This text includes coverage of the following topics: stress-induced crack path in Aji granite under tensile stress; relation of fracture resistance to fabric for granitic rocks; and the mechanisms of finite brittle strain.

Recognized authors contributed to this collection of original papers from all fields of research in continuum mechanics. Special emphasis is given to time dependent and independent permanent deformations, damage and fracture. Part of the contributions is dedicated to current efforts in describing material behavior with regard to, e.g., anisotropy, thermal effects, softening, ductile and brittle fracture, porosity and granular structure. Another part deals with numerical aspects arising from the implementation of material laws in the calculations of forming processes, soil mechanics and structural mechanics. Applications of theory and numerical methods belong to the following areas: Comparison with experimental results from material testing, metal forming under thermal and dynamic conditions, failure by damage, fracture and localized deformation modes. The variety of treated topics provides a survery of the actual research in these fields; therefore, the book is addressed to those interested in special problems of continuum mechanics as well as to those interested in a general knowledge.

This book provides an up-to-date knowledge on theory and experimental results of rate-dependent fracture processes in metallic materials. The objective is to expose the current status of a growing branch of fracture mechanics called generally "Dynamic Fracture." Crack dynamics takes into account not only the effects of inertia but also rate sensitivity of a material under consideration. This volume has been prepared by four leading authorities in fracture dynamics: D.R. Curran, J.F. Kalthoff, J.R. Klepaczko and F. Nilsson. A broad range of problem is covered: dynamic fracture theory, application of dynamic fracture mechanics, dynamic crack inition and microstatistical fracture mechanics in dynamic fracture. The book in its present format may serve as a text supplement in lecturing on fracture mechanics. On the other hand, it may serve as an instructional aid in engineering of fracture prevention.

This text is an examination of the nonlinear phenomena created when fractures develop in structural materials upon application of static, cyclic or dynamic external loads. Incorporated in the volume are the mathematical models aimed at the quantative prediction of ductile failure in strain-hardening metallic alloys, or quasi-brittle fracture in strain-softening materials such as rock, concrete and cementitious composites. By scrutinizing the microstructure (mesomechanics) involved, the text incorporates certain recommendations concerning new technologies and procedures required in the manufacture of high performance materials with enhanced resistance to crack propagation and superior mechanical properties.

This book is about the use of fracture mechanics for the solution of practical problems; academic rigor is not at issue and dealt with only in as far as it improves insight and understanding; it often concerns secondary errors in engineering. Knowledge of (ignorance of) such basic input as loads and stresses in practical cases may cause errors far overshadowing those introduced by shortcomings of fracture mechanics and necessary approximations; this is amply demonstrated in the text. I have presented more than three dozen 40-hour courses on fracture mechanics and damage tolerance analysis, so that I have probably more experience in teaching the subject than anyone else. I learned more than the students, and became cognizant of difficulties and of the real concerns in applications. In particular I found, how a subject should be explained to appeal to the practicing engineer to demonstrate that his practical problem can indeed be solved with engineering methods. This experience is reflected in the presenta tions in this book. Sufficient background is provided for an understanding of the issues, but pragamatism prevails. Mathematics cannot be avoided, but they are presented in a way that appeals to insight and intuition, in lieu of formal derivations which would show but the mathematical skill of the writer."

This book of problem sets and answers, based on notes for a graduate course in structural geology at UCLA, is a review of the mathematics of vectors and of stress and strain, including finite strain. The main purpose of the problem sets is to "Illuminate branches of physics pertinent to geology, including structural geology, glaciology, crystallography, crystal physics, the geophysics of heat flow and others." Students of geology who have only a modest background in mathematics may wish to become familiar with theories of stress, strain, and other tensor quantities, so that they can follow, and apply to their own research, developments in modern, quantitative geology. A set of 136 progressively more complex problems is introduced in eight chapters, which advance from vector algebra in standard and subscript notations to the mathematical description of finite strain and its compounding and decomposition. A complete set of fully worked solutions for the problems makes up the largest part of the book. With its help, students, guided by an instructor or self-taught, can avoid pitfalls and monitor their progress. Eventually, geologists who have worked their way through these problems should be able to confidently use the subscript and matrix notations and to formulate and solve tensor problems on their own.

Introduces the theory and applications of the extended finite element method (XFEM) in the linear and nonlinear problems of continua, structures and geomechanics * Explores the concept of partition of unity, various enrichment functions, and fundamentals of XFEM formulation. * Covers numerous applications of XFEM including fracture mechanics, large deformation, plasticity, multiphase flow, hydraulic fracturing and contact problems * Accompanied by a website hosting source code and examples

Mechanics of Fatigue addresses the range of topics concerning damage, fatigue, and fracture of engineering materials and structures. The core of this resource builds upon the synthesis of micro- and macro-mechanics of fracture. In micromechanics, both the modeling of mechanical phenomena on the level of material structure and the continuous approach are based on the use of certain internal field parameters characterizing the dispersed micro-damage. This is referred to as continuum damage mechanics. The author develops his own theory for macromechanics, called analytical fracture mechanics. This term means the system cracked body - loading or loading device - is considered as a mechanical system and the tools of analytical (rational) mechanics are applied thoroughly to describe crack propagation until the final failure. Chapter discuss: preliminary information on fatigue and engineering methods for design of machines and structures against failures caused by fatigue fatigue crack nucleation, including microstructural and continuous models theory of fatigue crack propagation fatigue crack growth in linear elastic materials subject to dispersed damage fatigue cracks in elasto-plastic material, including crack growth retardation due to overloading as well as quasistationary approximation fatigue and related phenomena in hereditary solids application of the theory fatigue crack growth considering environmental factors unidirectional fiber composites with ductile matrix and brittle, initially continuous fibers laminate composites Mechanics of Fatigue serves students dealing with mechanical aspects of fatigue, conducting research in fracture mechanics, structural safety, mechanics of composites, as well as modern branches of mechanics of solids and structures.

The development of NDT (non-destructive testing) techniques used for the inspection of concrete structures is currently in high demand, because many existing structures have become aged and deteriorated in service. In order to formulate predictions on their stability and to estimate their safety, it is necessary to identify damage signals and to determine their causes. In this regard, the development and establishment of innovative and highly advanced non-destructive methods are required. Acoustic Emission (AE) and related NDE (non-destructive evaluation) techniques have been extensively used to determine crack detection and damage evaluation in concrete. With the move towards a more sustainable society, and the need to extend the long-term service life of infrastructure and aging and disastrous damage due to recent earthquakes, Acoustic Emission (AE) and Related Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) Techniques in the Fracture Mechanics of Concrete: Fundamentals and Applications is a critical reference source for civil engineers, contractors working in construction and materials scientists working both in industry and academia.

A complete and comprehensive theory of failure is developed for homogeneous and isotropic materials. The full range of materials types are covered from very ductile metals to extremely brittle glasses and minerals. Two failure properties suffice to predict the general failure conditions under all states of stress. With this foundation to build upon, many other aspects of failure are also treated, such as extensions to anisotropic fiber composites, cumulative damage, creep and fatigue, and microscale and nanoscale approaches to failure.

Advanced Fracture Mechanics and Structural Integrity is organized to cover quantitative descriptions of crack growth and fracture phenomena. The mechanics of fracture are explained, emphasizing elastic-plastic and time-dependent fracture mechanics. Applications are presented, using examples from power generation, aerospace, marine, and chemical industries, with focus on predicting the remaining life of structural components and advanced testing metods for structural materials. Numerous examples and end-of-chapter problems are provided, along with references to encourage further study.The book is written for use in an advanced graduate course on fracture mechanics or structural integrity.

Durability of Industrial Composites offers numerical and quantitative solutions to long-term composite failures that are useful to practicing engineers, researchers, and students. All modes of laminate long-term failure are contemplated, with resin toughness and environmental conditions considered. The book develops a simple unified equation to compute the load-dependent durability of laminates under the simultaneous action of cyclic and static loads. The load-independent durability and residual life of equipment immersed in corrosive chemicals are also discussed. The book presents a full discussion of the elusive strain-corrosion mode of failure as well as a complete solution to the durability issue of underground sanitation pipes. The currently accepted durability parameters of HDB, Sb and Sc are discarded as incorrect and replaced with the appropriate threshold parameters. The entirely new concept of the "anomalous failure" is fully discussed and solved. The effects of overpressure and spike strains, as well as of the operating temperature and moisture, are quantitatively evaluated and illustrated in numerical examples.

A complete and comprehensive theory of failure is developed for homogeneous and isotropic materials. The full range of materials types are covered from very ductile metals to extremely brittle glasses and minerals. Two failure properties suffice to predict the general failure conditions under all states of stress. With this foundation to build upon, many other aspects of failure are also treated, such as extensions to anisotropic fiber composites, cumulative damage, creep and fatigue, and microscale and nanoscale approaches to failure.

This book describes the basics and developments of the new XFEM approach to fracture analysis of composite structures and materials. It provides state of the art techniques and algorithms for fracture analysis of structures including numeric examples at the end of each chapter as well as an accompanying website which will include MATLAB resources, executables, data files, and simulation procedures of XFEM. * The first reference text for the extended finite element method (XFEM) for fracture analysis of structures and materials * Includes theory and applications, with worked numerical problems and solutions, and MATLAB examples on an accompanying website with further XFEM resources * Provides a comprehensive overview of this new area of research, including a review of Fracture Mechanics, basic through to advanced XFEM theory, as well as current problems and applications * Includes a chapter on the future developments in the field, new research areas and possible future applications of the method

Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition is the most useful and comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics available. It has been adopted by more than 150 universities worldwide and used by thousands of engineers and researchers. This new edition reflects the latest research, industry practices, applications, and computational analysis and modeling. It encompasses theory and applications, linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics, solid mechanics, and materials science with a unified, balanced, and in-depth approach. Numerous chapter problems have been added or revised, and additional resources are available for those teaching college courses or training sessions. Dr. Anderson's own website can be accessed at www.FractureMechanics.com.

This book deals with the mechanics and physics of fractures at various scales. Based on advanced continuum mechanics of heterogeneous media, it develops a rigorous mathematical framework for single macrocrack problems as well as for the effective properties of microcracked materials. In both cases, two geometrical models of cracks are examined and discussed: the idealized representation of the crack as two parallel faces (the Griffith crack model), and the representation of a crack as a flat elliptic or ellipsoidal cavity (the Eshelby inhomogeneity problem). The book is composed of two parts: The first part deals with solutions to 2D and 3D problems involving a single crack in linear elasticity. Elementary solutions of cracks problems in the different modes are fully worked. Various mathematical techniques are presented, including Neuber-Papkovitch displacement potentials, complex analysis with conformal mapping and Eshelby-based solutions. The second part is devoted to continuum micromechanics approaches of microcracked materials in relation to methods and results presented in the first part. Various estimates and bounds of the effective elastic properties are presented. They are considered for the formulation and application of continuum micromechanics-based damage models.

The book presents the work of the RILEM Technical Committee 261-CCF, which organized the challenging International Round Robin Test (RRT) on the creep behaviour of Fibre Reinforce Concrete (FRC) cracked specimens. Although different creep test methodologies have been developed in recent years, the absence of a standardised creep methodology hindered general comparisons. Therefore, the RILEM TC 261-CCF launched an ambitious international RRT program to improve the knowledge on long-term behaviour of cracked sections of FRC and assess all the different testing methodologies, assuming the big variability of testing criteria among the scientific community. The participation of 19 laboratories across 20 institutions in 14 countries all over the world enabled the realisation of the largest experimental campaign on creep in the cracked state. As a result of the RRT, an extensive database of creep test results was created containing comprehensive information from 124 cracked FRC specimens tested using different creep testing procedures in agreed conditions. The book will benefit academics and practitioners interested in the long-term behaviour of FRC since it served as basis for the recently published RILEM Recommendation on creep testing procedure and represents the current knowledge on creep in cracked FRC specimens.

The response of structures and structural elements to explosive shock or high speed impact is of growing interest to scientists, research engineers and designers throughout the world. Attacks on civil and military buildings, bridges and transport vehicles by terrorists mean that more attention has to be given at the design stage to the effects of explosions and impact, and to high speed penetration of attack weapons. This book brings together the experience of specialists in the behaviour of concrete and metal structures, both above and below the ground, to actions of blast, penetration and high speed collisions.

FRACTURE MECHANICS OF CONCRETE AND ROCK
This book offers engineers a unique opportunity to learn, from internationally recognized leaders in their field, about the latest theoretical advances in fracture mechanics in concrete, reinforced concrete structures, and rock. At the same time, it functions as a superb, graduate-level introduction to fracture mechanics concepts and analytical techniques.
Reviews, in depth, the basic theory behind fracture mechanics
* Covers the application of fracture mechanics to compression failure, creep, fatigue, torsion, and other advanced topics
* Extremely well researched, applies experimental evidence of damage to a wide range of design cases
* Supplies all relevant formulas for stress intensity
* Covers state-of-the-art linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques for analyzing deformations and cracking
* Describes nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM) and the latest RILEM modeling techniques for testing nonlinear quasi-brittle materials
* And much more

Over the past few years, researchers employing techniques borrowed from fracture mechanics have made many groundbreaking discoveries concerning the causes and effects of cracking, damage, and fractures of plain and reinforced concrete structures and rock. This, in turn, has resulted in the further development and refinement of fracture mechanics concepts and tools. Yet, despite the field's growth and the growing conviction that fracture mechanics is indispensable to an understanding of material and structural failure, there continues to be a surprising shortage of textbooks and professional references on the subject.
Written by two of the foremost names in the field, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete fills that gap. The most comprehensive book ever written on the subject, it consolidates the latest theoretical research from around the world in a single reference that can be used by students and professionals alike.
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete is divided into two sections. In the first, the authors lay the necessary groundwork with an in-depth review of fundamental principles. In the second section, the authors vividly demonstrate how fracture mechanics has been successfully applied to failures occurring in a wide array of design cases. Key topics covered in these sections include:
* State-of-the-art linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques for analyzing deformations and cracking
* Nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM) and the latest RILEM modeling techniques for testing nonlinear quasi-brittle materials
* The use of R-Curves to describe cracking and fracture in quasi-brittle materials
* The application of fracture mechanics to compression failure, creep, fatigue, torsion, and other advanced topics

The most timely, comprehensive, and authoritative book on the subject currently available, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete is both a complete instructional tool for academics and students in structural and geotechnical engineering courses, and an indispensable working resource for practicing engineers.

Fatigue of structures and materials covers a wide scope of different topics. The purpose of the present book is to explain these topics, to indicate how they can be analyzed, and how this can contribute to the designing of fatigue resistant structures and to prevent structural fatigue problems in service. Chapter 1 gives a general survey of the topic with brief comments on the signi?cance of the aspects involved. This serves as a kind of a program for the following chapters. The central issues in this book are predictions of fatigue properties and designing against fatigue. These objectives cannot be realized without a physical and mechanical understanding of all relevant conditions. In Chapter 2 the book starts with basic concepts of what happens in the material of a structure under cyclic loads. It illustrates the large number of variables which can affect fatigue properties and it provides the essential background knowledge for subsequent chapters. Different subjects are presented in the following main parts: * Basic chapters on fatigue properties and predictions (Chapters 2-8) * Load spectra and fatigue under variable-amplitude loading (Chapters 9-11) * Fatigue tests and scatter (Chapters 12 and 13) * Special fatigue conditions (Chapters 14-17) * Fatigue of joints and structures (Chapters 18-20) * Fiber-metal laminates (Chapter 21) Each chapter presents a discussion of a speci?c subject.

This unified guide brings together the underlying principles, and predictable material responses, that connect metals, polymers, brittle solids and energetic materials as they respond to extreme external stresses. Previously disparate scientific principles, concepts and terminology are combined within a single theoretical framework, across different materials and scales, to provide all the tools necessary to understand, and calculate, the responses of materials and structures to extreme static and dynamic loading. Real-world examples illustrate how material behaviours produce a component response, enabling recognition - and avoidance - of the deformation mechanisms that contribute to mechanical failure. A final synoptic chapter presents a case study of extreme conditions brought about by the infamous Chicxulub impact event. Bringing together simple concepts from diverse fields into a single, accessible, rigorous text, this is an indispensable reference for all researchers and practitioners in materials science, mechanical engineering, physics, physical chemistry and geophysics.

One of the only texts available to cover not only how failure occurs but also examine methods developed to expose the reasons for failure, "Metal Failures" has long been considered the most definitive and authoritative resources in metallurgical failure analysis. Now in a completely revised edition, this Second Edition features updates of all chapters plus new coverage of elastic behavior and plastic deformation, localized necking, the phenomenological aspects of fatigue, fatigue crack propagation, alloys and coatings, tensors and tensor notations, and much more.

Various types of composites are used in engineering practice. The most important are fibrous compositesy laminates and materials with a more complicated geometry of reinforcement in the form of short fibres and particles of various properties DEGREES shapes and sizes. The aim of course was to understand the basic principles of damage growth and fracture processes in ceramic, polymer and metal matrix composites. Nowadays, it is widely recognized that important macroscopic properties like the macroscopic stiffness and strength, are governed by processes that occur at one to several scales below the level of observation. Understanding how these processes infiuence the reduction of stiffness and strength is essential for the analysis of existing and the design of improved composite materials. The study of how these various length scales can be linked together or taken into account simultaneously is particular attractive for composite materials, since they have a well-defined structure at the micro and meso-levels. Moreover, the microstructural and mesostructural levels are well-defined: the microstructural level can be associated with small particles or fibres, while the individual laminae can be indentified at the mesoscopic level. For this reason, advances in multiscale modelling and analysis made here, pertain directly to classes of materials which either have a range of relevant microstructural scales, such as metals, or do not have a very we- defined microstructure, e.g. cementitious composites. In particular, the fracture mechanics and optimization techniques for the design of polymer composite laminates against the delamination type of failure was dis