

The purpose of this text is to present the theory and mathematics of inverse scattering, in a simple way, to the many researchers and professionals who use it in their everyday research. While applications range across a broad spectrum of disciplines, examples in this text will focus primarly, but not exclusively, on acoustics. The text will be especially valuable for those applied workers who would like to delve more deeply into the fundamentally mathematical character of the subject matter.
Practitioners in this field comprise applied physicists, engineers, and technologists, whereas the theory is almost entirely in the domain of abstract mathematics. This gulf between the two, if bridged, can only lead to improvement in the level of scholarship in this highly important discipline. This is the book's primary focus.

Elementary vortices - those tubular swirling vortical structures with concentrated vorticity commonly observed in various kinds of turbulent flows - play key roles in turbulence dynamics (e.g. enhancement of mixing, diffusion and resistance) and characterize turbulence statistics (e.g. intermittency). Because of their dynamical importance, manipulation of elementary vortices is expected to be effective and useful in turbulence control as well as in construction of turbulence modeling. The most advanced research works on elementary vortices and related problems were presented and discussed at the IUTAM Symposium in Kyoto, Japan, 26-28 October 2004. This book contains 40 contributions presented there, the subjects of which cover vortex dynamics, coherent structures, chaotic advection and mixing, statistical properties of turbulence, rotating and stratified turbulence, instability and transition, dynamics of thin vortices, finite-time singularity, and superfluid turbulence. The book should be useful for readers of graduate and advanced levels in the field of fluid turbulence.

Signal Processing for Wireless Communication Systems brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date research results in this fast moving area. The Contributors to this work were selected from leading researchers and practitioners in this field.
The book's 18 chapters are divided into three areas: systems, Networks, and Implementation Issues; Channel Estimation and Equalization; and Multiuser Detection. The Work, originally published as Volume 30, Numbers 1-3 of the Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, will be valuable to anyone working or researching in the field of wireless communication systems. It serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most challenging issues being examined today.

This book presents the theory of room acoustical fields and revises the Mirror Source Methods for practical computational use, emphasizing the wave character of acoustical fields. The presented higher methods include the concepts of "Mirror Point Sources" and "Corner sources which allow for an excellent approximation of complex room geometries and even equipped rooms. In contrast to classical description, this book extends the theory of sound fields describing them by their complex sound pressure and the particle velocity. This approach enables accurate descriptions of interference and absorption phenomena.

These Conference Proceedings are intended to summarise the latest developments in diffraction and scattering theory as reported at the IU TAM Symposium on Diffraction and Scattering in Fluid Mechanics and Elasticity held in Manchester, England on 16-20 July 2000. This in formal meeting was organised to discuss mathematical advances, both from the theoretical and more applied points of view. However, its pri mary goal was to bring together groups of researchers working in dis parate application areas, but who nevertheless share common models, phenomenological features arising in such problems, and common math ematical tools. To this end, we were delighted to have four Plenary Speakers, Professors Allan Pierce, Ed Kerschen, Roger Grimshaw and John Willis FRS, who are undisputed leaders in the four thematic ar eas of our meeting (these are respectively acoustics, aeroacoustics, water or other free surface waves, elasticity). These Proceedings should offer an excellent vehicle for continuing the dialogue between these groups of researchers. The participants were invited because of their expertise and recent contributions to this field. Collectively, there were around 90 contrib utors to the Symposium from some 13 countries located all around the world. These included 45 speakers, 35 co-authors and about 10 other delegates. Individuals came from many of the major international cen tres of excellence in the field of scattering theory."

This book provides an introduction for students, engineers and scientists to modern methods for computer simulation of systems involving continuous variables. Professor Murray-Smith draws on his many years of experience in teaching and applying continuous system simulation in engineering and biomedical applications to show his readers both the theory and practice of these techniques. His approach is practical throughout, placing particular emphasis on the use of simulation languages and other software tools widely used in the field. A simple simulation language is provided in disc with the book and used with examples and case studies from control, aeronautical and biomedical engineering to give readers hands-on experience. Commercially available software is also described and applied, and model validation and real time simulation techniques and applications are covered in detail. This book should be of interest to engineers and scientists in most processing and manufacturing industry, and most areas of engineering and physical science.

The quality of telecommunication voice services has become an important issue due to the evolving and liberalized market. With the advent of new technologies, however, a diversification takes place which makes it necessary to carefully plan and observe network quality. Speech communication quality - as it is perceived by the user or customer of a service - carries a multidimensional nature, a fact which must be reflected in its assessment and prediction with quality models. In this book a new schematic is developed which classifies different entities contributing to the quality of a service. It takes into account conversational user as well as service-related contributions. Starting from this concept, perceptively relevant constituents of speech communication quality are identified. A simulation model is developed and implemented, based on physical elements of the transmission configuration. It allows the perceptively most relevant parameters to be simulated, in real time and for the conversation situation. The book gives a valuable overview on assessment needed for reliably measuring the different quality dimensions. For the planning of telephone networks, quality models are presented which aim at predicting mouth-to-ear quality as it would be perceived by a user of the system. These models are an important tool for the planner of telecommunication networks, as they allow the expected quality to be estimated in advance, even before the network has been set up. Two well-known models (the SUBMOD and the E-model) are analyzed in more detail, with an emphasis on the psychoacoustic and psychophysical backgrounds. It turns out that model predictions are satisfactory for many types ofdegradations, but they can still be improved especially for new types of impairments. Proposals are made for quality model enhancement and combined approaches. Due to its handbook' character, this book is an invaluable source of background information for anyone working in the field of speech quality assessment as well as telephone network planning and operation.

The second edition of Loudspeaker Handbook follows the same general outlines as the highly successful first edition and has been augmented and updated in many areas of technology. Most notable are the developments in large-scale, programmable line arrays, distributed mode loudspeakers, and ultrasonic-based audio transduction. Additionally, the core chapters on low frequency systems, system concepts, and horn systems have been expanded to include both more analytical material and a richer array of examples.

Much of the success of the first edition has been due to its accessibility both to loudspeaker engineers and to lay technicians working in the field - a point of view the author maintains in the present work. A full understanding of the underlying technology requires a fairly rigorous engineering background through the second year of professional study. At the same time, the generous use of graphs, with their intuitive thrust, will be useful to all readers.

Loudspeaker Handbook, Second Edition continues to be appropriate for use in courses at the undergraduate senior level, for graduate students, and for professionals in audio and acoustical engineering.

A uniquely engaging description of the mechanics of the guitar, for engineers and craftsmen alike. Clearly written in a conceptual language, it provides readers with an understanding of the dynamic behavior of the instrument, including structural and component dynamics, and various analytical models, such as discrete, finite element, and boundary element models. The text also covers manufacturing processes, including both handmade and mass produced instruments.