FRACTURE MECHANICS OF CONCRETE AND ROCK
This book offers engineers a unique opportunity to learn, from internationally recognized leaders in their field, about the latest theoretical advances in fracture mechanics in concrete, reinforced concrete structures, and rock. At the same time, it functions as a superb, graduate-level introduction to fracture mechanics concepts and analytical techniques.
Reviews, in depth, the basic theory behind fracture mechanics
* Covers the application of fracture mechanics to compression failure, creep, fatigue, torsion, and other advanced topics
* Extremely well researched, applies experimental evidence of damage to a wide range of design cases
* Supplies all relevant formulas for stress intensity
* Covers state-of-the-art linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques for analyzing deformations and cracking
* Describes nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM) and the latest RILEM modeling techniques for testing nonlinear quasi-brittle materials
* And much more

Over the past few years, researchers employing techniques borrowed from fracture mechanics have made many groundbreaking discoveries concerning the causes and effects of cracking, damage, and fractures of plain and reinforced concrete structures and rock. This, in turn, has resulted in the further development and refinement of fracture mechanics concepts and tools. Yet, despite the field's growth and the growing conviction that fracture mechanics is indispensable to an understanding of material and structural failure, there continues to be a surprising shortage of textbooks and professional references on the subject.
Written by two of the foremost names in the field, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete fills that gap. The most comprehensive book ever written on the subject, it consolidates the latest theoretical research from around the world in a single reference that can be used by students and professionals alike.
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete is divided into two sections. In the first, the authors lay the necessary groundwork with an in-depth review of fundamental principles. In the second section, the authors vividly demonstrate how fracture mechanics has been successfully applied to failures occurring in a wide array of design cases. Key topics covered in these sections include:
* State-of-the-art linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques for analyzing deformations and cracking
* Nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM) and the latest RILEM modeling techniques for testing nonlinear quasi-brittle materials
* The use of R-Curves to describe cracking and fracture in quasi-brittle materials
* The application of fracture mechanics to compression failure, creep, fatigue, torsion, and other advanced topics

The most timely, comprehensive, and authoritative book on the subject currently available, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete is both a complete instructional tool for academics and students in structural and geotechnical engineering courses, and an indispensable working resource for practicing engineers.

Dislocation Based Crystal Plasticity: Theory and Computation at Micron and Submicron Scale provides a comprehensive introduction to the continuum and discreteness dislocation mechanism-based theories and computational methods of crystal plasticity at the micron and submicron scale. Sections cover the fundamental concept of conventional crystal plasticity theory at the macro-scale without size effect, strain gradient crystal plasticity theory based on Taylar law dislocation, mechanism at the mesoscale, phase-field theory of crystal plasticity, computation at the submicron scale, including single crystal plasticity theory, and the discrete-continuous model of crystal plasticity with three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics coupling finite element method (DDD-FEM). Three kinds of plastic deformation mechanisms for submicron pillars are systematically presented. Further sections discuss dislocation nucleation and starvation at high strain rate and temperature effect for dislocation annihilation mechanism.

This is an advanced text for higher degree materials science students and researchers concerned with the strength of highly brittle covalent-ionic solids, principally ceramics. It is a reconstructed and greatly expanded edition of a book first published in 1975. The book presents a unified continuum, microstructural and atomistic treatment of modern day fracture mechanics from a materials perspective. Particular attention is directed to the basic elements of bonding and microstructure that govern the intrinsic toughness of ceramics. These elements hold the key to the future of ceramics as high-technology materials--to make brittle solids strong, we must first understand what makes them weak. The underlying theme of the book is the fundamental Griffith energy-balance concept of crack propagation. The early chapters develop fracture mechanics from the traditional continuum perspective, with attention to linear and nonlinear crack-tip fields, equilibrium and non-equilibrium crack states. It then describes the atomic structure of sharp cracks, the topical subject of crack-microstructure interactions in ceramics, with special focus on the concepts of crack-tip shielding and crack-resistance curves, and finally deals with indentation fracture, flaws and structural reliability.

The design of mechanical structures with improved and predictable durability cannot be achieved without a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of fatigue damage and more specifically the relationships between the microstructure of materials and their fatigue properties. Written by leading experts in the field, this book (which is complementary to Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Application to Damage and Design, also edited by Claude Bathias and Andre Pineau), provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, polymers and composites. Each chapter is devoted to one of the major classes of materials or to different types of fatigue damage, thereby providing overall coverage of the field.

The book deals with crack initiation, crack growth, low-cycle fatigue, gigacycle fatigue, shorts cracks, fatigue micromechanisms and the local approach to fatigue damage, corrosion fatigue, environmental effects and variable amplitude loadings, and will be an important and much used reference for students, practicing engineers and researchers studying fracture and fatigue in numerous areas of mechanical, structural, civil, design, nuclear, and aerospace engineering as well as materials science.

Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials provides a combined fracture mechanics-materials approach to the fracture of engineering solids with comprehensive treatment and detailed explanations and references, making it the perfect resource for senior and graduate engineering students, and practicing engineers alike.

The 5th edition includes new end-of-chapter homework problems, examples, illustrations, and a new chapter on products liability and recall addressing the associated social consequences of product failure. The new edition continues to discuss actual failure case histories, and includes new discussion of the fracture behavior and fractography of ceramics, glasses, and composite materials, and a section on natural materials including bone and sea shells.

New co-authors Richard P. Vinci and Jason L. Hertzberg add their talent and expertise to broaden the book's perspective, while maintaining a balance between the continuum mechanics understanding of the failure of solids and the roles of the material's nano- and microstructure as they influence the mechanical properties of materials.

Rock Fracture and Blasting: Theory and Applications provides the latest on stress waves, shock waves, and rock fracture, all necessary components that must be critically analyzed to maximize results in rock blasting. The positioning of charges and their capacity and sequencing are covered in this book, and must be carefully modeled to minimize impact in the surrounding environment. Through an explanation of these topics, author Professor Zhang's experience in the field, and his theoretical knowledge, users will find a thorough guide that is not only up-to-date, but complete with a unique perspective on the field.

This book is a spin-off from the International Journal of Fracture and collects lectures and papers presented at the 11th International Conference on Fracture (ICF11), March 20-25, 2005. Included in this volume are introductory addresses, as well as remarks on the presentation of honorary degrees. A collection of papers follows, including presentations by such eminent scientists as B.B. Mandelbrot, G.I. Barenblatt, and numerous others, reviewing advanced research in fracture.

Various types of composites are used in engineering practice. The most important are fibrous compositesy laminates and materials with a more complicated geometry of reinforcement in the form of short fibres and particles of various properties DEGREES shapes and sizes. The aim of course was to understand the basic principles of damage growth and fracture processes in ceramic, polymer and metal matrix composites. Nowadays, it is widely recognized that important macroscopic properties like the macroscopic stiffness and strength, are governed by processes that occur at one to several scales below the level of observation. Understanding how these processes infiuence the reduction of stiffness and strength is essential for the analysis of existing and the design of improved composite materials. The study of how these various length scales can be linked together or taken into account simultaneously is particular attractive for composite materials, since they have a well-defined structure at the micro and meso-levels. Moreover, the microstructural and mesostructural levels are well-defined: the microstructural level can be associated with small particles or fibres, while the individual laminae can be indentified at the mesoscopic level. For this reason, advances in multiscale modelling and analysis made here, pertain directly to classes of materials which either have a range of relevant microstructural scales, such as metals, or do not have a very we- defined microstructure, e.g. cementitious composites. In particular, the fracture mechanics and optimization techniques for the design of polymer composite laminates against the delamination type of failure was dis

"Fatigue Testing and Analysis: Theory and Practice" presents the latest, proven techniques for fatigue data acquisition, data analysis, and test planning and practice. More specifically, it covers the most comprehensive methods to capture the component load, to characterize the scatter of product fatigue resistance and loading, to perform the fatigue damage assessment of a product, and to develop an accelerated life test plan for reliability target demonstration. This book is most useful for test and design engineers in the ground vehicle industry.
"Fatigue Testing andAnalysis "introduces the methods to account for variability of loads and statistical fatigue properties that are useful for further probabilistic fatigue analysis. The text incorporates and demonstrates approaches that account for randomness of loading and materials, and covers the applications and demonstrations of both linear and double-linear damage rules. The reader will benefit from summaries of load transducer designs and data acquisition techniques, applications of both linear and non-linear damage rules and methods, and techniques to determine the statistical fatigue properties for the nominal stress-life and the local strain-life methods.
.Covers the useful techniques for component load measurement and data acquisition, fatigue properties determination, fatigue analysis, and accelerated life test criteria development, and, most importantly, test plans for reliability demonstrations.
.Written from a practical point of view, based on the authors' industrial and academic experience in automotive engineering design.
.Extensive practical examples are used to illustrate the main concepts in all chapters."

This volume constitutes the Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on "Analytical and Computational Fracture Mechanics of Non-homogeneous Materials," held in Cardiff from 18th to 22nd June 2001. The Symposium was convened to address and place on record topical issues in analytical and computational aspects of the fracture of non-homogeneous materials as they are approached by specialists in mechanics, materials science and related fields. The expertise represented in the Symposium was accordingly very wide, and many of the world's greatest authorities in their respective fields participated. Given the extensive range and scale of non-homogeneous materials, it had to be focussed to enhance the quality and impact of the Symposium. The range of non-homogeneous materials was limited to those that are inhomogeneous at the macroscopic level and/or exhibit strain softening. The issues of micro to macro scaling were not excluded even within this restricted range which covered materials such as rock, concrete, ceramics and composites on the one hand, and, on the other, those metallic materials whose ductile fracture is strongly influenced by the presence of inhomogeneities. The Symposium remained focussed on fundamental research issues of practical significance. These issues have many common features among seemingly disparate non-homogeneous materials.

Classic, comprehensive, and up-to-date

Metal Fatigue in Engineering

Second Edition

For twenty years, Metal Fatigue in Engineering has served as an important textbook and reference for students and practicing engineers concerned with the design, development, and failure analysis of components, structures, and vehicles subjected to repeated loading.

Now this generously revised and expanded edition retains the best features of the original while bringing it up to date with the latest developments in the field.

As with the First Edition, this book focuses on applied engineering design, with a view to producing products that are safe, reliable, and economical. It offers in-depth coverage of today’s most common analytical methods of fatigue design and fatigue life predictions/estimations for metals. Contents are arranged logically, moving from simple to more complex fatigue loading and conditions. Throughout the book, there is a full range of helpful learning aids, including worked examples and hundreds of problems, references, and figures as well as chapter summaries and "design do’s and don’ts" sections to help speed and reinforce understanding of the material.

The Second Edition contains a vast amount of new information, including:

• Enhanced coverage of micro/macro fatigue mechanisms, notch strain analysis, fatigue crack growth at notches, residual stresses, digital prototyping, and fatigue design of weldments
• Nonproportional loading and critical plane approaches for multiaxial fatigue
• A new chapter on statistical aspects of fatigue

This text is an examination of the nonlinear phenomena created when fractures develop in structural materials upon application of static, cyclic or dynamic external loads. Incorporated in the volume are the mathematical models aimed at the quantative prediction of ductile failure in strain-hardening metallic alloys, or quasi-brittle fracture in strain-softening materials such as rock, concrete and cementitious composites. By scrutinizing the microstructure (mesomechanics) involved, the text incorporates certain recommendations concerning new technologies and procedures required in the manufacture of high performance materials with enhanced resistance to crack propagation and superior mechanical properties.

The design of mechanical structures with predictable and improved durability cannot be achieved without a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of fatigue damage and more specifically the relationships between the microstructure of materials and their fatigue properties.Written by leading researchers in the field, this book, along with the complementary books Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Fundamentals and Application to Damage and Design (both also edited by Claude Bathias and Andre Pineau), provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, polymers and composites. Each chapter is devoted to one of the major classes of materials or to different types of fatigue damage, thereby providing overall coverage of the field.

This book deals with multiaxial fatigue, thermomechanical fatigue, fretting-fatigue, influence of defects on fatigue life, cumulative damage and damage tolerance, and will be an important and much used reference for students, practicing engineers and researchers studying fracture and fatigue in numerous areas of materials science and engineering, mechanical, nuclear and aerospace engineering.

Thermal Stress Analysis of Composite Beams, Plates and Shells: Computational Modelling and Applications presents classic and advanced thermal stress topics in a cutting-edge review of this critical area, tackling subjects that have little coverage in existing resources. It includes discussions of complex problems, such as multi-layered cases using modern advanced computational and vibrational methods. Authors Carrera and Fazzolari begin with a review of the fundamentals of thermoelasticity and thermal stress analysis relating to advanced structures and the basic mechanics of beams, plates, and shells, making the book a self-contained reference. More challenging topics are then addressed, including anisotropic thermal stress structures, static and dynamic responses of coupled and uncoupled thermoelastic problems, thermal buckling, and post-buckling behavior of thermally loaded structures, and thermal effects on panel flutter phenomena, amongst others.

This book discusses arbitrary multiaxial stress states using the concept of equivalent stress. It highlights the most useful criteria, which can be applied to various classes of isotropic materials. Due to its simplicity and clarity, this concept is now widely used in component design, and many strength and yield criteria based on the equivalent stress concept have been formulated. Choosing the appropriate criterion for a given material remains the main challenge in applications. The most useful criteria can be applied best when the plausibility assumptions are known. Accordingly, the book introduces fitting methods based on mathematical, physical, and geometrical objective functions. It also features a wealth of examples that demonstrate the application of different approaches in modeling certain limit behaviors.

The book, prepared in honor of the retirement of Professor J. Mazars, provides a wide overview of continuum damage modeling applied to cementitious materials.
It starts from micro-nanoscale analyses, then follows on to continuum approaches and computational issues. The final part of the book presents industry-based case studies.
The contents emphasize multiscale and coupled approaches toward the serviceability and the safety of concrete structures.

This new book on the fracture mechanics of concrete focuses on the latest developments in computational theories, and how to apply those theories to solve real engineering problems. Zihai Shi uses his extensive research experience to present detailed examination of multiple-crack analysis and mixed-mode fracture.
Compared with other mature engineering disciplines, fracture mechanics of concrete is still a developing field with extensive new research and development. In recent years many different models and applications have been proposed for crack analysis; the author assesses these in turn, identifying their limitations and offering a detailed treatment of those which have been proved to be robust by comprehensive use.
After introducing stress singularity in numerical modelling and some basic modelling techniques, the Extended Fictitious Crack Model (EFCM) for multiple-crack analysis is explained with numerical application examples. This theoretical model is then applied to study two important issues in fracture mechanics - crack interaction and localization, and fracture modes and maximum loads. The EFCM is then reformulated to include the shear transfer mechanism on crack surfaces and the method is used to study experimental problems.
With a carefully balanced mixture of theory, experiment and application, Crack Analysis in Structural Concrete is an important contribution to this fast-developing field of structural analysis in concrete.
* Latest theoretical models analysed and tested
* Detailed assessment of multiple crack analysis and multi-mode fractures
* Applications designed for solving real-life engineering problems

Critical distance methods are extremely useful for predicting fracture and fatigue in engineering components. They also represent an important development in the theory of fracture mechanics. Despite being in use for over fifty years in some fields, there has never been a book about these methods - until now.
So why now? Because the increasing use of computer-aided stress analysis (by FEA and other techniques) has made these methods extremely easy to use in practical situations. This is turn has prompted researchers to re-examine the underlying theory with renewed interest.
The book begins with a general introduction to the phenomena of mechanical failure in materials: a basic understanding of solid mechanics and materials engineering is assumed, though appropriate introductory references are provided where necessary. After a simple explanation of how to use critical distance methods, and a more detailed exposition of the methods including their history and classification, the book continues by showing examples of how critical distance approaches can be applied to predict fracture and fatigue in different classes of materials. Subsequent chapters include some more complex theoretical areas, such as multiaxial loading and contact problems, and a range of practical examples using case studies of real engineering components taken from the author's own consultancy work.
The Theory of Critical Distances will be of interest to a range of readers, from academic researchers concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject, to industrial engineers who wish to incorporate the method into modern computer-aided design and analysis.
* Comprehensive collection of published data, plus new data from the author's own laboratories
* A simple 'how-to-do-it' exposition of the method, plus examples and case studies
* Detailed theoretical treatment
* Covers all classes of materials: metals, polymers, ceramics and composites
* Includes fracture, fatigue, fretting, size effects and multiaxial loading

Covers the basic principles of failure of metallic and non-metallic materials in mechanical design applications. Updated to include new developments on fracture mechanics, including both linear-elastic and elastic-plastic mechanics. Contains new material on strain and crack development and behavior. Emphasizes the potential for mechanical failure brought about by the stresses, strains and energy transfers in machine parts that result from the forces, deflections and energy inputs applied.

This book contains the proceedings of EXPLOMET(TM) 2000, International Conference on Fundamental Issues and Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2000; the fifth in the EXPLOMET(TM) quinquennial series which began in Albuquerque in 1980.

The book is divided into five major sections with a total of 85 chapters. Section I deals with materials issues in shock and high strain rates while Section II covers shock consolidation, reactions, and synthesis. Materials aspects of ballistic and hypervelocity impact are covered in Section III followed by modeling and simulation in Section IV and a range of novel applications of shock and high-strain-rate phenomena in Section V.

Like previous conference volumes published in 1980, 1985, and 1995, the current volume includes contributions from fourteen countries outside the United States. As a consequence, it is hoped that this book will serve as a global summary of current issues involving shock and high-strain-rate phenomena as well as a general reference and teaching componant for specializd curricula dealing with these features in a contemporary way.

Over the past twenty years, the EXPLOMET(TM) Conferences have created a family of participants who not only converse every five years but who have developed long-standing interactions and professional relationships which continue to stimulate new concepts and applications particularly rooted in basic materials behavior.

Most books on the theory and analysis of beams and plates deal with the classical (Euler-Bernoulli/Kirchoff) theories but few include shear deformation theories in detail. The classical beam/plate theory is not adequate in providing accurate bending, buckling, and vibration results when the thickness-to-length ratio of the beam/plate is relatively large. This is because the effect of transverse shear strains, neglected in the classical theory, becomes significant in deep beams and thick plates. This book illustrates how shear deformation theories provide accurate solutions compared to the classical theory.
Equations governing shear deformation theories are typically more complicated than those of the classical theory. Hence it is desirable to have exact relationships between solutions of the classical theory and shear deformation theories so that whenever classical theory solutions are available, the corresponding solutions of shear deformation theories can be readily obtained. Such relationships not only furnish benchmark solutions of shear deformation theories but also provide insight into the significance of shear deformation on the response. The relationships for beams and plates have been developed by many authors over the last several years. The goal of this monograph is to bring together these relationships for beams and plates in a single volume.
The book is divided into two parts. Following the introduction, Part 1 consists of Chapters 2 to 5 dealing with beams, and Part 2 consists of Chapters 6 to 13 covering plates. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to use, extend, and develop new relationships.

Cracks and Fracture consists of nine chapters in logical sequence. In two introductory chapters, physical processes in the vicinity of the crack edge are discussed and the fracture process is described. Chapter 3 develops general basic concepts and relations in crack mechanics, such as path independent integrals, stress intensity factors and energy flux into the crack edge region. Chapters 4-7 deal with elastostatic cracks, stationary or slowly moving elastic-plastic cracks, elastodynamic crack mechanics and elastoplastic aspects of fracture, including dynamic fracture mechanics. Appendices include general formulae, the basic theory of analytic functions, introduction to Laplace and Hankel transforms and description of certain basic relations, for instance for stress waves in solids. There is an extensive bibliography, containing references to both classical and recent work, and a comprehensive index.
Key Features
* Presents an extensive bibliography containing references to both classical and recent works and a comprehensive index
* Appendices include general formulas, the basic theory of analytic functions, introduction to Laplace and Hankel transforms, and descriptions of certain basic relations, for instance for stress waves in solids

Since the middle of the 20th Century yield design approaches have been identified with the lower and upper bound theorem of limit analysis theory a theory associated with perfect plasticity. This theory is very restrictive regarding the applicability of yield design approaches, which have been used for centuries for the stability of civil engineering structures. This book presents a theory of yield design within the original equilibrium/resistance framework rather than referring to the theories of plasticity or limit analysis; expressing the compatibility between the equilibrium of the considered structure and the resistance of its constituent material through simple mathematical arguments of duality and convex analysis results in a general formulation, which encompasses the many aspects of its implementation to various stability analysis problems. After a historic outline and an introductory example, the general theory is developed for the three-dimensional continuum model in a versatile form based upon simple arguments from the mathematical theory of convexity. It is then straightforwardly transposed to the one-dimensional curvilinear continuum, for the yield design analysis of beams, and the two-dimensional continuum model of plates and thin slabs subjected to bending. Field and laboratory observations of the collapse of mechanical systems are presented along with the defining concept of the multi-parameter loading mode. The compatibility of equilibrium and resistance is first expressed in its primal form, on the basis of the equilibrium equations and the strength domain of the material defined by a convex strength criterion along with the dual approach in the field of potentially safe loads, as is the highlighting of the role implicitly played by the theory of yield design as the fundamental basis of the implementation of the ultimate limit state design (ULSD) philosophy with the explicit introduction of resistance parameters. Contents 1. Origins and Topicality of a Concept. 2. An Introductory Example of the Yield Design Approach. 3. The Continuum Mechanics Framework. 4. Primal Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 5. Dual Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 6. Kinematic Exterior Approach. 7. Ultimate Limit State Design from the Theory of Yield Design. 8. Optimality and Probability Approaches of Yield Design. 9. Yield Design of Structures. 10. Yield Design of Plates: the Model. 11. Yield Design of Plates Subjected to Pure Bending. About the Authors Jean Salencon is Emeritus Professor at Ecole polytechnique and Ecole des ponts et chaussees, ParisTech, France. Since 2009 he has been a member of the Administrative Board of CNRS (Paris, France). He has received many awards including the Legion d Honneur (Commander), Ordre National du Merite (Officer) and Palmes Academiques (Commander). His research interests include structure analysis, soil mechanics and continuum mechanics.

This monograph presents recent research findings on fracture properties and behavior of the composites, and their damage and cracking process under both quasi-static and impact loading conditions. Theoretical treatment, experimental investigation and numerical simulation aspects of the mechanics of composites, including sandwich structures are included.

Making a decision, of any importance, is never simple. On the one hand, specialists in decision theory do not come within the reach of most policy makers and, secondly, there are very few books on pragmatic decision that are not purely anecdotal. In addition, there is virtually no book that provides a link between decision-making and action.

This book provides a bridge between the latest results in artificial intelligence, neurobiology, psychology and decision-making for action. What is the role of intuition or emotion? What are the main psychological biases of which we must be wary? How can we avoid being manipulated? What is the proper use of planning? How can we remain rational even if one is not an expert in probabilities? Perhaps more importantly for managers, how does one go from decision to action? So many questions fundamental to the practice of decision-making are addressed.

This book dissects all issues that arise almost daily for decision-makers, at least for major decisions. Drawing on numerous examples, this book answers, in plain language and imagery, all your questions. The final chapter takes the form of a brief reminder - everything you have to remember to be a good decision-maker.